1 138例肺部肿物术中冰冻诊断结果分析

通过对1 138例肺部肿物的冰冻切片进行回顾性分析,探讨术中冰冻对肺部肿物诊疗的价值。方法:收集并整理1 138例肺部肿物术中冰冻切片及其诊断结果,并与相应石蜡切片及诊断结果进行比较,总结分析肺部肿物冰冻诊断的特点和常见误诊原因。结果:1 138例肺部肿物的术中冰冻诊断准确率为96.2%（1 094/1 138）,误诊率为3.8%（44/1138）;误诊比例最高的三个病种分别为炎性假瘤（31.8%）、硬化性血管瘤（18.1%）及结核病（13.6%）。结论:术中冰冻切片诊断对肺部肿瘤的性质确定具有重要意义。正确的冰冻诊断需要全面的临床资料和足够的病变组织;病理医师要有良好的病理基础和冰冻切片诊断的丰富经验及较全面的临床、影像学知识才能保证诊断的可靠性。      

Accuracy of intraoperative frozen section diagnosis in non palpable breast lesions: a series of 791 cases

The aim of this study is to estimate the accuracy and reliability of intraoperative frozen section of nonpalpable breast lesions. In fact, frozen section of palpable breast lesions has proven to be valid, but its use in breast infraclinic lesions has been discussed recently, with the publication of European recommendations. Diagnosis on frozen section was routinely performed in a serie of 791 patients with nonpalpable mammographically detected abnormalities breast lesions from January 1990 through July 2000. The initial frozen section diagnoses with known mammographic pattern were compared with the diagnoses obtained on permanent paraffin sections to estimate the accuracy of frozen sections. Frozen section diagnosis was delayed until final diagnosis assessed on permanent paraffin sections in only 8 cases (1%). Frozen section diagnoses were accurate in 744 of 783 cases (95%). The diagnosis was modified on the basis of permanent sections in 39 cases; consisting of 39 false negative. No false positive diagnosis was noted. Sensitivity and specificity of frozen section diagnoses were 87,69 and 100, respectively. When the comparison between frozen and permanent section was analyzed according to the mammographic pattern, the sensitivity among patients with microcalcifications was lower (75,23) than among patients with opacities (93,86). When frozen section and permanent section diagnoses were related according to the mammographic size ( 10 mm) the sensitivity among patients with opacities measuring less than 10 mm was lower (91,75) than among patients with opacities larger than 10 mm (95,65) and the sensitivity among patients with microcalcifications larger than 10 mm was greater (77,14) than among patients with microcalcifications size less than 10 mm (74,28). This results are similar to those obtained on palpable breast lesions, and show that frozen section is a feasible and reliable procedure in nonpalpable breast lesions, particularly more relevant in mammographic opacities than in microcalcifications, whatever the lesion size.     

触诊阴性乳腺病灶术中冰冻诊断的可行性分析

 目的 探讨触诊阴性乳腺病灶活检术中冰冻诊断的准确性与可行性。方法 由钼靶发现的触诊阴性乳腺病灶158例，采用金属线定位技术切除活检，术中进行冰冻切片与诊断，以石蜡组织学诊断为准，评价冰冻诊断的准确性。结果 158例标本中，病理巨检时仅80例（50．6％）发现肉眼可见的异常病灶，平均长径1．2cm。石蜡组织学诊断乳腺浸润癌15例，微小浸润导管癌15例，原位癌12例，导管上皮不典型增生5例，占29．7%（47／158）。术中冰冻对乳腺浸润癌诊断的准确率为93．3％，对微小浸润癌、原位癌、导管上皮不典型增生诊断的准确率分别为60％、58．3％与60％，误诊均为假阴性与低估诊断，无假阳性与过度诊断，原因主要为切片误差与解释错误。结论 冰冻切片对浸润性乳腺癌诊断的准确率高，可用于指导触诊阴性乳腺病灶活检术中手术方案的选择，而对微小浸润癌、原位癌及导管上皮不典型增生常出现假阴性与低估诊断，应待石蜡组织学诊断后再决定手术方案。     

Role of Frozen Sections in the Evaluation of Moderate to SevereDysplasia during Uterine Cervix Conization

Background: The utility of frozen section examination (FSE) of cone specimens in evaluation of the resectionmargin status and in ruling out invasion in patients with high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia requiresevaluation. Methods: Twenty patients with high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia who underwent conizationbiopsy and frozen section examination were studied in a prospective trial from March 2008 through September2009. The results with permanent paraffin sections were compared with those of FSE. Results: Among the twentycases, 15 (75%) had the same results in frozen and permanent sections of cone biopsy specimens. Among theother 5 patients, 2 had high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in frozen sections and 2 showed a lower gradewhile only one case was found in which the FSE result was CIN3 while the permanent section showed invasivecarcinoma which was of clinical importance and considered as significant. Paired sample t-testing showed nosignificant difference in the results of the two groups of frozen and permanent sections (P=0.716, CI=95%).Conclusion: Frozen section evaluation of cervical cone biopsy specimens in patients with a diagnosis of CIN 3 isaccurate, efficient and cost-effective. Because of the great importance of missing even one case, further researchis highly recommended on this controversial subject.     

Pitfalls in frozen section interpretation: a retrospective study of palpable breast tumors

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: The use of frozen sections for purposes of diagnosis is recognized to involve a degree of uncertainty. A retrospective study of breast specimen frozen section diagnoses was undertaken in order to analyse the major pitfalls. METHODS: Hard copy files from our archives relating to symptomatic (palpable) breast specimens obtained between 1983 and 1996 were reviewed. RESULTS: The review revealed 23 errors among the diagnoses on 2110 frozen specimens. Twenty-two of them were false-negative and 1 (a case of multiple intraductal papillomatosis with atypical ductal hyperplasia) was false-positive for malignancy. The factors contributing to the pitfalls were: 1) misinterpretation; 2) poor quality of the frozen sections (artifacts making the diagnosis difficult); 3) sampling errors during sectioning; 4) ignorance of the macroscopic features; 5) lesions difficult to interpret; 6) ductal carcinoma in situ as the only lesion in the specimen; and 7) sections not deep enough. Several of the factors sometimes occurred simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of errors is relatively low, more stress should be placed on the preoperative diagnosis of breast lesions. Breast surgery frozen section should be used as rarely as possible for diagnostic purposes, despite the generally good diagnostic accuracy. However, it is reasonable to use frozen sections widely until the given preoperative diagnostic tools allow an appropriate preoperative workup, because it is the only way to keep histopathologists trained to interpret frozen sections.     

Pitfalls in frozen section diagnosis of malignant melanoma

The importance of obtaining an intraoperative diagnosis and measurement of thickness of a malignant melanoma has emerged since the change in the surgical approach towards thin melanomas (0.75 mm). In experienced centers, both diagnosis and thickness, can be established on frozen section. Eighty-four pigmented lesions were examined on frozen section. Thirty of 31 were correctly diagnosed as malignant melanomas. The one not diagnosed was a regressing melanoma. The frozen section diagnosis of a regressing melanoma is difficult, and this should be deferred until paraffin sections are examined. In 29 consecutive skin melanomas thickness was measured on frozen section and was found to be 0.1-0.4 mm more than that measured on paraffin sections of the same specimens. It is therefore suggested that tumors measuring up to 0.85 mm on frozen section should be included in the group of thin melanoma.     

555例乳腺病变冷冻切片病理诊断分析

目的:探讨乳腺病变冷冻切片诊断的准确性,进一步提高临床与病理对冷冻切片的认识,从而降低误诊率。方法:回顾分析我院2005年-2009年555例乳腺病变冷冻切片与石蜡切片对比诊断结果。结果:555例冷冻切片报告中,确诊546例,确诊率为98.38%,7例延迟诊断,2例假阴性误诊,假阴性率为0.59%。结论:术中冷冻切片诊断技术是乳腺病变的重要诊断手段之一,全面深入了解其病变特点及局限性,才能减少误诊。     

Colocalization of estrogen and progesterone receptors with an estrogenregulated heat shock protein in paraffin sections of human breast and endometrial cancer tissue

Summary We have studied by immunocytochemistry and monoclonal antibodies the presence and localization of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and a 24-kD estrogen-regulated heat shock protein in biopsies from breast and endometrial cancer patients. Three different tissue processing protocols were used to colocalize the antigens in the same tissue sections: a) frozen sections, b) formalin fixation with routine paraffin embedding, and c) picric acid-formaldehyde (PAF) fixation with a rapid embedding in paraffin. Frozen sections showed good receptor staining but poor 24-kD protein immunoreactivity, while routine paraffin sections (with or without DNase pretreatment) were inadequate to reveal the nuclear receptor proteins at the same level seen in frozen sections. On the other hand, all three proteins could be detected satisfactorily in PAF-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Using this procedure we were able to visualize 24-kD protein and estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor in individual cells in paraffin sections. The study revealed that in all of the estrogen receptor positive breast and endometrial tumor samples, almost 90% of the cells expressing the cytoplasmic 24-kD protein contained estrogen receptor in the cell nucleus. In contrast, 24-kD immunoreactive cells did not express progesterone receptors in almost 40% of the progesterone receptor positive tumor samples.     

Rapid immunohistochemical detection of tumor cells in gastric carcinoma

The detection of single tumor cells or tumor cell clusters represents an important issue in intraoperative frozen section analysis. For example, surgical margins may be evaluated in order to minimize the number of additional operations. Furthermore, intraoperative diagnosis of lymph node micrometastasis (LNM) may help to define the area of appropriate lymph node dissection. In addition to haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections, immunohistochemical detection of single tumor cells or cell clusters may be helpful in this context. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance, reliability and sensitivity of intraoperative rapid immunostaining of frozen sections. Therefore, we compared the results of rapid immunohistochemical staining of frozen sections and paraffin sections applying the EnVision and Histofine(R) detection systems. In a prospective immunohistochemical study, paraffin and frozen sections of 20 gastric cancer specimens were analyzed. Paraffin as well as frozen sections were stained immunohistochemically applying the EnVision and Histofine detection systems. As primary antibodies, AE1/AE3 (anti-cytokeratin), EMA (anti-MUC1) and B lymphocyte marker anti-CD20 were applied. The rapid immunostaining procedure was able to be completed within 10-13 min. Rapid immunohistochemical staining of frozen and paraffin sections of the same tumors resulted in comparable immunoreactivity. The rapid EnVision and Histofine procedures allowed immunostaining of frozen sections in less than 13 min. These methods can represent useful additional tools in routine surgical pathology and research, enabling a more accurate frozen section diagnosis compared to staining with H&E alone. Intraoperative rapid immunostaining can be a simple and useful technique to detect LNM.     

Frozen Section Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

In Savonlinna Central Hospital, Southeastern Finland, 371 frozen section examinations were made from September 1981 to December 1986 to detect breast cancer. There was one false positive diagnosis (0.7%) among the 147 lesions interpreted as carcinoma. Among the 224 biopsies, which were benign on frozen section investigation, four showed carcinoma in paraffin sections (1.8%). Thus, the diagnostic sensitivity of frozen section method was 97.3% (146/150) and the clinical diagnostic specificity 99.5% (220/221) when the diagnosis in the paraffin sections was used as reference. In the four false negative cases the tumour was small and limited to the breast without any evidence of metastases. Two of them were ductal carcinomas, one was microinvasive lobular carcinoma, and one intraductal non-invasive papillary carcinoma. The false positive case had benign intraductal papillomatosis. Our results suggest that the probability of a false diagnosis in frozen section examination increases with diminishing size of the lesion. We suggest that small lesions (less than 1 cm in diameter, or non-palpable) should not be subjected to frozen section examination to avoid unnecessary loss of neoplastic tissue during the preparation process. Instead surgically radical lumpectomy and careful investigation of paraffin-embedded tissue are recommended.     

An immunohistochemical evaluation of progesterone receptor in frozen sections, paraffin sections, and cytologic imprints of breast carcinomas.

Two monoclonal antibodies to progesterone receptor (PR), JZB39 and KD68, were used for the immunocytochemical visualization of PR in different kinds of breast cancer specimens including (1) cryostat sections of tumors frozen at -80 degrees C; (2) paraffin sections of tumors fixed in formalin or in Bouin's fixative for varying periods of time at room temperature or at 4 degrees C; and (3) imprints and cryostat sections prepared from the tissue used for frozen section diagnosis and stored at -80 degrees C after fixation in Zamboni's solution. Sections of conventionally frozen specimens as well as imprints and cryostat sections stored for varying periods of time were stained with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, whereas the avidin-biotin technique was used for paraffin sections. In all types of specimens the PR immunostaining was localized to the nuclei of carcinoma cells and displayed considerable heterogeneity both in intensity and in distribution of positive cells. Close correspondence was found between the different immunohistochemical techniques as well as between immunostaining and steroid-binding assays. PR staining was more frequently positive in well-differentiated than in moderately or poorly differentiated carcinomas, whereas no meaningful correlation was found between PR staining and extent of the disease. Similar results were obtained with the immunostaining of estrogen receptor in the same material using monoclonal antibodies H222 and D75P3 gamma. Thus, by choosing the technique that best suits the type of specimen available, it is possible to obtain valid information on the receptor status of any breast carcinoma, regardless of its size and clinical presentation.     

Clinicopathological correlates of aspartyl (asparaginyl) beta-hydroxylase over-expression in cholangiocarcinoma

Aspartyl (asparaginyl) beta-hydroxylase (AAH) expression in surgically resected intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma significantly correlated with tumor size, growth type, differentiation, vascular invasion, and prognosis after surgery. AAH may have a role in regulating invasive or metastatic tumor cell growth of human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. BACKGROUND: Recent studies demonstrated increased expression of the AAH gene in the majority of cholangiocarcinomas. The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between high or low levels of AAH expression and the clinical course of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). METHODS: AAH expression was examined in 50 surgically resected primary ICCs, 12 samples of normal liver, and 12 cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The sections were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining with the FB-50 monoclonal antibody to human AAH protein. The sections were examined under code and graded for relative levels of AAH immunoreactivity. The results were analyzed with respect to multiple clinical and histopathological variables to determine correlates of AAH expression in ICCs. RESULTS: Forty-six of the 50 (92%) ICCs had AAH immunoreactivity, whereas the 12 normal liver and 12 PSC specimens were AAH negative. In the ICC specimens, the highest levels of AAH immunoreactivity were detected at the infiltrating margins that interfaced with uninvolved liver tissue, and the lowest levels occurred in the central portions of the tumors. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high levels of AAH expression were correlated with tumor size (P < 0.05), infiltrative growth pattern (P < 0.01), aggressive histological grade (P < 0.01), vascular invasion (P < 0.05), and poor prognosis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that AAH has an important role in regulating invasive or metastatic tumor cell growth of human ICC, and that high levels of AAH expression correlate with poor prognosis.     

776例甲状腺肿块术中冰冻切片诊断分析

目的:探讨甲状腺肿块冰冻切片诊断的临床意义及其误诊原因。方法:分析1995年12月至2003年7月术中776例甲状腺肿块冰冻切片与术后石蜡切片的诊断结果。结果:776例中,确诊758例,确诊率为97.7%;误诊15例,误诊率为1.9%;甲状腺癌131例,其中假阴性漏诊14例,漏诊率10.7%。结论:术中冰冻切片对甲状腺占位病变有定性诊断意义,但取材的局限性,病变形态的多样性,隐匿性和冰冻切片的质量是造成漏诊和延迟诊断的主要原因。     

甲状腺肿瘤手术中冰冻切片诊断的应用

目的：探讨冰冻切片在甲状腺手术中的临床应用，提高甲状腺冰冻切片诊断的准确率，减少甲状腺恶性肿瘤的漏诊。方法：回顾性分析356例甲状腺冰冻切片和石蜡切片资料。结果：冰冻切片诊断良性病变309例，恶性肿瘤36例，延迟诊断11例；45蜡切片良性病变314例，恶性肿瘤42例，其中冰冻切片假阴性诊断5例（1．4％），冰冻切片确诊率为98．5％。结论：提高切片质量，掌握正确的取材方法，提高对甲状腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别能力，可提高甲状腺手术中冰冻切片诊断的准确率。     

卵巢肿瘤快速冰冻切片与石蜡切片病理诊断的对比分析

目的 探讨卵巢肿瘤快速冰冻切片与石蜡切片病理诊断的对比效果.方法 以卵巢肿瘤患者126例作为研究对象,选择新鲜样本进行快速冰冻切片与石蜡切片病理诊断,对比诊断效果.结果 冰冻切片检查的平均时间为(34.52±4.19)min,石蜡切片检查的平均时间为(4.59±1.11)h,冰冻切片检查的时间明显短于石蜡切片检查(t=34.294,P<0.05).卵巢肿瘤患者126例石蜡切片诊断为良性卵巢肿瘤76例,恶性卵巢肿瘤50例,良性与恶性卵巢肿瘤的年龄、病变位置、病程、体重指数等对比无统计学意义(P>0.05).快速冰冻切片诊断为良性卵巢肿瘤73例,恶性卵巢肿瘤53例,快速冰冻切片诊断卵巢肿瘤的敏感性与特异性分别为96.1%和100.0%.恶性卵巢肿瘤3例患者分别被误诊为浆液性囊腺瘤、未成熟畸胎瘤、交界性粘液性囊腺瘤.结论 相对于石蜡切片病理诊断,快速冰冻切片对卵巢肿瘤的诊断周期比较短,诊断敏感性与特异性比较高,但是也存在一定的误诊情况,需要提高医师的操作技能,尽量减少误诊的发生.     

The utility of B72.3, carcinoembryonic antigen, and Leu M-1 in cell blocks: an adjunct to fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung

BACKGROUND: The distinction of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) or reactive alveolar cell hyperplasia (RAH) can be difficult on aspiration cytology, even when cell block preparations are available. The authors evaluated the usefulness of B72.3, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and Leu M-1 immunostains in differentiating BAC, AAH, and RAH. METHODS: Immunostains for B72.3, CEA, and Leu M-1 were performed on cell block sections from 11 lung lesions that were diagnosed cytologically as BAC (6 lesions) and "atypical cells, cannot exclude BAC" (5 lesions). Ten histologic sections of AAH and 8 histologic sections of RAH also were stained. RESULTS: Among the six lesions that had an unequivocal cytologic diagnosis of BAC, all sections were positive for two of three immunostains. Tissue follow-up confirmed BAC in all six lesions. Among the five lesions that were diagnosed as "atypical cells, cannot exclude BAC," four lesions were positive for two of three immunostains, and one lesion was negative for all three immunostains. Subsequent tissue follow-up confirmed BAC in four of these lesions. Follow-up histology of the wedge resection on the lesion in the atypical category that was negative for B72.3, CEA, and Leu M-1 showed only AAH. All 10 lesions that had a histologic diagnosis of AAH and 8 lesions that had a histologic diagnosis RAH were negative for B72.3, CEA, and Leu M-1. CONCLUSIONS: Positive staining for at least 2 immunostains among B72.3, CEA, and Leu M-1 provided strong supportive evidence for the diagnosis of BAC, and a negative result for all 3 immunostains was helpful in excluding BAC and in differentiating BAC from AAH and RAH.     

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the pleural cavity developing from long-standing pyothorax

Malignant lymphomas developing in tissue affected by a long-standing severe inflammatory process of nonautoimmune nature are presented. Two men and a woman aged 50, 58, and 73 years, were admitted after 22 to 30 year histories of pyothorax resulting from artificial pneumothorax for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis or tuberculous pleuritis. The diagnoses at admission were chronic pyothorax associated with a lung mass. Microscopically, tumors diffusely or locally proliferated with thickened pleura were present. A histologic examination showed that all the tumors were diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) of immunoblastic type with (one case) or without (two cases) plasmacytoid differentiation. Immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections revealed restricted expression of immunoglobulin light chains in one case showing plasmacytoid differentiation. A review of the literature showed that malignant lymphomas of this type have been reported exclusively from Japan but never from Western countries.     

The cooperative prostate cancer tissue resource: a specimen and data resource for cancer researchers.

PURPOSE: The Cooperative Prostate Cancer Tissue Resource (CPCTR) is a National Cancer Institute-supported tissue bank that provides large numbers of clinically annotated prostate cancer specimens to investigators. This communication describes the CPCTR to investigators interested in obtaining prostate cancer tissue samples. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The CPCTR, through its four participating institutions, has collected specimens and clinical data for prostate cancer cases diagnosed from 1989 onward. These specimens include paraffin blocks and frozen tissue from radical prostatectomy specimens and paraffin blocks from prostate needle biopsies. Standardized histopathological characterization and clinical data extraction are performed for all cases. Information on histopathology, demography (including ethnicity), laboratory data (prostate-specific antigen values), and clinical outcome related to prostate cancer are entered into the CPCTR database for all cases. Materials in the CPCTR are available in multiple tissue formats, including tissue microarray sections, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, serum, and frozen tissue specimens. These are available for research purposes following an application process that is described on the CPCTR web site (www.prostatetissues.org). RESULTS: The CPCTR currently (as of October 2003) contains 5135 prostate cancer cases including 4723 radical prostatectomy cases. Frozen tissues, in some instances including patient serum samples, are available for 1226 cases. Biochemical recurrence data allow identification of cases with residual disease, cases with recurrence, and recurrence-free cases. CONCLUSIONS: The CPCTR offers large numbers of highly characterized prostate cancer tissue specimens, including tissue microarrays, with associated clinical data for biomarker studies. Interested investigators are encouraged to apply for use of this material (www.prostatetissues.org).     

硬化性肺泡细胞瘤术中冰冻误诊分析及文献回顾

目的:分析硬化性肺泡细胞瘤术中冰冻切片形态特征，总结其误诊原因和鉴别要点。方法:收集2011年1月至2017年12月硬化性肺泡细胞瘤术中冰冻误诊病例4例，光学显微镜下观察冰冻切片形态特点并与术后石蜡切片对照。结果:硬化性肺泡细胞瘤冰冻切片以乳头区、实性区为主者，形态结构与细胞特点易于误诊为腺癌，血管瘤样区域易于与血管源性肿瘤混淆。结论:硬化性肺泡细胞瘤是术中冰冻误诊率较高的肿瘤，乳头样区域和实性区域尤应与乳头状腺癌和实性腺癌鉴别，结合影像学及临床特点综合分析、多处取材并应用术中细胞印片是避免误诊的有效手段。