肠内营养对老年术后患者营养代谢和肠粘膜屏障的影响

目的　评价肠内营养对老年腹部手术后患者营养代谢和肠粘膜通透性的影响。　方法　采用前瞻、随机、对照的方法 ,将 2 5例老年腹部手术患者分为肠内营养组 (肠内组 ,12例 )和肠外营养组 (肠外组 ,13例 ) ,2组患者具有可比性 ;分别给予整蛋白型肠内营养 (力苏 )和等氮、等热卡的肠外营养 ,对其血浆谷氨酰胺浓度、血浆蛋白和累积氮平衡、肠粘膜通透性、免疫球蛋白以及感染有关并发症、营养治疗费用等方面进行观察。　结果　进行 6d的不同营养支持后 ,于术后 10d ,肠内组血浆谷氨酰胺浓度 (5 93± 5 7) μmol·L-1、累积 6d氮平衡 (30± 2 4)mg·kg-1、IgG和IgM分别为 (12 4± 1 9)g·L-1和 (15 0 0± 80 0 )mg·L-1,均高于肠外组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;用药前后甘露醇 /乳果糖 (L/M)比值的变化为 0 0 12± 0 0 11,低于肠外组的 0 0 38± 0 0 2 2 (P <0 0 1) ;血浆蛋白结果相似 ;感染并发症 ,肠内组仅有 1例 ,肠外组 2例 ;肠内组的营养治疗费用为肠外组的 36 6 %。　结论　肠内营养能进一步改善患者营养代谢 ,维护其肠粘膜屏障 ,更为经济和减少感染并发症。     

肠内外营养单用或序贯联用对重症监护室高龄患者营养状况及临床预后的影响

目的探讨肠内、肠外营养单用或肠内外序贯联合对重症监护室(ICU)高龄患者营养状况及临床预后的影响。方法按照随机数字表法将2013年2月至2016年8月该院ICU收治的139例高龄患者分为3组;肠内营养组(n=46)单用肠内营养支持,肠外营养组(n=46)单用肠外营养支持,序贯联合组(n=47)肠内联合肠外序贯营养支持。比较3组治疗前后的营养状况以及临床预后效果。结果肠外营养组、序贯联合组呼吸机撤机时间、ICU住院时间均短于肠内营养组,且序贯联合组短于肠外营养组(P<0.05)。治疗后,3组血清血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(ALB)、上臂三头肌肌围(MAMC)水平均低于治疗前(P<0.05);肠外营养组、序贯联合组均高于肠内营养组,且序贯联合组高于肠外营养组(P<0.05)。肠内营养组、序贯联合组呼吸机相关性肺炎、应激性溃疡、腹胀、心力衰竭发生率低于肠外营养组(P<0.05),肠内营养组与序贯联合组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。序贯联合组死亡率低于肠内营养组和肠外营养组(P<0.05)。结论相比肠内营养或肠外营养,肠内联合肠外序贯营养支持能明显提高ICU高龄患者的临床治疗效果,改善患者营养状况,促进预后,降低死亡风险。     

重症急性胰腺炎肠内、外营养研究进展

重症急性胰腺炎有较高的病死率,营养支持是重要的治疗措施。肠内营养和肠外营养各有其优缺点。肠内营养在维护肠道屏障功能、减少细菌移位方面具有独特的作用。     

机械通气患者的肠内营养支持治疗

目的探讨MICU危重病人机械通气时肠内营养支持的安全性,必要性。方法对35例MICU病房进行机械通气的危重病人随机分为肠内营养（EN）组（治疗组）20例和完全肠外营养（TPN）组（对照组）15例,分别给予相同热量和氮量的肠内营养制剂或肠外营养制剂,均于营养支持前与支持第8日检测血清白蛋白、血红蛋白、每日测血糖并计算氮平衡。结果肠内营养支持组的血清白蛋白和血红蛋白增高;与对照组肠外营养支持比较,血清白蛋白和氮平衡均增高（P〈0．05）。结论肠内营养支持可明显改善危重病人的营养状况,对于胃肠功能完整或具有部分肠道功能的危重病人,应尽量、尽早采用肠内营养支持。     

重症急性胰腺炎的营养治疗

重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）的营养治疗,因胰腺的特殊功能而一直备受争议。经过多年的实验研究及临床实践,从20世纪70、80年代通过中心静脉或外周静脉给予全肠外营养（TPN）,到90年代的先全肠外营养后肠内营养（EN）的序贯治疗,和目前提出的早期肠内营养（EEN）结合肠外营养（PN）的方法,国内外学者对该问题的认识逐渐加深,并已达到成共识。     

部分肠外营养对炎症性肠病作用的研究

炎症性肠病(ＩＢＤ)易发生营养不良,作为治疗手段,营养支持与药物、手术等具有同等重要性。国外多采用全肠外营养(ＴＰＮ)或全肠内营养(ＴＥＮ)或ＴＰＮＴＥＮ阶段疗法[1,2]。但ＴＰＮ并发症较多,费用较高,而ＴＥＮ受肠道吸收功能及要素膳食的适口性影响。本文研究了含脂肪乳剂的部分肠外营养(ｐａｒｔｉａｌｐａｒｅｎｔｅｒａｌｎｕｔｒｉｔｉｏｎ,ＰＰＮ)对ＩＢＤ患者人体测量指标与血清蛋白的影响,旨在探讨其临床应用价值。材料与方法一、病例选择ＩＢＤ患者58例,男33例,女25例,年龄为19～54岁,平均36岁,其中溃疡性结肠炎47例,克罗恩病1…     

全肠外营养诱导线粒体应激介导的肝细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨全肠外营养诱导新生乳猪线粒体应激介导的肝细胞凋亡的作用机制。方法以肠内营养乳猪作为对照,建立全肠外营养新生乳猪实验动物模型,喂养7d后获取肝脏组织,分离原代肝细胞,部分肝组织应用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测肝细胞DNA凋亡条带,通过凋亡蛋白活性测定、免疫组织化学、Western blot印迹法等检测全肠外营养诱导肝细胞发生凋亡的蛋白表达。结果全肠外营养组乳猪肝细胞活率为（49±21）％,明显低于肠内营养组的（88±14）％（P〈0．05）。全肠外营养乳猪肝组织DNA电泳呈现典型梯形凋亡条带,细胞凋亡ELISA检测发现细胞凋亡定量高达对照组的2．6倍,半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶（caspase）-3活性也明显升高,与肠内营养相比增高9．9倍,但ATP酶活性下降了24％。Westernblot显示全肠外营养组肝组织中相关凋亡蛋白酶PARP、caspase-9和-7蛋白酶原被活化,Bcl-2蛋白表达量下调,Bax蛋白量表达上调;同时线粒体内细胞色素C释放至胞浆内,使胞浆内细胞色素C表达水平升高。免疫组织化学也显示全肠外营养组Bax表达上调。结论全肠外营养可以损伤肝组织,并通过线粒体应激信号传导通路诱导肝细胞凋亡。     

肠内和肠外营养结合治疗重症急性胰腺炎33例

[目的]观察肠内和肠外营养结合治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）的疗效。[方法]将60例患者随机分为2组,均经内科保守治疗,使胰腺炎急性期反应得到控制后,治疗组33例给予肠内和肠外营养结合治疗;对照组27例给予全胃肠外营养（TPN）。[结果]治疗组血清前清蛋白营养指标高于对照组,各时间点内毒素水平、并发症发生率、死亡率均低于对照组。[结论]肠内营养结合肠外营养的方法维护了SAP患者良好的营养状况及内环境稳定,优于TPN方式。     

营养支持对45例早期机械通气患者的治疗作用观察

目的 探讨营养支持对接受机械通气患者的早期治疗作用.方法 将接受机械通气治疗的45例危重病患者随机分为全肠外营养(PN)组、全营养食物均浆肠内营养(EN)组和肠内肠外营养相结合(PN EN)组,各组患者均接受等氮等热量营养支持.结果 各组脱机时间比较无显著性差异,营养效果相似,肠外组和混合组较快达氮平衡.肠外组和混合组的胃肠道并发症较肠内组少,两者比较有显著性差异.肠内组费用最便宜,混合组免疫学指标最高.结论 机械通气患者普遍存在营养不良,可采用肠内营养或肠外营养或二者结合方式进行营养,肠内营养经济方便,有利于肠道能力恢复,而全肠外营养效果准确迅速,两者结合能互相取长补短.     

肝功能不全病人术后早期肠内营养疗效观察

目的 观察肝功能不全病人术后早期肠内、肠外营养的疗效。方法 将60例肝胆手术后肝功能不全病人随机分为两组，分别于术后12小时进行肠内和肠外营养，共7天，观察肝功能、营养状况及胃肠道功能的变化。结果 两组病人的营养状况及肝功能均显著改善，与术前相比差异显著（P〈0．01），组间差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论 肝功能不全病人术后早期进行肠内营养安全、有效且费用较低，能促进胃肠功能早期恢复。     

Nutritional care for patients with Crohn's disease

Protein calorie malnutrition, in addition to deficits of other nutrients, occurs frequently among patients with Crohn's disease. In most instances the mechanisms by which these deficits occur are multifactorial. The most appropriate method to assess nutritional status includes a nutritionally oriented medical history and physical examination combined with a measurement of serum albumin. If the gut can be used safely, enteral nutrition is the preferred feeding method for Crohn's disease patients needing nutritional support. The advantages of enteral nutrition are stimulatory effects on gastrointestinal structure and function and reduced cost when compared to parenteral feeding. If the gastrointestinal tract cannot be used safely, parenteral nutrition is recommended. The presence of Crohn's disease among prepubertal children produces serious growth failure which can be reduced or arrested by appropriate nutritional interventions. Significant numbers of Crohn's disease patients ar now receiving both enteral and parenteral nutrition in the home setting.     

An update of the role of nutritional therapy in the management of Crohn’s disease

Crohn's disease is an increasingly global health concern. Currently without a cure, it significantly alters the quality of life of Crohn's disease sufferers and places a heavy financial burden on the community. Recent reports show that the rising prevalence of Crohn's disease is no longer confined to Western countries, with considerable increases seen particularly in Asia. Nutritional problems are often associated with Crohn's disease, most notably in the paediatric population, with underweight and stunting commonly seen at presentation. In addition, linear growth retardation and pubertal delay can also manifest in these younger patients. Therefore, exclusive enteral nutrition has been used as a therapeutic option to treat Crohn's disease, in part to address the nutritional complications of the disease. Exclusive enteral nutrition can improve nutrition as well as induce remission at a rate equivalent to corticosteroids. It is safe particularly with long-term use and can induce mucosal healing, considered the gold standard for therapy, at a rate superior to corticosteroids. Exclusive enteral nutrition has thus become the preferred therapeutic option in many centres for the treatment of paediatric Crohn's disease. This review discusses the role of exclusive enteral nutrition as a therapeutic option for the treatment of Crohn's disease, as well as the latest findings into its mechanisms of action.     

Enteral diet in Crohn's disease. Nutritional and therapeutic implications in patient's management

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are often characterized by impairment of nutritional status. Crohn's disease (CD) patients, especially in the active phase of disease, show a reduced body weight, due to the reduction of lipid stores, in spite of lean mass depletion. Fat mass reduction has been correlated to an increased utilization of lipids as fuel substrate. The alterations of nutritional status are able, in turn, to influence, as independent factors, the disease course and patient prognosis. A disease's treatment based only on pharmacologic therapy, especially on corticosteroid use in the active phases, often does not take into account the relevant need for preserving a normal nutritional status. In this connection, enteral nutrition has been shown to be able to improve nutritional status and induce and maintain remission. We present some of the possible mechanisms of efficacy of enteral feeding and some rules to attempt to treat patients with IBD, especially those with Crohn's disease.     

Intense nutritional support in inflammatory bowel disease

The value of intense nutritional support in inflammatory bowel disease is still debated. Claims have been made that total enteral nutrition is as effective as total parenteral nutrition. In this review, the use of parenteral and enteral nutritional support as primary therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease has been critically evaluated. Most studies have been uncontrolled and nonrandomized with short-term follow-up. The literature does suggest, however, that intense nutritional support may have an adjunctive role to drug therapy in achieving remission in Crohn's disease, especially in corticosteroid-refractory patients. Nutritional support has a lesser role in chronic ulcertive colitis, except for assistance in pre- and postoperative management. The data do not support one variety of nutritional support over another, although enteral support should be used if possible, as it is less costly and potentially less complicated.     

Clinical importance of n-3 fatty acid-rich diet and nutritional education for the maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease

Elemental diet (ED) therapy has been established as primary therapy for Crohn's disease, and home enteral nutrition (HEN) has been reported to control relapse at a dose of more than 30 kcal/kg of ideal body weight. However, a decrease in ED compliance with long-term use is becoming problem. We developed an n-3 fatty acid-rich diet and carried out nutritional education specifically for Crohn's disease patients using HEN to facilitate compliance and to improve their nutritional status. After the introduction of this n-3 rich diet, disease activity was not altered, and nutritional status, especially serum n-3 fatty acid levels, improved. The remission periods in patients with poor compliance seemed to be prolonged by the nutritional education. Thus, a n-3 rich diet in combination with nutritional education specific for Crohn's disease patients is very important for the in maintenance of high compliance and for maintaining nutritional balance. Received: October 26, 1998 / Accepted: August 27, 1999     

Nutritional management of inflammatory bowel disease

Nutritional deficits commonly occur in patients of all ages suffering from chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Growth failure represents a common, serious complication unique to the pediatric age group. Although the etiology of nutritional problems and growth failure is multifactorial, malnutrition owing to inadequate nutrient intake is the primary cause. Nutritional supplementation via the enteral or parenteral route restores normal body composition and can reverse linear and ponderal growth failure if administered effectively and prior to bone maturation. Both parenteral and enteral nutrition have been shown to effectively induce remission in acute Crohn's disease, but appear to be less satisfactory for patients with ulcerative or Crohn's colitis. The mechanisms by which such nutritional therapies improve disease activity are unclear but may involve the intestinal adaptive response to "bowel rest," immunologic effects, and nutritional factors.     

Influence of nutritional status on immune functions in patients with Crohn's disease.

Nutritional status and immune function were correlated with clinical features in 56 patients with Crohn's disease. These were divided arbitrarily into either undernourished or well nourished groups according to whether their midarm circumference was below or above 90% of ideal standard. Results were also compared with 33 patients with ulcerative colitis and 28 normal subjects. Undernourished patients with Crohn's disease had significantly reduced total lymphocyte and T lymphocyte counts and a reduced proportion of monocytes that ingested latex particles. Well nourished patients with Crohn's disease were similar to the two control groups. Twenty one undernourished patients with Crohn's disease were also followed during the course of two to four months' nutritional treatment with an enteral supplement. Nutritional therapy was associated with significant anthropometric gains as well as significant rises in total lymphocyte and T lymphocyte counts. Serum orosomucoids were significantly higher in undernourished patients and decreased significantly during nutritional therapy. The results show that undernutrition and disease acuity may be associated with reduced immunological competence in patients with Crohn's disease, but all these measurements can be improved by short term nutritional treatment.     

Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease

Nutrition has an important role in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. This role includes the prevention and correction of malnutrition, the prevention of osteoporosis and in children the promotion of optimal growth and development. In active Crohn's disease nutritional therapy (in the form of enteral feeding) is an effective primary therapy for many patients. Corticosteroids, however, are more effective than enteral diet therapy in adults. Enteral diets should be considered as primary therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease, especially in children with poor nutritional status or growth impairment. Enteral nutrition does not have a proven primary therapeutic role in ulcerative colitis. There are many theories that suggest that diet may be implicated in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease, however, there are, as yet, no dietary approaches proven to reduce the risk of developing IBD.     

The safe use of percutaneous gastrostomy for enteral nutrition in patients with Crohn's disease

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement for nutritional support and/or defined therapeutic enteral nutrition (TEN) in adult patients with Crohn's disease. DESIGN: A prospective, observational study of patients with Crohn's disease in whom PEG tubes were placed for nutritional support or TEN. SETTING: A specialist nutrition clinic at a gastroenterology tertiary referral centre in Harrow, UK. PARTICIPANTS: Nine patients with Crohn's disease. Seven patients had nutritional failure and were unable to tolerate nasogastric feeding, and two patients were recruited in whom TEN therapy for active disease was indicated. The age range was 21-52 years (median, 30 years). Five patients were female; all had had previous ileo-colonic resections, one had a gastro-enterostomy and one had a non-healing Crohn's-related gastric ulcer. INTERVENTIONS: PEG insertion (Fresenius, Frecka 9 Fr) was performed at endoscopy with intravenous sedation. Follow-up with tubes in situ was for a median of 37 weeks (range, 4-276 weeks), and for a further median of 80 weeks (range, 52-120 weeks) in those whose tubes have been removed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The level of disease activity, nutritional status/body mass index and any complications associated with PEG tube placement were recorded. RESULTS: PEG was achieved in all patients; the only complication was a minor superficial entry site infection. Five patients continue to use PEG feeding to good effect, including healing of the Crohn's-associated ulcer. One patient now eats normally having regained target weight, and three require parenteral nutrition, having failed to achieve nutritional sufficiency despite an optimal enteral regimen via the PEG. An adverse body image in one of these patients (an opiate abuser with a long psychiatric history) was probably contributory to PEG failure. There was no peristomal or fistulous disease. CONCLUSIONS: Although nutrition via PEG is not always successful, failures are of enteral nutrition, and not of the means. PEG use in selected patients with Crohn's disease appears safe and can prove a useful addition to therapeutic options.     

Exclusive enteral feeding as primary therapy for Crohn's disease in Australian children and adolescents: a feasible and effective approach

BACKGROUND: Exclusive enteral feeding has been shown to be as efficacious as corticosteroids in inducing remission in children with Crohn's disease (CD), with additional nutritional benefits. The use of polymeric formulae provides superior palatability and acceptance over elemental feeds, but polymeric formulae have not been universally adopted. The present retrospective analysis of enteral feeding in children with Crohn's disease aims to demonstrate the short-term benefits of enteral feeding in children upon disease activity and nutrition parameters. METHODS: The case records of children with CD managed with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) by a multidisciplinary team over a 2-year period were reviewed. Data relating to therapy, background disease details, and outcome were collated. Primary outcome measures established were weight change and disease activity (Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index: PCDAI). RESULTS: Twenty-seven children received EEN with polymeric formulae. Fifteen children had newly diagnosed CD and 12 had known long-standing CD. Twenty-four children completed the prescribed period of EEN. Twelve of 15 (80%) newly diagnosed CD and seven of 12 (58%) with long-standing disease entered remission. Children with newly diagnosed CD responding to EEN took all feeds orally and gained an average of 4.7+/-3.5 kg with mean PCDAI decreasing from 37.1+/-10.8 to 6.7+/-5.1 after 8 weeks. In addition, four children continued supplementary polymeric formula (without other medical therapies) and all have maintained remission during an average follow-up period of 15.2 months. CONCLUSION: Exclusive enteral feeds induced remission in 80% of children with newly diagnosed CD (on intention-to-treat basis) when used as sole initial therapy while also improving nutritional status. All newly diagnosed children treated with EEN, who were able to establish feeds, achieved remission. In addition, remission may be prolonged with oral supplementary formula as sole ongoing treatment. Further study of the role(s) of enteral feeds and of longer-term benefits of enteral feeding in children with CD is now required.