Computer planning of dental implantations with the use of navigational implantological sampler made by CAD/CAM technology

Use of implantological sampler during surgical stage of dental implantations reduced considerably the number of mistakes and complications. Clinical example of planning and execution of dental implantation with the use of navigational implantological sampler made by CAD/CAM-technology with fixation upon temporary implants was brought.     

Ceramic dental biomaterials and CAD/CAM technology: State of the art

PurposeCeramics are widely used as indirect restorative materials in dentistry because of their high biocompatibility and pleasing aesthetics. The objective is to review the state of the arts of CAD/CAM all-ceramic biomaterials.Study selectionCAD/CAM all-ceramic biomaterials are highlighted and a subsequent literature search was conducted for the relevant subjects using PubMed followed by manual search.ResultsDevelopments in CAD/CAM technology have catalyzed researches in all-ceramic biomaterials and their applications. Feldspathic glass ceramic and glass infiltrated ceramic can be fabricated by traditional laboratory methods or CAD/CAM. The advent of polycrystalline ceramics is a direct result of CAD/CAM technology without which the fabrication would not have been possible.ConclusionsThe clinical uses of these ceramics have met with variable clinical success. Multiple options are now available to the clinicians for the fabrication of aesthetic all ceramic restorations.     

Panorama of dental CAD/CAM restorative systems

In the past two decades, exciting new developments in dental materials and computer technology have led to the success of contemporary dental computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) technology. Several highly sophisticated in-office and laboratory CAD/CAM systems have been introduced or are under development. This article provides an overview of the development of various CAD/CAM systems. Operational components, methodologies, and restorative materials used with common CAD/CAM systems are discussed. Research data and clinical studies are presented to substantiate the clinical performance of these systems.     

渗透玻璃对牙科CAD/CAM用氧化铝玻璃复合体颜色的影响

目的:测定牙科CAD/CAM用氧化铝玻璃复合体系统的颜色,为临床应用奠定基础。方法:选用自行研制的CAD/CAM氧化铝玻璃复合体的AG1、AG2、AG3、AG4色系及VitaIn CeramAL1、AL2、AL3、AL4色系的渗透玻璃粉,对牙科CAD/CAM用氧化铝块进行渗透,制作 10mm×10mm,厚度分别为 0. 5、1、1. 5mm的颜色测量试样,采用分光测色计对颜色进行测定。结果:以 1mm厚度样本为标准,VitaIn CeramAlumina范围为L*: 69. 39~78. 41,a*: 1. 82~4. 02,b*: 18. 35 ~24. 42;CAD/CAM用氧化铝玻璃复合体系统的颜色范围为L*: 68. 80~78. 44,a*: 1. 32~4. 75,b*: 16. 86~21. 86。不同的是AG3铝瓷的b*值和饱和度较AL3铝瓷低,a*值较高;AG1和AG2铝瓷的b*值和饱和度较AL1和AL2铝瓷偏低。2种体系的可见光谱反射率相近。结论: CAD/CAM氧化铝玻璃复合体色系与VitaIn CeramAlumina材料色系的颜色范围近似,可以满足与表面饰瓷颜色匹配的要求。     

Development of the dental CAD/CAM system

Studies have been undertaken to apply CAD/CAM system to Dentistry and to make prosthetic appliances with this system automatically. Specimens are 4 times large plaster models. For the inside of the crown, the plaster model of prepared tooth is measured with laser displacement meter then the numerical data is obtained. After modification of this data for the concave cutting, the modeling machine works with this numerical data. For the outside of the crown, the typical colonal figure data (= CAD Data Base) is prepared. And this data is modified with computer to fit the prepared tooth margin and proximal or antagonical tooth (= CAD). This CAD Data Base was obtained with 3 dimensional point digitizer (3DPD). Because this measuring method with 3DPD is to be able to select points, the CAD Data Base could be consists of characteristic points. When this data base is really used, it is interpolated with s-spline. Spline interpolation is indispensable to the CAD/CAM system. Further understanding of this system, explanation is divided into three parts which are 3D measurement, CAD and CAM. (3D measurement) Two types of 3D measurement is dealed with this system. One is for the CAD data base and another is for the prepared tooth model. 3D measurement of the prepared tooth model is equivalent of the impression takings in the routine method. For the clear marginal line and for the uniform distribution of measuring points, the prepared tooth model is tilted and rotated on the working table when it is measured with laser. (CAD) The CAD Data Base can be extended, contracted, parallel translated and rotated with the Affine transformation. For putting the individual margin data on the CAD Data Base, the prepared tooth margin is re-digitized with 3DPD. Occlusal data is taken from F.G.P. core. (CAM) The application of the spline interpolation to the tool offset theory, which is effective at the groove especially, makes easy to calculate the tool path. When the prepared tooth model is manufactured, it is tilted and rotated on the table like the measurement with laser-scan.     

Design and production of dental prosthetic restorations: basic research on dental CAD/CAM technology

Dental prosthetic restorations (crowns and FPDs) are currently produced mainly by conventional dental technology methods. The automation of the production process can be achieved by the use of CAD/CAM techniques. In addition, it has become possible to use materials that previously could not be processed for technical reasons or could not be processed economically, especially high-performance ceramics. Although CAD/CAM methods for producing fixed restorations are of increasing interest, little information has been published about their mode of operation and functionality. To date, studies have focused mostly on special systems. However, basic studies are lacking. Basic research on the most important aspects of CAD/CAM fixed dental restorations from the viewpoint of production, information technology, and dentistry/dental technology are the subject of a current research project. The aim of this study is the presentation of preliminary results. The CAD/CAM process for fixed restorations was analyzed and broken down into single steps. In order to examine the influence of the single steps in the process chain, a computer test model with the teeth of the maxilla and mandible in static occlusion was developed and reverse engineered. While producing the test model, fundamental knowledge regarding the manufacturing of dental restorations with functional occlusal surfaces was gained. The intersection of the maxillary and mandibulary occlusal surfaces allows the qualitative analysis of occlusal contacts analogous to the conventional technique. Furthermore, a quantitative assessment of the size of the occlusal contacts and the measurement of intersection is possible.     

结合三维激光扫描的CAD／CAM牙种植导板的临床精度评价

目的：利用CT技术、三维激光扫描技术、计算机辅助设计／制作技术（CAD／CAM）制作口腔种植导板,并对其精度进行评价。方法：CT扫描患者颌骨,数据导入SimPlant种植软件进行三维模型重建并模拟种植。对石膏模型进行三维激光扫描,通过Geomagic软件将石膏模型和cT三维模型进行配准,根据种植体的位置,在石膏数字化模型上完成种植导板的设计,最后利用快速成型技术制作导板。在导板指导下,共植入了45枚种植体,术后再次进行CT扫描,术前术后CT数据进行配准,比较实际种植体与虚拟种植体的偏差。结果：种植体植入后肩部偏离值为（0．85±0．19）mm,根部偏离值（0．97±0．21）mm,角度偏离值（4．53±1．89）°。结论：将三维激光扫描技术应用于种植领域,结合SimPlant软件模拟种植和快速成型等技术制作的种植导板定位准确,为提高种植的成功率提供了可靠保障。     

基于CAD/CAM技术的改良式金属牙种植导板的应用研究

目的 对Simplant牙种植导板进行改良设计,评价其临床应用效果。方法 利用Simplant软件设计种植导板,3Shape软件进行三维镂空改良设计,并铸造转化为改良金属导板。应用改良导板实施20例种植手术,植入31颗种植体,并评价种植体术后与术前三维设计的位置偏差：颈部偏移量、尖部偏移量与偏移角度,评估导板的固位、视野及散热性。结果 31颗种植体平均颈部、尖部偏移量分别为（1.5±1.1）mm和（2.1±0.8）mm,平均偏移角度（4±1.5）°,经t检验,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。改良导板临床应用固位稳定、视野清晰、散热良好。结论 改良式种植导板精度较高、利于散热、应用方便,具有辅助临床手术的价值。     

A panorama of dental CAD/CAM restorative systems

In the last 2 decades, exciting new developments in dental materials and computer technology have led to the success of contemporary dental computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. Several highly sophisticated chairside and laboratory CAD/CAM systems have been introduced or are under development. This article provides an overview of the development of various CAD/CAM systems. Operational components, methodologies, and restorative materials used with common CAD/CAM systems are discussed. Research data and clinical studies are presented to substantiate the clinical performance of these systems.     

Fabrication of an implant-supported reconstruction utilizing CAD/CAM technology.

Recent scientific and technological developments have allowed the dental team to execute revolutionary restorative treatments that would have once been considered unfeasible. This article describes a restorative alternative for fixed implant-supported reconstructions, consisting of a CAD/CAM-generated framework and CAD/CAM-generated all-ceramic cement-retained restorations. Distinct advantages of this type of restoration include the passive fit of the framework, the ability of the ceramist to fabricate individual restorations independent from the framework, and the delivery of optimal aesthetics.     

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计算机辅助设计与制造（CAD／CAM）是将光电子技术、计算机技术与数控机械加工技术集成于一体的一门技术。随着计算机技术的飞速发展,CAD／CAM技术在口腔临床上的应用越来越广泛。目前主要使用的有CEREC系统、EVEREST系统、PROCERA系统、CERCON系统和国产爱尔创系统。本文就各系统的设备结构及应用原理和切削材料做一概述。     

CAD/CAM系统中牙颌数据库的建立

目的：建立CAD／CAM系统中标准牙冠及牙列的三维数据库。方法：利用探针式扫描仪扫描全牙列28颗标准牙冠模型,处理数据,重建各牙冠的三维图形,并结合国人牙冠平均值进行校正。结果：扫描仪所测数据处理、校正后,重建了国人28颗标准牙冠的数据库以及标准牙尖交错He全牙列。结论：单个标准牙牙冠以及标准牙尖交错He全牙列数据精确可靠,为CAD／CAM系统的开发打下基础。     

可切削复合树脂材料磨损性能的研究

目的：研究可切削复合树脂材料与天然牙釉质磨损性能的匹配情况。方法在微摩擦磨损实验机上,模拟口腔力学和化学环境,以三种新型的可切削复合树脂材料( Upcera 复合树脂、Lava Ultimate、High-Class)为研究对象,天然牙釉质为对磨物。实验前,用激光共聚焦显微镜测试试件表面粗糙度Sa,实验后,激光共聚焦下观察可切削复合树脂试件的磨斑形貌、测量其磨斑面积及对磨物牙釉质的磨斑宽度,扫描电镜下观察试件磨斑的微观形貌。采用单因素方差分析进行统计学分析。结果牙釉质的磨斑面积和磨斑宽度大于其他三种可切削复合树脂材料(P<0.05)。结论与牙釉质相比,三种可切削复合树脂具有更佳的耐磨性及较低的对磨物磨损。