隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨隐神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣临床应用的效果.方法 以小腿隐神经营养血管为蒂没计并切取皮瓣,逆行转移修复小腿下段、踝部、足跟部、足背及足内侧皮肤缺损10例.结果 10例皮瓣中除1例修复前足内侧皮瓣远端部分坏死外,余9例皮瓣全部成活.随访6个月～2年,皮瓣色泽、质地、弹性良好,无破溃发生.结论 隐神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣具有血供可靠、操作简单、成活率高以及不牺牲重要血管等特点,是修复小腿下段、踝部、足跟部、足背及足内侧皮肤软组织缺损的理想方法之一,但该皮瓣切取后需牺牲大隐静脉和丧失隐神经支配区的皮肤感觉是其缺点.     

儿童胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨儿童胫后动脉穿支蒂隐神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣修复足及小腿皮肤软组织缺损的临床应用及疗效。方法在小腿内侧以胫后动脉内踝上穿支蒂隐神经营养筋膜蒂设计岛状皮瓣修复足及小腿皮肤软组织缺损11例。皮瓣面积4.5cm×5.0cm～14.0cm×5.0cm,在小腿内侧设计。结果 9例皮瓣全部成活,2例皮瓣远端部分坏死。术后皮瓣质地好,外形美观,疗效满意。结论该皮瓣设计灵活,血运可靠,切取方便,不损伤胫后动脉,是修复足及小腿皮肤软组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

足踝部外伤皮肤缺损常用带蒂皮瓣的选择

目的 探讨总结足踝部外伤皮肤缺损的特点和常用带蒂皮瓣的选择,并针对修复不同部位皮肤缺损的皮瓣供区选择提供建议和参考. 方法 采用足背皮瓣、足底内侧皮瓣、跖底皮瓣、(足母)趾腓侧皮瓣、第2趾胫侧皮瓣、胫前皮瓣、小腿内侧皮瓣、腓肠神经皮瓣、跗外侧皮瓣、踝前皮瓣、腓动脉皮瓣等行带蒂转移修复前足、足背、足底及踝部皮肤缺损. 结果 术后251例皮瓣除2例坏死外全部成活.5例术后第1天、2例第2天因植皮处包扎过紧,出现血管危象,探查后血运恢复正常.135例随访3～96个月,平均16个月,足底内侧皮瓣有4例、跖底皮瓣3例,转移后出现皮瓣和足底皮肤缝合处的磨损,二期皮瓣修整,改变负重点恢复正常行走.9例小腿内侧皮瓣、6例腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,因为皮瓣臃肿行二期整形.其余皮瓣无明显臃肿,外形良好,不需要二期整形.其中足底内侧皮瓣和躅趾腓侧皮瓣、第2趾胫侧皮瓣顺行转移均带感觉神经,供区为非负重部位,不影响患者行走及负重功能,术后皮瓣感觉正常,两点辨别觉4 ～10 mm. 结论 足底内侧皮瓣、跖底皮瓣、(足母)趾腓侧皮瓣及第2趾胫侧皮瓣修复前足跖侧较好,皮肤耐磨,感觉好;足背皮瓣、胫前皮瓣、小腿内侧皮瓣、腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣、跗外侧皮瓣、踝前皮瓣、腓动脉皮支皮瓣、腓动脉皮瓣等皮瓣可以切取的面积较大,修复足背及踝关节周围皮肤缺损,具有皮瓣较薄、色泽接近和锯剖位置恒定等优点.以上皮瓣均操作简单,修复效果好,是修复足踝部皮肤缺损的良好方法.     

足底内侧动脉皮穿支蒂岛状皮瓣修复前足皮肤缺损

目的总结逆行足底内侧动脉皮穿支蒂岛状皮瓣修复前足皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法2004年8月至2007年5月采用足底内侧动脉皮穿支蒂岛状皮瓣修复前足皮肤软组织缺损创面，临床应用7例，皮瓣面积为9cm×6cm～7cm×5cm，修复受区创面大小为8cm×5cm～6cm×5cm。结果术后皮瓣全部成活，随访3～35个月，皮瓣质地良好，外形不臃肿，供区愈合良好。结论足底内侧动脉皮穿支蒂岛状皮瓣血运可靠，设计灵活，手术切取简便安全，是修复前足皮肤软组织缺损创面的理想方法。     

带蒂皮瓣治疗小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法及其疗效评价。方法1997年6月至2005年12月,43例小腿及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的患者,男38例,女5例;年龄7～63岁,平均35岁;皮瓣面积4cm×3cm～25cm×15cm。采用9种带蒂的肌皮瓣和筋膜皮瓣进行治疗:(1)腓肠肌内、外侧头肌皮瓣带蒂转移修复小腿中上1/3合并膝关节前及内侧皮肤软组织缺损2例;(2)小腿前内侧交腿皮瓣修复小腿中段胫前皮肤软组织缺损2例;(3)带隐神经小腿内侧交腿皮瓣修复前足足底缺损1例;(4)带胫后动脉小腿内侧逆行岛状皮瓣修复足背部皮肤软组织缺损1例;(5)小腿内侧远端蒂筋膜皮瓣修复小腿中下1/3胫前皮肤软组织缺损2例;(6)腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿中下1/3、踝部及足跟皮肤软组织缺损17例;(7)隐神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复小腿中下1/3、踝部及足背皮肤软组织缺损14例;(8)外踝上动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复足背皮肤软组织缺损2例。(9)足内侧远端带蒂岛状筋膜皮瓣修复第一跖骨头处皮肤软组织缺损2例。结果43例皮瓣中有37例术后全部成活,创面一期愈合,1例皮瓣浅层坏死,5例皮瓣远端边缘少许坏死,经短期换药后愈合。所有病例均得到随访,皮瓣全部良好。结论治疗小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损应严格掌握手术适应证,合理选择皮瓣种类。腓肠神经和隐神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣是较理想的修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损的材料。     

带感觉的小隐静脉-腓肠神经皮支营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复足底、足跟皮肤缺损

自2001年起，我们采用小隐静脉-腓肠神经皮支营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣转移修复足底、足跟皮肤软组织缺损，皮瓣切取范围明显大于传统腓肠神经皮支营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣，皮瓣上端可达胭窝附近，能很好地修复较长距离的足底、足跟皮肤软组织缺损，同时将逆行转移皮瓣所携带的腓肠神经皮支断端远端与足底受区周围正常感觉神经行端侧缝合，重建皮瓣感觉功能。另外，我们在移植皮瓣下端再设计一个底边与之相连的倒置等腰三角形辅助皮瓣，用以覆盖较长距离的静脉一神经筋膜蒂转位后外露创面，临床应用7例，效果满意。     

超长蒂小腿内侧逆行岛状皮瓣修复前足底大面积皮肤缺损

目的探讨修复前足底大面积皮肤缺损的方法。方法采用超长蒂小腿内侧逆行岛状皮瓣修复前足底大面积皮肤缺损，同时将隐神经与腓深神经或足背外侧皮神经吻合进行感觉功能重建。结果9例患者皮瓣全部成活，经1～2年随访，皮瓣的外形良好，无溃疡，两点间的辨别觉为1，0cm，具有良好的外观、较好的感觉及耐磨功能。结论将小腿内侧逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部较原延长4～5cm，可用于修复足底任何部位的皮肤缺损，能同期进行感觉功能重建，血供安全可靠。     

低旋转点的隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复前足背侧缺损创面

目的 探讨低旋转点隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复前足背侧缺损创面的术式,并总结其临床效果.方法 2005年1月-2007年8月,应用低旋转点的隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣修复前足背侧皮肤软组织缺损创面6例.男4例,女2例;年龄28～53岁.左足2例,右足4例.蓖物压砸伤5例,车祸伤1例.患足均伴肌腱、骨外露或坏死皮肤软组织切除后肌腱、骨外露.急诊手术2例,择期手术4例.清创后创面缺损为7.0 cm×5.0 cm～9.0 cm ×5.5 cm.皮瓣旋转点位于内踝上1～3 cm处,切取皮瓣人小为8.0 cm × 6.0 cm～13.0 cm × 6.5 cm.其中2例将皮瓣内隐神经近断端和创面内足背内侧皮神经残端吻合.供区创面中厚皮片植皮修复.结果 4例术后皮瓣顺利成活;2例术后2 d皮瓣远端出现肿胀、水疱,经对症处理后愈合.供区植皮全部成活.6例患者均获随访,随访时间6～18个月.皮瓣厚薄、颜色及质地接近受区.术中吻合神经的2例皮瓣痛、温觉恢复,两点辨别觉分别为8 mm和9 mm;未吻合神经的4例皮瓣恢复保护性感觉.患足负重行走正常,皮瓣无皮肤破溃. 结论 低旋转点的隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣血供可靠,足修复前足背侧缺损创面的一种较好方法.     

扩大的带蒂足母展肌肌皮瓣修复恶性黑色素瘤切除术后软组织缺损

目的 评价扩大的带蒂足母展肌肌皮瓣修复厚于4 mm的足跟部皮肤恶性黑色素瘤切除后软组织缺损的方法和疗效。方法 收治6例厚度大于4 mm的肿块型足跟部皮肤恶性黑色素瘤患者,男4例,女2例,年龄46~83岁,平均63岁,病程2~10年;足跟原发瘤和卫星灶范围为5 cm×4 cm~8 cm×7 cm,伴破溃;肿瘤厚度:8~45 mm,平均21.1 mm;肿瘤扩大2 cm切除后缺损范围为9 cm×8 cm~13 cm×12 cm,采用大小为9 cm×9 cm~11 cm×10 cm的扩大的带蒂足母展肌肌皮瓣移位修复足跟负重部位缺损,供区及足跟内外两侧面非负重区缺损取同侧下腹壁或对侧腹股沟区中厚皮片覆盖修复。结果 术后肌皮瓣及供区植皮均成活,创面愈合良好,足部外形及功能满意。2例前足底内侧半感觉丧失,4例保留1~2支较粗足底内侧感觉神经者前足底内侧感觉减退。结论 扩大的带蒂足母展肌肌皮瓣适宜修复厚于4 mm的足部恶性黑色素瘤术中较大缺损,小腿皮肤有移行瘤可能者可选用此肌皮瓣。     

改良隐神经腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复足远端软组织缺损

目的探讨应用改良隐神经、腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复足远端软组织缺损的临床效果。方法应用隐神经、腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣，并在其下端再设计一个底边与之相连的辅助皮瓣，用以覆盖较长距离的静脉一神经筋膜蒂转位后外露创面，修复踝足远端软组织缺损14例，皮瓣最大面积30cm×14cm，最小24cm×14cm，皮瓣最上端可切取至胴窝下缘，旋转点在外踝上5-6cm。结果皮瓣全部成活，术后有1例皮瓣远端部分皮肤坏死，经换药后用中厚皮片植皮愈合。所有病例均经6个月至2年以上随访，患肢正常步态行走，皮瓣耐磨，有痛觉。结论改良隐神经、腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣皮肤质量较好，不臃肿，皮瓣切取范围明显大于传统隐神经、腓肠神经皮支营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣，皮瓣上端可达胭窝附近，能很好地修复较长距离的足底、足背及足趾皮肤软组织缺损，且不牺牲主干血管，是修复足远端较大面积皮瓣缺损的理想供区。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.