Trans Fatty Acid Levels in Foods and Intakes among Population Aged 3 Years and above in Beijing and Guangzhou Cities,China

Objective To understand the dietary intake levels of trans fatty acids (TFA) in a Chinese population and establish a basis for health risk assessment of trans fatty acids.
Methods The TFA contents data of 2613 food items and food consumption data of 10,533 people aged 3 years and above in two large cities in China were matched and a simple assessment method was used to estimate the distribution of dietary TFA intake.
Results The mean content of TFA was highest in margarine (1.68±0.83 g/100g), followed by chocolate and candy (0.89±2.68 g/100g), edible vegetable oils (0.86±0.82 g/100g), milk (0.83±1.56 g/100g), and bakery foods (0.41±0.91 g/100g). TFA intake accounted for 0.34%, 0.30%, 0.32%, and 0.29%of the total energy intake in the 3-6, 7-12, 13-17, and≥18 year age groups, respectively. Of the populations studied, 0.42%demonstrated TFA intakes (as percentage of energy intake) greater than 1%. The main sources of dietary TFA intake were edible vegetable oils, milk, mutton, and beef, and baked foods, which accounted for 49.8%, 16.56%, 12.21%, and 8.87%, respectively.
Conclusion The current intake of TFA among people in two cities did not appear to be of major health concern regarding the threshold of TFA intake as the percentage of total energy recommended by the World Health Organization. Because most TFA were derived from industrially processed foods, the government should reinforce nutrition labeling and regulate food producers to further reduce TFA in food and to provide scientific instruction for consumers to make sound choices.     

红细胞膜反式脂肪酸、血浆氨基酸的含量与代谢综合症的相关性分析

目的:研究红细胞膜反式脂肪酸(TFA)及血浆氨基酸含量与代谢综合症(MS)的相关性.方法:选取2015年7~12月,237例40~65岁人群作为研究对象,根据临床诊断结果分为MS组(33例)与非MS组(NMS组,204例),统计和比较两组的人口学资料、基本健康指标(身高、体重、血压、腰围)以及实验室指标(血脂、血糖、血浆氨基酸含量及TFA构成).结果:MS患病率为13.92%(33/237);MS组的支链氨基酸(异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸)以及生酮氨基酸(赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸)含量均明显高于NMS组,而生糖氨基酸(丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、苏氨酸)含量明显低于NMS组;MS组的反式18:1脂肪酸(t18:1)及反式16:1脂肪酸(t16:1)构成均明显高于NMS组,反式/顺式16:1脂肪酸(t16:1/c16:1)比例明显降低,而反式/顺式18:1脂肪酸(t18:1/c18:1)比例明显升高;相关性分析显示,支链氨基酸及生酮氨基酸与MS的发生呈显著正相关性,成糖氨基酸与MS的发生呈显著负相关性,t18:1及t16:1均与MS呈显著正相关性.结论:MS患者存在明显的TFA构成及氨基酸代谢异常,TFA构成降低、血浆支链与生酮氨基酸含量降低、血浆生糖氨基酸含量升高与MS的发生密切相关.     

Changing concepts in lipid nutrition in health and disease

Fat remains a hot topic because of concerns over associations between consumption of fats and the incidence of some chronic conditions including coronary artery disease, diabetes, cancer and obesity. Dietary fats serve multiple purposes. The effects of dietary fats generally reflect the collective influences of multiple fatty acids in the diet or food. This presentation highlights some recent developments on the role of dietary fats and oils in health and disease. Debate continues over the role of dietary modification in coronary prevention by lipid lowering. The degree to which a recommended diet will result in health benefits for an individual is difficult to predict, because the outcome will depend on the influence of other factors such as a person's genetic constitution, level of physical activity and total diet composition. There can now be little doubt about the importance of genetic factors in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and cancer. The importance of antioxidant status in the prevention of cardiovascular disease as well as many cancers is being increasingly recognised. It is now evident that not all saturated fatty acids are equally cholesterolemic. Recent accounts evaluating palm oil's effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins suggest that diets incorporating palm oil as the major dietary fat do not raise plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels to the extent expected from its fatty acid composition. Palm oil is endowed with a good mixture of natural antioxidants and together with its balanced composition of the different classes of fatty acids, makes it a safe, stable and versatile edible oil with many positive health and nutritional attributes. In recent times, adverse health concerns from the consumption of trans fatty acids arising from hydrogenation of oils and fats have been the subject of much discussion and controversy. Trans fatty acids when compared with cis fatty acids or unhydrogenated fats have been shown to lower serum HDL cholesterol, raise serum LDL cholesterol and when substituted for saturated fatty acids, increase lipoprotein Lp (a) level, an independent risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease. The idea of which foods, nutrients and supplements are "healthy" is often being amended as new scientific data is presented and then simplified for the consumers. What was once perceived as a healthy diet is often no longer considered as such and vice versa. Dietary recommendations have to change with time and the evidence available. Nutritional recommendations should encourage eating a great variety of nutrient sources within our food supply in moderation. Various lifestyle options to improve health should also be promoted.     

Fatty acid composition and possible health effects of coconut constituents

The link between excessive consumption of dietary saturated fats and coronary heart disease (CHD) is now well established. Because of its high content of saturated fatty acids, the consumption of foods containing coconut oil may therefore be a risk factor for CHD. While the fatty acid composition of coconut oil is well established, relatively little is known about the other constituents of coconut: the milk, water, cream and meat fractions. In this study, we show that while the water fraction is low in lipid content, the milk contains about 24% of the fat content of oil and the cream and meat fractions about 34%. The other coconut constituents contain significant amounts of medium-chain triglycerides that are formed from fatty acids of chain length 8:0 to 14:0. It is these fatty acids, primarily 14:0, that are thought to be atherogenic. On the other hand, medium-chain triglycerides may be advantageous under some circumstances in that they are absorbed intact and do not undergo degradation and re-esterification processes. As a result, medium-chain triglycerides provide a ready source of energy and may be useful in baby foods or in diet therapy. Nevertheless, the possible negative effects of the saturated fatty acids and the absence of the essential fatty acid linolenic acid from all coconut constituents suggest that the coconut milk, oil and cream should not be used on a regular basis in adults.     

Variation in Polyunsaturates of Special Margarines

Label claims of special margarines offer little information about constituent fatty acids. Nine brands were analyzed with lipoxidase for the cis-methylene-interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acids which are present in unhydrogenated vegetable oils. Although four of these products were advertised as being made from corn oil or containing corn oil, they differed greatly in fatty acid composition. The claim of “polyunsaturates” did not identify those margarines highest in the cis-methylene-interrupted fatty acids. It is noted that regulations are being proposed to set a minimum level for these poly-unsaturated fatty acids in special margarines.     

斑鸠菊属药用植物化学成分研究

斑鸠菊属植物有多种化学成分,主要有甾体类、萜类、黄酮类、苯丙素类、脂肪酸类以及挥发油类等。其中尤以甾体和萜类化学成分较为多见,其他类别的化学成分的研究相对较少。由于斑鸠菊属植物含有多种化学成分,其药理作用也多有不同,药理研究认为,对糖尿病及高血脂有较好的疗效,并且能够治疗白癜风,提高免疫力,具有抗癌、抗肿瘤的作用。     

模拟胃液条件下植物油对亚硝酸盐的作用

在体外模似胃液条件下.六种食用植物油均有效地消除了反应体系中的NaNO_2。消除作用与pH有关.pH3.0时作用最强,pH4.0时次之.植物油中起作用的主要成分可能为亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸。期望这一结果能为亚硝胺前体分布广泛.而膳食脂摄入过低的食管癌高发地区的膳食脂的补充提供初步依据。     

Fatty acids and breast cancer--is there a relationship?

In 1997 the current database for the relation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet to breast cancer was extensively reviewed by expert committees of the American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund. They concluded: "Diets high in polyunsaturated or vegetable fats possibly have no relationship with the risk of breast cancer, independent of any contribution to total fat intake". On the other hand they stated that "Diets high in saturated fat possibly increase the risk of breast cancer" and "Diets high in monounsaturated fat per se possibly have no relationship with the risk of breast cancer, independent of that of total fat." The data in literature clearly confirm these interpretations. No new data exist which have changed the knowledge on the association between intake of fatty acids and breast cancer.     

膳食脂肪酸与肥胖、2型糖尿病和心血管疾病关系的研究进展

有证据表明,饮食不当与超重肥胖、2型糖尿病(T2DM)及其相关的心血管病发病率升高关系密切,尤其是全球化的食品工业使低价高热量预包装食品大量供应给人们。其中大量的饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸可增加罹患T2DM和心血管病的风险,是食物中危险因子的代表;而某些不饱和脂肪酸则对人体有益。该文就膳食脂肪酸与肥胖、T2DM和心血管病关系的研究进展予以综述。     

Trans fatty acids,HDL-cholesterol,and cardiovascular disease. Effects of dietary changes on vascular reactivity

A high consumption of trans fatty acids increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated whether this increase in risk was due to the decrease in serum HDL-cholesterol by trans fatty acids, because low concentrations of serum HDL-cholesterol also increase risk of CVD. Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) was used as an endpoint in dietary interventions that were designed to change the concentration of serum HDL-cholesterol within 4 weeks in healthy volunteers. Replacement of 10% of energy from saturated by trans fatty acids decreased serum HDL-cholesterol by 21 % and impaired FMD. However, a replacement of monounsaturated fats by carbohydrates did not impair FMD, although it decreased serum HDL-cholesterol by 13%. Acute postprandial impairments of FMD by either trans fats or saturated fats were not found, suggesting that long-term effects are responsible for the detrimental effect of trans fats on health. However, the role of serum HDL-cholesterol appears to be less than we expected.     

某些植物油调节血脂及对抗氧化系统影响的研究

目的　探索富含不饱和脂肪酸的植物油的调节血脂作用及对抗氧化系统的影响。方法　以大鼠为研究对象 ,通过正常对照组、高脂对照组、阳性实验组间的对比实验。结果　正常对照组和阳性实验组胆固醇值比高脂对照组明显低 (P <0 .0 1) ,阳性对照组和阴性实验组GSH -Px水平较正常对照组低 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　富含不饱和脂肪酸的植物油能有效防止胆固醇水平上升 ,但不能降低血中胆固醇。对抗氧化系统有干扰作用     

表面活性剂亲水链及电荷对海豹油脂肪乳物理稳定性的影响

以富含ω 3不饱和脂肪酸的海豹油为主要原料 ,研究不同表面活性剂对所制备脂肪乳的物理稳定性的影响 ,结果如下 :1 )表面活性剂的亲水链中PEG的比例不同 ,其稳定性有很大区别 ,以Croda系列产品为例 ,在表面活性剂的质量分数为 2 .5 % ,海豹油为 1 0 % ,乳剂的粒径范围在 2 4 0～ 2 70nm时 ,Croda RX40的效果最好。 2 )乳粒表面带不同电荷、不同电量对其稳定性影响不同。加入带负电的sinicLS 30 ,质量分数在 0 .2 5 %～ 0 .5 %范围内 ,对其表面所带电荷及电量影响不大 ,因此对其稳定性没有明显影响。加入带正电的BehenylTMS ,在同样含量范围内 ,对乳粒的带电及稳定性产生较大影响 ,乳粒表面所带正电值迅速下降 ,导致乳液破坏 ,电镜下观察可见乳粒聚合。其原因为脂肪不断水解释放脂肪酸 ,脂肪酸部分电离带有负电荷 ,作用于BehenylTMS。pH值测定显示 ,乳液的 pH的降低与乳粒电量的下降呈正相关 ,证实了上述结果。此外 ,无论乳粒带何种电荷 ,其Zeta 电位 (表面所带电量 )均要求在 2 0mV以上。低于此值 ,粒子间的排斥力将无法克服由粒子热运动引起的聚合作用 ,导致乳液破坏。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定人体血液中的脂肪酸

介绍采用石英毛细管气相色谱法测量人体血液中的游离脂肪酸（FFA）和总脂肪酸（TFA）。该方法灵敏，可分离血浆中近20种脂肪酸，其中油酸（C18:1）、软脂酸（C16：0）、亚油酸（C18：2）、硬脂酸（C18：0）和软脂油酸（C16：1）5种脂肪酸占了血浆中FFA总量的约90％。本方法所需血量少，更适用于采血较困难的婴幼儿进行脂肪营养的研究。     

藏药波棱瓜子脂肪油成分的气相色谱-质谱分析

目的研究藏药波棱瓜子脂肪油成分.方法采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析法对藏药波棱瓜子脂肪油成分进行分析.结果波棱瓜子脂肪油中主要含各类不饱和脂肪酸,其中含亚麻酸12.08%,亚油酸22.90%.结论这两种不饱和脂肪酸分属于n-3型多不饱和脂肪酸和n-6型多不饱和脂肪酸,具有多种生理功能,具有一定的开发利用前景.     

双偶合实验中副斑观测对区分难辨氨基酸的价值

用10种标准氨基酸进行模拟DABITC/PITC双偶合实验,结果表明:氨基酸可产生偶合副产物,副色斑的层析行为有助于各氨基酸的鉴别,同时讨论了影响副斑产生的因素。     

Dietary fatty acids and coronary heart disease

Epidemiological studies have confirmed a strong association between fat intake, especially saturated and trans fatty acids, plasma cholesterol levels and rate of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. Meanwhile it is clear, that early atherosclerosis is largely preventable by modifying nutritional behaviour and lifestyle. There is clear evidence that a diet moderate in total fat (25-35 % energy) is superior to extremes in dietary fat. Because fat is energy dense moderation in fat intake is also essential for weight control. Saturated fatty acids are very potent in increasing LDL-cholesterol concentration in plasma a dangerous risk factor for early CHD. Unsaturated fatty acids have numerous beneficial health effects. The results of prospective cohort studies fit well to the experimental experience of the antihypercholesterolemic action of Omega-6 fatty acids and the antithrombotic, vasodilatory and antiarrhythmic properties of Omega-3 fatty acids, while the optimistic rating of Omega-9 fatty acids is less supported by epidemiologic studies. The results of prospective cohort studies are confirmed by intervention trials revealing that saturated fatty acids enhance early development of CHD whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially of the Omega-3 type, significantly preserve from CHD. In context with a prudent diet pattern favourable dietary fatty acid composition offers the best chance for a reduced risk of CHD.     

番茄红素对反式脂肪酸致小鼠肝脏损伤的修复作用

目的 探讨番茄红素(lycopene,LP)对反式脂肪酸(TFA)染毒小鼠肝脏损伤的修复及其可能机制。 方法 SPF级KM小鼠40只(雌雄各半)按体重随机分为正常对照组(生理盐水)、TFA组(50 mg/kg剂量的TFA)、TFA+低、中、高LP组(50 mg/kg剂量的TFA+5 mg/kg、10 mg/kg、20 mg/kg剂量的LP),每组8只(雌雄各半)。隔天进行灌胃染毒,染毒8周。检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)含量及肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,对肝脏进行病理形态学观察。 结果 与对照组比较,TFA组小鼠体重、肝脏脏器系数、ALT、AST、TG、TC、LDL-C水平及MDA含量增加(P<0.05),TP、ALB、HDL-C含量降低(P<0.05);SOD、GSH-Px活性降低(P<0.05);且其肝组织形态可见肝小叶结构紊乱,可见肝细胞大片坏死。与TFA组相比,TFA+低、中、高LP组体重、肝脏脏器系数、ALT、AST、TG、TC、LDL-C水平及MDA含量降低(P<0.05),TP、ALB、HDL-C含量增加(P<0.05);SOD、GSH-Px活性上升(P<0.05);且肝细胞病理变化明显改善。 结论 番茄红素可修复肝脏细胞,保护肝功能,对反式脂肪酸致小鼠肝损伤有一定的修复作用,其机制可能与番茄红素抗脂质过氧化和清除氧自由基的作用有关。      

表面活性剂的合成及性能研究 Ⅱ.植物油脂肪酸烷基醇酰胺硫酸酯盐

以甲醇钠为催化剂,将椰子油和米糠油脂肪酸甲酯与乙醇胺反应,合成了两种脂肪酸烷基醇酰胺中间体。再用氯磺酸酯化、用氢氧化钠中和,得到两种文题产品(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)。产品的红外光谱数据与其结构的各特征吸收峰相符。测定了产品的克拉夫特点、发泡力和钙皂分散力,发现两种产品均具有较好的发泡性能和钙皂分散性能。用吸光度法对Ⅱ与肥皂复配体系的抗硬水能力进行了研究,得到了最佳复配比例。     

复合植物奶的营养学评价

目的：对自制的复合植物奶进行营养成分分析和评价。方法：用氨基酸分析仪、原子吸收分光光度仪和气相色谱仪及经典的化学成分分析法对复合植物奶中氨基酸，矿物质、微量元素、脂肪酸、蛋白质和脂肪的组成和含量进行测定并进行营养评价。结果：共测出19种氨基酸，8种脂肪酸（其中亚油酸占总量的46．7％），2种宏量元素和五种微量元素。蛋白质与脂肪的含量分别为30g/L和33g/L。结论：该复合植物奶是一种优质植物蛋白饮料，对改善膳食结构和预防疾病均有积极意义。     

高温加热对食用油中α—亚麻酸等含量的影响

本文用羟肟酸快速测定法对高温加热后常用食用油中α－亚麻酸和亚油酸等重要不饱和脂肪酸含量变化进行了研究。揭示了食用油的种类、品质及烹调方式与营养学的关系和对人民健康的意义。