下肢深静脉血栓形成治疗中并发症的分析

目的:分析下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)治疗过程中发生的主要并发症.探讨其原因、治疗和预防措施.方法:回顾分析98例下肢深静脉血栓患者采用Fogarty导管取栓后,导管插入溶栓和药物治疗的临床资料.结果:78例治疗经过顺利,痊愈出院;治疗过程中发生出血6例;栓塞后综合征10例;致死性肺栓塞2例.结论:治疗过程中密切观察血常规和凝血象的变化可有效预防出血的发生;腔静脉滤网可预防肺栓塞的发生;穿弹力治疗袜和适当的抗凝治疗可减少栓塞后综合征.     

Gene variants associated with deep vein thrombosis

Irene D. Bezemer, MSc; Lance A. Bare, PhD; Carine J. M. Doggen, PhD; Andre R. Arellano, BS; Carmen Tong, BS; Charles M. Rowland, MS; Joseph Catanese, BS; Bradford A. Young, PhD; Pieter H. Reitsma, PhD; James J. Devlin, PhD; Frits R. Rosendaal, MD, PhD

JAMA. 2008;299(11):1306-1314.

Context  The genetic causes of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are not fully understood.

Objective  To identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with DVT.

Design, Setting, and Patients  We used 3 case-control studies of first DVT. A total of 19 682 gene-centric SNPs were genotyped in 443 cases and 453 controls from the Leiden Thrombophilia Study (LETS, 1988-1992). Twelve hundred six SNPs associated with DVT were reinvestigated in the Multiple Environmental and Genetic Assessment of Risk Factors for Venous Thrombosis study (MEGA-1, 1999-2004) in a subset of 1398 cases and 1757 controls. Nine SNPs associated with DVT in both LETS and MEGA-1 were investigated a third time in 1314 cases and 2877 controls from MEGA-2, a second subset of MEGA. Additional SNPs close to one SNP in CYP4V2 were genotyped in LETS and MEGA-1.

Main Outcome Measure  Odds ratios (ORs) for DVT were estimated by logistic regression. False discovery rates served to investigate the effect of multiple hypothesis testing.

Results  Of 9 SNPs genotyped in MEGA-2, 3 were strongly associated with DVT (P < .05; false discovery rate .10): rs13146272 in CYP4V2 (risk allele frequency, 0.64), rs2227589 in SERPINC1 (risk allele frequency, 0.10), and rs1613662 in GP6 (risk allele frequency, 0.84). The OR for DVT per risk allele was 1.24 (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.11-1.37) for rs13146272, 1.29 (95% CI, 1.10-1.49) for rs2227589, and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.01-1.30) for rs1613662. In the region of CYP4V2, we identified 4 additional SNPs (in CYP4V2, KLKB1, and F11) that were also associated with both DVT (highest OR per risk allele, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11-1.74) and coagulation factor XI level (highest increase per risk allele, 8%; 95% CI, 5%-11%).

Conclusions  We identified SNPs in several genes that were associated with DVT. We also found SNPs in the region around the SNP in CYP4V2 (rs13146272) that were associated with both DVT and factor XI levels. These results show that common genetic variation plays an important role in determining thrombotic risk.

     

下肢深静脉血栓局部溶栓的护理观察

目的讨论经导管局部溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的疗效及护理。方法回顾性分析我院2007年1月～2009年12月下肢静脉血栓163例病人的观察及护理。结果治疗效果良好,有效率100%,无严重出血并发症发生。结论经导管局部溶栓是治疗下肢深静脉血栓的安全有效方法。术前细致的心理护理,严密的病情观察;术后认真做好溶栓导管的护理,抗凝溶栓期间严密监测凝血功能,高度重视可能产生的出血、感染等不良作用,及时发现早期处理,才能确保最佳治疗效果。     

Low-molecular-weight heparin and prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis

The efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin as a prophylactic agent was assessed in 150 consecutive patients over the age of 40 undergoing major abdominal surgery. Fifty of these patients received 1250 activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) units of low-molecular-weight heparin every 12 hours: three developed isotopic deep vein thrombosis, which was confirmed by phlebography in two cases. The other 100 patients received a single injection of 1850 APTT units of low-molecular-weight heparin. Three of them developed isotopic deep vein thrombosis; phlebography failed to confirm the presence of thrombi in each case. None of the 150 patients studied died from fatal or contributory pulmonary emboli. Low-molecular-weight heparin was not associated with any increase in preoperative or postoperative bleeding. The effect of equal amounts of postoperative bleeding. The effect of equal amounts of low-molecular-weight heparin and unfractionated heparin on the coagulation mechanism during surgery was investigated in another 30 patients. The clotting assays and results of in-vivo platelet function tests indicated that both preparations produced similar effect. Intragroup comparisons, however, showed significant differences in the anti-factor Xa activity, lipoprotein lipase release, and plasma prekallikrein concentrations. A single injection of low-molecular-weight heparin daily is a convenient way of preventing deep vein thrombosis in high-risk patients undergoing major abdominal surgery.     

建立小鼠深静脉血栓模型的实验研究

目的建立小鼠深静脉血栓动物模型。方法采用下腔静脉结扎法制备动物模型,观察血管中血栓形成的病理变化并与假手术组比较。结果模型小鼠下腔静脉内形成稳定的血栓,且符合人体静脉血栓形成的病理特性。病理观察显示模型组静脉可见血栓并充满管腔,且与管壁无粘连,而假手术组静脉中无血栓形成。结论成功建立了小鼠深静脉血栓模型。     

Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) around renal vein

Objective To study and evaluate the treatment of the deep vein thrombosis(DVT) around the renal vein(DVT involving the renal vein and it’s surrounding,shortly as DVTAR in our study)by two-positioned filter for catheter thrombectomy assisted with a Fogarty balloon.Methods We retrospectivly analysed seven cases of DVTAR and by comparison to elicit the respective effect different methods in DVT treatment.The methods used were:1.direct thrombectomy 2.thrombectomy facillitated by blocking of blood flow with a balloon 3.direct thrombolysis via Peripheral vein and 4.thrombectomy with simultaneous placement of a two-positioned filter with a Fogarty balloon and followed by intubation thrombolysis.Result Segmental pulmonary embolism(PE)or thrombosis in vena cava were still observed by CT angiography(CTA)or venography in those cases treated with the first three methods.As for the 3 cases where two-positioned filter for catheter thrombectomy with Fogarty balloon was used,neither pulmonary embolism during and after the operation nor thrombosis in the inferior vena cava was observed.Conclusion For DVTAR,thrombectomy with simultaneous placement of a two-positioned filter with a Fogarty balloon and followed by intubation thrombolysis can be regarded as safe and effective.     

综合性护理在下肢深静脉血栓介入治疗中的应用体会

目的探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成综合性介入治疗的护理方法,以提高手术成功率,减少术中术后并发症。方法对53例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,采用介入治疗过程的综合性护理干预,包括整体护理方法、专科护理方法。观察护理结果并总结护理经验,结果治愈31例、显效16例、改善6例。治疗过程穿刺点渗血6例。结论护理技术的综合运用可有效的预防和减少并发症、提高治愈率、降低死亡率,是下肢深静脉血栓形成介入治疗病人最有效护理方法。     

天普洛欣预防深静脉血栓形成的实验研究

目的 探讨天普洛欣预防深静脉血栓形成的作用.方法 将30只大耳白兔按随机原则分为正常组、模型组及天普洛欣预防组3组,每组10只,采用股静脉结扎法形成模型,作相关血液流变学指标、血清SOD活性及MDA含量检测并作统计学分析. 结果 显示天普洛欣预防组能明显地改善血液流变学各项指标,提高血清SOD活性、降低血清MDA含量(P<0.05),预防组内皮细胞损伤程度明显轻于模型组. 结论 天普洛欣能有效地起到预防深静脉血栓形成的作用,这可能是其通过抗氧化作用保护血管内皮细胞而发挥作用.     

Prevention of deep vein thrombosis in orthopedic surgery

In the absence of thromboprophylaxis, venous thromboembolism (VTE) affects about 50 to 80% of the patients after total hip replacement (THR), total knee replacement (TKR), or hip fracture surgery. Since stratification of patients in those who will become symptomatic and those who will not, is not possible, primary high risk thromboprophylaxis should be provided to all patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery of the lower extremity. Various non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic thromboprophylactic measures have been evaluated. With regard to pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis unfractionated heparin has now almost completely been replaced by low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for VTE prophylaxis. The use of acetylsalicylic acid for thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery of the lower extremities is not recommended. The optimal beginning of LMWH thromboprophylaxis is either 2 hours preoperatively or 6 to 8 hours postoperatively. Extended thromboprophylaxis (beyond 7 to 10 days after surgery) is recommended for high-risk patients. New antithrombotics, such as fondaparinux or (xi)melagatran, significantly reduce the risk of asymptomatic but not of symptomatic VTE compared to LMWH. In the light of other potential side effects (e.g., an increased bleeding risk) and high costs the role of these new drugs in the prophylaxis of VTE in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery of the lower extremities remains to be established.     

外科腹腔镜术后下肢深静脉血栓形成15例诊治分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜手术后发生下肢深静脉血栓形成的相关因素及诊治。方法:对15例腹腔镜术后深静脉血栓患者的临床资料进行分析总结。结果:腹腔镜术后深静脉血栓占同期收治血栓病人的9.15%(15/164),所有患者均经溶栓抗凝对症治疗后症状消失,5例放置下腔静脉滤器,所有患者均未发生肺栓塞。随访3～18月,未见复发。结论:腹腔镜手术后下肢深静脉血栓形成与多因素相关,围手术期应积极应对、处理,预防下肢深静脉血栓形成。     

彩色多普勒对下肢静脉血栓的诊断价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声在下肢静脉血栓诊断中的应用价值。方法:对30例下肢深静脉血栓患者进行超声检查,观察血栓部位、范围、血栓回声特征及管腔血流情况。结果:急性下肢静脉血栓形成后静脉内径增宽,管腔不能压闭,血栓表现为均质低回声慢性血栓回声为不均质较高回声,血栓部位血流信号消失或充盈缺损。结论:彩色多普勒超声对下肢静脉血栓的诊断具有重要价值,但是要掌握一定的技巧,避免漏诊。     

下肢深静脉血栓后综合征临床治疗探讨

目的探讨非溶栓药物综合应用对下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)后综合征的临床疗效.方法42例下肢DVT患者,采用口服阿司匹林、潘生丁;肌注罂粟碱、妥拉苏林;静滴丹参酮、低分子右旋糖苷;上述药物应用10 d,同时应用抗生素7 d.治疗前后观察患者症状、体征,测定肢围,并行多普勒超声检查.结果治疗结束时DVT后综合征治愈8例,显效22例,有效10例,无效2例.多普勒超声检查显示病变处深静脉部分再通26例,恢复通畅8例.治疗过程中,患者无1例死亡.结论下肢DVT后综合征仍然需要强调及早治疗.抗凝、解痉、改善血液流变对于下肢DVT后综合征有较好的治疗效果.     

深部静脉血栓28例临床治疗分析

目的 探讨深部静脉血栓的主要原因. 方法 对2006～2009住院治疗的28例深静脉血栓病人的发病原因及治疗效果进行分析. 结果 经采用抗血小板凝集、抗纤维蛋白形成,解除血栓高危因素等治疗,24例获愈,4例盆腔肿瘤者获缓解. 结论 早期发现和及时治疗该症效果良好.     

下肢深静脉血栓形成外科治疗分析

目的: 总结下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)手术治疗32例(36条肢体)经验。方法: 32例(36条肢体)下肢DVT患者进行顺行深静脉造影及彩超确诊。运用Fogarty取栓管逆行取栓,29例重建主干血管,其中Palma手术3例,左右股静脉人工血管搭桥23例,股总→髂总静脉搭桥2例,股总→下腔静脉搭桥1例。术中术后用肝素及尿激酶抗凝溶栓治疗。结果: 术后下肢症状完全消失17例(18条肢体),活动后小腿水肿休息后消失9例,3例血栓复发。10天内急性期25条肢体,治愈16例(64.0%),超过10天慢性期治愈4例(36.4%),1例发生肺栓塞。结论: 急性期下肢DVT手术取栓合并主干血管重建效果较好,同时配合术后综合治疗预防血栓复发。     

下肢深静脉血栓形成的治疗

下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity,DVT)是常见病、多发病,致残率高并有一定的死亡率。预防肺动脉栓塞,清除血栓,恢复下肢深静脉的通畅血流,保存静脉瓣膜功能,预防血栓复发是治疗急性DVT的理想目标。要达到这一目标,除卧床休息,抬高患肢等一般治疗外,还需采用抗凝、溶栓和手术取栓等多种方法治疗。