胆道感染240例胆汁细菌培养结果及药敏分析

目的了解引起胆道感染的主要病原菌及其对药物的耐药性。方法对我院自2007年1月至2008年12月收治的240例胆道感染病人术中取胆汁进行细菌培养及药敏分析。结果240份胆汁标本中130份培养阳性,培养阳性率为54.2%。共分离出细菌150株,其中革兰阴性杆菌95株,革兰阳性球菌55株。引起胆道感染的主要病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌(26.7%)、大肠埃希菌(18.7%)、肠球菌(14.6%)和克雷伯菌(10.0%)。药敏结果显示,革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢吡肟及阿米卡星(丁胺卡那霉素)耐药率较低;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、阿米卡星及头孢哌酮耐药率较低。结论胆道感染仍以革兰阴性杆菌为主,其中铜绿假单胞菌位居首位;阿米卡星可作为治疗胆道感染的首选用药之一。     

重症急性胰腺炎病人中心静脉导管感染的特点

目的　分析重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)病人中心静脉导管感染的特点。方法　回顾性分析1998年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 12月在肠外营养过程中发生中心静脉导管感染的SAP病人。结果　 189次中心静脉插管中有 5 1次导管尖端培养阳性 (2 6 9% ) ,共培养出致病菌 6 9株 ,其中革兰阴性菌 35株 ,占5 1% ;革兰阳性菌 2 8株 ,占 4 0 % ;真菌 6株 ,占 9%。多重导管感染 7例 ,占 13 7% ,多重导管感染病人的住院时间显著延长 [(2 8 9± 12 3)dvs (2 0 4± 10 6 )d ,P <0 0 5 ]。根据临床表现和药敏结果调整抗生素 ,5例加用抗真菌药物。治愈 4 8例 ,死亡 3例。结论　SAP病人中心静脉导管感染以革兰阴性菌最常见 ,需减少肠源性感染 ,合理使用预防性抗生素。     

2011年某院住院患者革兰阳性菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解本院临床分离的革兰阳性细菌分布特点及其耐药性.方法 采用回顾性调查的方法对2011年1月至2011年6月于本院住院患者所分离的革兰阳性菌进行药敏分析.结果 革兰阳性细菌分离株共687株,主要包括金黄色葡萄球菌301株(43.8%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌201株(29.3%)、链球菌属99株(14.4%)及肠球菌属85株(12.4%).其中金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林菌(MRSA)株106株,占35.2%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林菌株(MRCNS)174株,占86.6%.葡萄球菌属中甲氧西林耐药株对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物和其他测试药物的耐药率显著高于甲氧西林敏感株,未发现万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药株;未发现肠球菌对利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因、万古霉素耐药株.结论 本院革兰阳性细菌耐药呈增长趋势,须予以足够重视并尽早采取相应控制措施.     

肠瘘患者腔静脉导管感染的回顾性分析

目的了解肠瘘患者腔静脉导管感染的发生率、细菌菌谱及药敏情况。方法对1998年1月至2001年4月收治的使用腔静脉导管进行全肠外营养(TPN)的肠瘘患者进行回顾性分析。结果216例肠瘘患者,共进行了358次腔静脉置管,腔静脉导管尖端培养阳性的有88次(24.6%),腔静脉导管平均使用时间为(16.9±13.0)d。88次腔静脉导管感染的尖端共培养出95株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌54株,占56.8%;其次为革兰阳性菌35株,占36.8%;真菌6株,占6.4%。根据药物敏感试验结果及临床表现,有16例患者更换了抗生素,4例改用抗真菌药物,所有患者均治愈。结论对于肠瘘患者,腔静脉感染仍是实施静脉营养的主要并发症之一,革兰阴性细菌感染最常见。     

血培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析医院血流感染病原菌的分布特点和耐药情况,为临床预防和控制感染提供依据。方法回顾性分析2011年6月至2014年6月本院临床血培养标本中病原菌的感染特点及其药敏。采用BD BACTEC 9120血培养仪进行血培养,BD Phoenix 100全自动细菌鉴定/药敏分析系统对菌株进行鉴定和药敏试验,真菌药敏采用K-B纸片法,用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果 9 116例血培养标本中共检出病原菌896株,阳性检出率为9.8%,其中革兰阴性杆菌491株,革兰阳性球菌350株,真菌37株,厌氧菌9株以及革兰阳性杆菌9株;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率较高,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株分别为49.5%和38.5%;鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率高于铜绿假单胞菌,多重耐药和泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的检出率分别为32.6%和20.9%,多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的检出率为18.4%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为44.4%和70.4%;未发现耐万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的葡萄球菌和肠球菌;粪肠球菌对抗菌药物的耐药率显著低于屎肠球菌。结论本院血流感染病原菌以肠杆菌科细菌为主,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌感染不容忽视。临床应高度重视早期血培养,合理使用抗菌药物,有效减少耐药菌株的产生。     

女性泌尿系统细菌感染的菌群分布及耐药性分析

目的了解女性泌尿系统细菌感染的菌群分布及其耐药性,以指导临床合理应用抗生素,提高治疗效果。方法选取2014年1月~10月间本院泌尿外科收治的女性泌尿系统感染患者的尿液标本11 750例。菌株在血平板上孵育24h后,根据不同菌落形态进行分离。采用法国VITEK32全自动细菌检定仪对分离菌株进行鉴定,药敏实验采用纸片琼脂扩散法。结果共分离出病原菌805株,检出率最高的是大肠埃希菌,占23.5%;其次是肠球菌,占20.5%。大肠埃希菌对β-内酰胺类药物有耐药性,而对碳青霉烯类药物亚胺培南极为敏感;肠球菌对多种抗生素易产生获得性耐药和药物耐受,但对万古霉素类药物替考拉宁极为敏感。结论女性泌尿系统感染多为大肠埃希菌感染,其次为肠球菌。大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类药物亚胺培南极为敏感,肠球菌对万古霉素类药物替考拉宁极为敏感。因此,临床治疗时要综合考虑患者情况及敏感菌群情况,有针对性地选择敏感药物。此外,鉴于女性泌尿生殖系统的特殊解剖结构,交叉感染几率增加,建议广大女性注意个人防护。     

肝硬化合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎的病原学和耐药情况1

目的监测肝硬化合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎的病原学和耐药情况。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院2010年1月至2011年12月诊断为肝硬化自发性腹膜炎的送检腹水标本共452例，统计分析病原谱的分布和抗菌药物的敏感性。结果收集腹水标本中分离到的94株致病菌，培养阳性率为20.8%（94/452）。其中革兰阴性杆菌49株（52%），革兰阳性球菌42株（45%），真菌3株（3%）。病原菌以肠道来源细菌占优势，革兰阴性杆菌以肠杆菌科为主，其中大肠埃希菌19株（20%）、肺炎克雷伯菌6株（6%），革兰阳性球菌中以肠球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率最高，其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌12株（13%）、屎肠球菌10株（11%）和粪肠球菌8株（9%）。3株真菌均为白念珠菌。革兰阴性杆菌敏感率在80%以上的抗菌药物有阿米卡星（93%，40/43）、亚胺培南（81.4%，35/43）和美罗培南（83.7%，36/43），敏感率在60%以上的有头孢他啶（62.8%，27/43）和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦（68.2%，15/22）。对革兰阳性球菌敏感率在80%以上的有万古霉素（96.9%，30/31）、替考拉宁（89.7%，26/29）、利奈唑胺（87.9%，29/33）和奎奴普丁/达福普汀（100%，18/18），敏感率在60%以上的有复方新诺明（70%，21/30）和甲氧苄胺（76.5%，13/17）。结论肝硬化自发性细菌性腹膜炎的病原体以肠源性细菌多见，主要为大肠埃希菌和肠球菌，分离株对常见抗菌药物明显耐药。     

荆州地区革兰阳性球菌耐药监测

目的监测2006～2009年荆州地区革兰阳性球菌感染分布及耐药状况,为临床合理使用抗生素提供参考。方法采用纸片扩散法进行抗生素敏感性试验。结果共检出4335株革兰阳性球菌,前4位的致病菌分别为金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌。葡萄球菌的检出率有所下降,占65.0%,但耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌检出率明显增加,可达76.9%,肠球菌的感染呈逐年上升趋势。多种细菌对抗生素的耐药性呈上升趋势,多重耐药现象严重。未发现耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌,但出现了耐万古霉素的肠球菌。结论荆州地区的革兰阳性球菌感染肠球菌呈现上升势头,但仍以葡萄球菌感染为主。葡萄球菌治疗上可选用氨基糖苷类或喹诺酮类抗生素,重症者可用万古霉素。     

胆道感染患者胆汁培养与药敏分析和抗生素的选择应用

目的分析胆道感染患者胆汁中细菌群情况及其对抗生素的敏感性,为临床选择抗生素提供指导。方法将2004年1月至2005年12月住院患者胆汁培养阳性的326株细菌的分布及药敏结果采用WHONET5.3软件进行统计分析。结果革兰阴性杆菌占54%(176/326),革兰阳性球菌占42.6%(139/326),真菌属占3.4%(11/326)。引起胆道感染常见的病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌(23.6%,77/326),屎肠球菌(12.6%,41/326),粪肠球菌(10.4%,34/326),葡萄球菌(10.1%,33/326),肺炎克雷伯菌(6.7%,22/326)等。药敏结果显示:革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南总耐药率最低(12%),其次为美洛培南(12.1%),头孢哌酮-舒巴坦(16.6%),阿米卡星(19.1%),而对氨苄西林,哌拉西林,氨苄西林-舒巴坦,头孢唑啉,环丙沙星等高度耐药。革兰阳性菌对万古霉素及替考拉宁耐药最低(0),其次为氯霉素(12%),呋喃妥因(15.6%),磷霉素(18.2%)。结论胆道感染中的革兰阴性杆菌仍占主要地位,革兰阳性球菌呈上升趋势,临床常用的抗生素的耐药性明显增加,要有针对性地合理选用抗生素。     

乙型肝炎肝硬化并自发性细菌性腹膜炎的病原学及耐药性分析

目的分析乙型肝炎肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）患者的腹水病原菌分布及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。 方法选取2010年1月至2017年12月成都市公共卫生临床医疗中心收治的762例乙型肝炎肝硬化并SBP患者,经患者同意后抽取腹水做病原学鉴定及药敏试验。 结果762例患者中,158例腹水培养结果显示病原菌阳性（阳性率为20.73%,158/762）,共检出病原菌166株,除7例患者为复合菌感染,余151例（95.57%）均为单菌感染。166株病原菌中,革兰阳性菌98株（59.04%）,革兰阴性菌59株（35.54%）,真菌9株（5.42%）,其中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）病原菌共22株（13.25%）。革兰阳性菌以溶血葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、科氏葡萄球菌及粪肠球菌为主,占革兰阳性杆菌的59.18%（58/98）;对青霉素G、红霉素、克林霉素、苯唑西林及四环素耐药率最高,而对万古霉素和替考拉宁的耐药率均为0。革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,占革兰阴性杆菌的72.88%（43/59）;对氨苄西林耐药率最高（62.79%）,而对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率均为0。 结论乙型肝炎肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者的病原菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和溶血葡萄球菌为主,临床医生应根据腹水病原学鉴定及其药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.