Hormonal and metabolic responses of fetal lamb during cardiopulmonary bypass

Objective To study the hormonal and metabolic responses of fetal lamb during cardiopulmonary bypass.Methods Six pregnant ewes underwent fetal cardiopulmonary bypasses with artificial oxygenators and roller pumps for 30 minutes, which maintained the blood gas value at the fetal physiological level. The fetal blood pressure, heart rate, pH value and blood lactate levels were monitored. The levels of catecholamine, cortisol and insulin were measured pre-bypass and then again 30 minutes later. The blood glucose and free fatty acid levels were monitored continuously during the bypass. Fetal hepatic PAS staining was also carried out.Results There were no changes before and during the bypass in fetal blood pressure, heart rate and blood gas. However, pH values decreased and blood lactate levels increased (P＜0.05). The fetal catecholamine and cortisol levels increased significantly (P＜0.01), while the levels of insulin did not change. The blood glucose and free fatty acid levels increased at the beginning of the bypass (P＜0.01), and then gradually slowed down during the bypass. The fetal hepatic PAS staining showed that hepatic glycogen was consumed in large amounts. After 30 minutes of bypass, the fetal lamb would not survive more than 1 hour.Conclusion The fetal lamb has a strong negative reaction to cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Cardiorespiratory responses to aerobic training by patients with postpoliomyelitis sequelae

We examined the cardiorespiratory responses of 16 patients with postpoliomyelitis sequelae to a 16-week aerobic exercise program. The patients exercised at 70% of maximal heart rate. Dependent variables were resting and maximal heart rates, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, maximum oxygen consumption, maximum carbon dioxide consumption, respiratory quotient, and maximum expired volume per unit time. The exercise group was superior to the control group in watts, exercise time, maximum expired volume per unit time, and maximum oxygen consumption. No untoward events or loss of leg strength occurred as a result of the exercise regimen. We conclude that the aerobic training program employed in this study is a safe, short-term procedure and that patients with postpolio sequelae respond to training in a manner similar to healthy adults.     

伊犁山区哈萨克族牧民代谢综合征患病率及相关性分析

目的 探讨伊犁山区哈萨克族牧民代谢综合征(MS)患病情况及相关因素.方法 采取整群抽样的方法选取伊犁州畜牧局下属山区马场的哈萨克族牧民人群完整资料546份,采用国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)标准统计分析代谢综合征及其组分的患病情况.结果 (1) 18岁以上人群MS的患病率为19.96%,且呈现随年龄增长而显著上升的趋势,血脂紊乱、高血压、BMI增高、高CHO、高LDL-C、高TG、高血糖、低HDL-C分别为89.81%、71.30%、68.52%、57.41%、43.52%、42.59%、24.07%、18.52%.(2)BMI增高、高TG、低HDL-C以30～44岁年龄段所占比例最高,其余患病率随年龄增长而增加,高血糖、高血压、高LDL-C 、血脂紊乱以60～74岁年龄段比例最高.结论 伊犁山区哈萨克族牧民以血脂紊乱、高血压、肥胖为MS的主要组分,其中尤以高血压为明显.     

Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength of wheelchair users

The classification of lower-limb disabilities is commonly based on the site of the spinal cord lesion or the amount of functional muscle. Another important variable in assessing wheelchair users is their ability to carry out the activities of daily living. The cardiorespiratory fitness of those with lower-limb disabilities is usually assessed with arm-ergometry and wheelchair tests, each of which has some advantages. Muscle strength and endurance are also important aspects of the disabled person's ability to function. Fitness is often poor in the disabled, and normal wheelchair use does not seem to prove an adequate training stimulus. Exercise with an arm ergometer and with pulleys and participation in vigorous wheelchair sports can improve physical condition. Participation in exercise programs should be based on the results of a fitness assessment and on the level of the spinal cord lesion in those with paraplegia. Progression in such programs should be gradual to ensure that the exerciser does not become discouraged and drop out of classes before fitness is increased. Data on wheelchair athletes suggest that, with persistence, many individuals in wheelchairs can adjust relatively well to their disabilities.     

Effects of moderate exercise on metabolic responses and respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

To counteract insulin resistance, it is necessary to increase the utilization rate of fatty acids in blood and adipose tissue. The aim of the present study was to determine the relation between metabolic responses and exercise duration from changes in the respiratory exchange ratio (RER). The mean RER during 30 minutes of moderate exercise (mean pulse 115 beats/min) was 0.89 +/- 0.02, indicating no major change. Significant changes were observed in the levels of plasma glucose (PG), plasma free fatty acid (FFA), and plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) before and after exercise, demonstrating a decrease in PG and IRI, and an increase in FFA levels. However, the RER value indicated that carbohydrate was the dominant metabolic substrate; therefore, prolonged or repetitive brief and mild to moderate exercise is necessary to increase the utilization of fatty acids.     

军医大学新生集训及300公里拉练后应激后成长及其影响因素研究

目的 探索军医大学新生集训及300公里拉练后应激后成长及其影响因素.方法 采用应激后成长量表(PTGI)、Connor-Davidson心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)、正负性情绪量表(PANAS)、状态-特质焦虑量表(STAI)和流调用抑郁自评量表(CESD),对刚刚结束2个月集训及300公里拉练后的565名某军医大学新生进行调查研究.结果 ①军医大学新生应激后成长总分为(69.19±18.65).②应激后成长与心理弹性、正性情绪呈显著正相关(r值分别为0.728、0.703,P＜0.01),与负性情绪、状态焦虑、特质焦虑、抑郁呈显著负相关(r值分别为-0.499、-0.644、-0.673、-0.249,P＜0.01).③应激后成长高分组在心理弹性、正性情绪的得分显著高于低分组(P＜0.01);在负性情绪、状态焦虑、特质焦虑、抑郁得分均显著低于低分组(P＜0.01).④正性情绪、心理弹性、特质焦虑可以有效预测应激后成长水平,总解释率为61.5％.结论 提升正性情绪与心理弹性水平,降低焦虑和抑郁水平,有助于促进军校大学新生的应激后成长,提升心理健康水平.     

Snowboarding injuries: an analysis and comparison with alpine skiing injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the types and causes of injuries associated with recreational snowboarding and to compare these with the injuries seen in alpine skiing. DESIGN: Prospective case series. SETTING: Rural hospital near three large ski resorts. PATIENTS: All people presenting to the Emergency Department with an injury caused by snowboarding during two ski seasons (1988-90). Of the 115 injured snowboarders identified, 73 (63%) completed the questionnaire. Information on the other patients was obtained from the hospital emergency records. Information was also obtained on seven alpine skiers who collided with snowboarders. RESULTS: Of the snowboarders 87 (76%) were male, and the mean age was 20.3 years. A total of 132 injuries were documented. Of the respondents to the questionnaire 83% reported that their fitness level was excellent or above average, 36% had never been on a snowboard previously, 25% were in their first year of snowboarding, 39% reported excellent snow conditions, 59% reported light traffic on the hill, and 7% had consumed alcohol before their accident. Injuries were equally divided between the upper body and the legs, 75% of the lower-limb injuries involving the left (lead) leg. Significant differences were noted between the patterns of injuries in snowboarding and alpine skiing: snowboarders were less likely to have lacerations (0% v. 8% respectively), boot-top contusions (0% v. 4%), thumb injuries (1% v. 10%) and knee sprains (14% v. 27%) and more likely to have spinal injuries (12% v. 4%), foot or ankle injuries (28% v. 5%) and distal radius fractures (10% v. 1%). CONCLUSIONS: Snowboarding is associated with a unique pattern of injuries, the knowledge of which could influence snowboarder education, accident prevention and equipment design. Additional research is needed to understand better the types, causes and rates of injury associated with snowboarding.