Coronary subclavian steal syndrome after internal mammary artery bypass grafting. A cause of severe postoperative recurrent myocardial ischemia

A 65-year-old underwent a triple bypass: internal artery mammary-descending coronary artery, aorta diagonal-lateral coronary (sequential). Three weeks later he started to have severe angina pectoris with ST depression in anterior EKG leads. A left transradial coronary angiography was performed. The examination showed a total occlusion of the left subclavian artery 2 cm after the aortic arch and a retrograde flow in the internal mammary artery (IMA). Via transfemoral approach, angiography showed the patency of the aorto-veinous sequential graft and a retrograde flow through anastomosis in the left mammary artery. The patient underwent a reimplantation of the IMA on the brachiocephalic artery. One month later the patient is doing well without chest pain. A coronary subclavian steal syndrome should be suspected in case of recurrent ischaemia after IMA bypass, particularly if there is more than 20 mmHg systolic pressure differential between the arms. Left transradial approach achieved diagnostic in case of total left subclavian artery occlusion.     

Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting using a bilateral internal mammary artery Y graft

Objectives To evaluate the outcome of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) using a bilateral internal mammary artery (BIMA) Y configuration graft to achieve total arterial myocardial revascularization. Methods From October 2002 to December 2008, 208 patients (196 males and 12 females) underwent OPCABG using a BIMA Y configuration graft. The average age of the patients was 56.5 ± 11.3 years, with an age range of 33–78 years. A total of 167 (80.2%) cases had triple-vessel disease. Left main stem disease was found in 33 (15.9%) cases, and double-vessel disease was found in 8 (3.9%) cases. The semi-skeletonization technique was used to harvest the two internal mammary arteries (IMAs), and then the free right internal mammary artery was connected end-to-side to the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) in situ to complete the Y configuration graft. Off-pump and sequential anastomosis methods were used to perform coronary artery bypass surgery in all patients. Graft patency was assessed intra-operatively with the HT311 transit time flowmeter. Results A total of 728 distal anastomoses were performed in 208 patients, with the average being 3.5 ± 1.3 per person. No one died or experienced recurrent angina within 30 days after the operation. Conclusions OPCABG using the BIMA Y graft was safe and effective to achieve total arterial revascularization. This method avoids surgical operation on the ascending aorta and other incisions.     

Fistulous connection between internal mammary graft and pulmonary vasculature after coronary artery bypass grafting: a rare cause of continuous murmur

A 58-year-old male who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using left internal mammary artery and a sequential saphenous vein graft 2 years ago presented with new onset angina. His initial physical examination revealed an unexpected continuous murmur over the left sternal border, and two-dimensional echocardiography has failed to identy the cause. Cardiac catheterization then performed and revealed patent left internal mammary artery and saphenous vein grafts. Besides, selective injection of the left internal mammary artery graft also showed a fistula formation between left internal mammary artery graft and pulmonary vasculature of the left upper lobe. He was managed conservatively because of the severely diseased left anterior descending artery distal to internal mammary artery anastomosis and low pulmonary artery pressure. The development of fistulous connection between internal mammary artery and pulmonary vasculature is an extremely rare complication following CABG. Patients with such fistulae usually present with chest pain due to coronary steal syndrome. A new heart sound, especially a continuous murmur, may be detected during physical examination. Surgical correction is indicated in the event of refractory angina, growing fistula causing heart failure or endarteritis. Otherwise, a conservative approach with instruction of the patient for prophylactic precautions of subacute bacterial endocarditis may be recommended for asymptomatic patients.     

Coronary-subclavian steal: an unusual cause of angina pectoris after successful internal mammary-coronary artery bypass grafting.

Coronary-subclavian steal syndrome is a rare cause of angina pectoris after bypass grafting using the internal mammary artery. We report the 11th case in the literature and review the pathophysiology and treatment of this disorder. We also review appropriate screening for this possibly increasing, yet preventable disorder.     

Left internal mammary artery side branch intervention in the management of coronary steal syndrome following coronary artery bypass grafting

Social media allows interventional cardiologists to disseminate and discuss research and clinical cases in real-time, to demonstrate and learn innovative techniques, to build professional networks, and to reach out to patients and the general public. Social media provides a democratic platform for all participants to influence the conversation and demonstrate their expertise. This review addresses the use of social media for these purposes in interventional cardiology, as well as respect for patient privacy, how to get started on social media, the creation of high-impact social media content, and the role of traditional journals in the age of social media. In the future, we hope that interventional cardiology fellowship programs will incorporate social media training into their curricula. In addition, professional societies may adapt to the rapid dissemination of data on social media by developing processes to update guidelines more rapidly and more frequently.     

Coronary-subclavian steal: An unusual cause of angina pectoris after successful internal mammary-coronary artery bypass grafting

Coronary-subclavian steal syndrome is a rare cause of angina pectoris after bypass grafting using the internal mammary artery. We report the 11th case in the literature and review the pathophysiology and treatment of this disorder. We also review appropriate screening for this possibly increasing, yet preventable disorder.     

骨骼化乳内动脉在不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用研究

目的:总结将骨骼化乳内动脉(IMA)应用于不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)的临床结效果和经验。方法:选取从2015年7月至2016年6月期间,我科室60例包括冠状动脉前降支在内的多支冠状动脉狭窄需进行OPCABG,并经术前超声检查锁骨下动脉和IMA正常的患者。随机分为两组;A组:应用骨骼化方法获取左IMA,并与前降支行端侧吻合进行血运重建;B组:应用带蒂获取左IMA与前降支吻合进行血运重建。两组均应用静脉复合全身麻醉,取胸部正中切口,非体外循环下施行手术。结果:远端吻合口数两组分别为(2.6±0.5)个/例和(2.7±0.5)个/例,无胸骨感染病例;院内死亡1例,病死率1.7%,为带蒂方法采集左IMA组,死亡原因为围术期心肌梗死;术后发生并发症4例,每组各2例,发生率6.7%,其中发生肺部感染2例,低心排血量综合征2例,均通过抗感染、血管活性药物、IABP辅助治疗等措施治愈。生存患者随访3个月,随访率89.8%(53/59);所有患者无心绞痛复发,心功能恢复至Ⅰ~Ⅱ级(NYHA)。结论:在OPCABG中应用骨骼化IMA安全、疗效满意,但术中取材具有一定操作难度,易发生乳内动脉损伤,手术方式选择应根据具体情况决定。     

Symptoms of chest pain and dyspnea and factors associated with chest pain after coronary artery bypass grafting.

Patients in western Sweden who underwent CABG from 1988 to 1991 received prior to coronary angiography and 2 and 5 years after CABG a questionnaire, in which they were asked about symptoms of chest pain and dyspnea. In all, 1,226 patients answered the inquiry prior to CABG, 1,531 patients 2 years and 1,359 patients 5 years after surgery. Both in terms of chest pain and dyspnea there was a marked improvement 2 and 5 years after CABG as compared with prior to surgery. However, between 2 and 5 years after surgery there was a minor deterioration, both regarding chest pain and dyspnea. The most statistically significant preoperative predictors for the occurrence of chest pain more than twice a week 5 years after surgery were concomitant valvular heart disease and obesity.     

An unusual cause of recurrent angina two years after coronary artery bypass grafting: fistula between internal mammary artery graft to pulmonary vasculature.

A 55-year-old man developed recurrent angina pectoris 2 years after coronary artery bypass grafting. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated that the venous grafts were patent, but selective left internal mammary angiogram showed multiple fistulous connections between the internal mammary artery and the pulmonary vasculature of the left upper lobe. After surgical correction of the fistula, the angina resolved. Only three previous cases of acquired internal mammary artery graft fistulas draining to the pulmonary vasculature have been described. The etiology, clinical presentation, and management of an internal mammary artery fistula to the pulmonary vasculature are discussed.     

Early results with bilateral internal mammary artery grafting in coronary reoperations.

In recent years, use of the internal mammary artery (IMA) as first graft of choice has been expanded with bilateral and sequential grafts in primary myocardial revascularization. The use of bilateral IMA grafts in reoperation has seldom been reported. The experience and early results with bilateral IMA grafting in 47 patients undergoing coronary reoperation are described. Hospital mortality was 6.3%. Four patients had postoperative signs of low cardiac output, and 4 had a perioperative myocardial infarction. At follow-up (18 +/- 18 months), 2 cardiac-related, late deaths were noted. Thirteen patients (29%) improved 1 New York Heart Association class, and 28 (63%) improved > 1 class. In 1 of 44 surviving patients, operation did not result in a decrease in angina. On the basis of the early results, the bilateral use of the IMA in coronary reoperation appears justified.     

Coronary artery surgery: conventional coronary artery bypass grafting versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Coronary revascularization has become the principal treatment modality in patients with severe coronary artery disease. The broader application of percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with multivessel disease and the recent introduction of drug-eluting stents have both lead to a decline in the number of patients referred for surgical revascularization. Conventional coronary artery bypass grafting using cardiopulmonary bypass is an excellent treatment, however less invasive surgical approaches such as off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting have appeared in the past few years. The exact role of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting is still vaguely defined and being critically evaluated. Our aim is to provide an objective review of the recent literature in regard to surgical outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: A critical review of all relevant clinical series from May 2003 to May 2005 was conducted. Current prospective data suggests that both techniques have similar rates of mortality, in regard to morbidity, multiple prospective studies suggest a decrease in stroke rates for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. The incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction does not appear to differ between techniques. When analyzed carefully, the results presented herein seem to indicate that both techniques provide similar rates for long-term patency and freedom from surgical reintervention. SUMMARY: Coronary artery bypass grafting and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting are both safe and beneficial in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. It appears that elderly patients with additional co-morbid risk factors may benefit most from off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. It has become increasingly apparent that off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting can be performed safely in reference centers.     

Internal mammary artery steal syndrome secondary to a para-IMA after coronary artery bypass graft： a case report

Introduction
The use of the intemal mammary artery （IMA） in coronary artery bypass graft（CABG） for myocardial revascularization is gaining popularity in routine practice, especially when the target vessel is the left anterior descending artery （LAD）. Occasionally, IMA hypoperfusion occurs when there is inadequate flow through the IMA graft to the LAD artery due to the exist of lateral branches.     

A case of bilateral coronary artery--pulmonary artery fistulas associated with mitral valve stenosis

A case was reported of bilateral coronary artery-pulmonary artery fistulas associated with mitral valve stenosis. A thirty seven year old female was admitted with the complaint of exertional dyspnea and palpitation, which had lasted for the 3 years previous to her admission to our hospital. Electrocardiogram showed sinus bradycardia and no ST-T changes, but exercise ECG showed significant ST depression after 6 min of exercise. The DDR (9 mm/sec) and mitral valve area (0.61 cm2) were shown by UCG examination to have decreased, and the pressure at half time (360 msec) was shown by Doppler UCG to be prolonged. On cardiac catheterization, coronary arteriography showed fistula from RCA to PA, and fistula from LCA to PA, but no occlusive lesions were demonstrated. P/S blood flow ratio was 1.09, and O2 saturation was stepped up 3% in PA. She was operated on and given open mitral commissurotomy and closure of the fistula opening, via the PA. After surgical repair, no abnormality was found by exercise ECG, and no fistulas were shown on coronary arteriography.     

骨骼化或带蒂游离乳内动脉应用于冠脉旁路移植术的对比研究

目的：对比分析骨骼化或带蒂游离乳内动脉在冠脉旁路移植术中的应用效果,总结相关经验。 方法：回顾性分析2015年9月至2016年7月,在我院心胸外科采用骨骼化（n=77）或带蒂（n=85）游离技术获取左乳内动脉（left internal mammary artery,LIMA）行冠脉旁路移植术的162例患者的临床资料。所有患者术中LIMA均端侧吻合到左前降支（left anterior descending,LAD）。分析两组患者的LIMA获取时间、术中LIMA桥血流量、术中LIMA桥搏动指数PI、术后前3天每日胸腔引流量及术后随访1年时的LIMA桥通畅率。 结果：所有患者均顺利完成LIMA至LAD 的冠脉旁路移植手术。骨骼化组获取LIMA的时间略长于带蒂组（33.8±4.7 min vs 26.6±4.1 min,P＜0.05）;但骨骼化组术中LIMA桥血流量明显优于带蒂组（36.9±20.1 ml/min vs 28.6±17.2 ml/min,P＜0.05）而两组术中LIMA桥搏动指数无明显差异（3.1±1.2 vs 2.9±0.8,P＞0.05）。骨骼化组术后前三天引流量均明显少于带蒂组（P＜0.05）。术后随访到1年时的LIMA桥血管通畅率为100%。 结论：骨骼化游离乳内动脉可安全、有效地应用于冠脉旁路移植术中,近中期效果满意。与带蒂游离乳内动脉相比,骨骼化组术中LIMA桥血流量更好,术后早期胸腔引流量也更少,但骨骼化组获取LIMA的时间略长。     

Coronary artery-right ventricular fistula after coronary artery bypass grafting

Development of a coronary artery fistula rarely occurs after cardiac surgery. We report the appearance of a coronary artery-right ventricular fistula as a consequence of coronary artery bypass grafting. Possible mechanisms and consequences are discussed.     

Transcatheter treatment of angina after coronary surgery due to concomitant internal mammary steal and right coronary artery stenosis: a need for staging

Unligated side branches of the internal mammary artery used as a conduit in bypass surgery can be responsible for a flow steal phenomenon, causing recurrent angina. In this report we describe such a case, which was treated with a transcatheter embolization technique using coils as an alternative to surgery. However, heparin administration for simultaneous balloon dilatation of another lesion delayed successful embolization. Whenever balloon dilatation and embolization have to be performed on the same patient, both procedures should be staged to avoid heparin administration during and after the embolization procedure. © 1994 Wiley-Liss,Inc..