新生儿窒息与多脏器功能障碍综合征的临床关系分析

目的 探讨新生儿窒息后多脏器功能障碍综合征（ＭＯＤＳ）的发生率、病死率及其与窒息程度、胎龄、出生体重的关系。方法 对１００例新生儿窒息进行前瞻性研究，观察轻、重度窒息组ＭＯＤＳ及单器官损害的发生率和病死率，以及围产因素与ＭＯＤＳ的关系。结果 重度窒息组ＭＯＤＳ的发生率为７１．４％，高于轻度窒息组（３０．８％）（χ２＝１５．２０，Ｐ＜ ０．０１）；重度窒息组脑、肺、心血管、肾、胃肠损害发生率分别为９１．４％，７７．１％，５４．３％，３４．３％，２２．９％，轻度窒息组分别为３８．５％，３３．８％，２０．０％，１２．３％，７．７％，差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜００１或 ０．０５），重度窒息组病死率（２２．９％）高于轻度窒息组（６．２％）（χ２＝６．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。窒息患儿中早产儿、低出生体重儿ＭＯＤＳ的发生率及病死率较足月儿、正常体重儿高，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论 重视围产期保健，降低早产儿、低出生体重儿的发生率，防止新生儿窒息，是减少ＭＯＤＳ的关键。     

对新生儿呼吸机所致合并症的防治

为了降低呼吸机治疗的合并症，提高治愈率，以１９８５～１９８９年有合并症的５７例（甲组）与１９９０～１９９５年改进防治措施后有合并症的１０７例（乙组）进行对比。结果：（１）治愈率甲乙两组分别为２８．１％及５３．５％（χ２＝８．８９，Ｐ＜０．０１），病死率分别为６３．１％及１７．８％（χ２＝３４．３９，Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）在合并症中，插管不当分别为５６．１％及１７．８％，肺气压伤分别为３１．６％及５．６％，肺不张分别为２８．１％及９．３％（χ２分别为２５．５７、２０．０８、９．７７，Ｐ均＜０．０１），感染加重分别为４６．１％及２３．５％（χ２＝４．６２），拔管过早分别为５．３％及０，（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。说明乙组的合并症明显低于甲组。提示：在１９９０～１９９５年改进治疗措施后，呼吸机治疗时常见的七项合并症的发生率明显降低，治愈率明显提高     

小儿危重病例评分法(草案)临床应用的评价

目的用小儿危重病例评分法（草案）评估患儿病情的严重程度。方法对１２所三级医院小儿加强医疗病房中的１２３５例患儿进行了危重病例评分及器官功能衰竭的评估。评分值从高到低分为：～１００、～８０、０～７０３个组，依次代表病情非危重、危重、极危重。住院期间共进行４次评分。结果首次评分显示：非危重、危重、极危重患儿病死率依次为３．２％、１０．２％、２５．２％，各组差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。以后各次评分结果与首次评分相似，分值越低病死率越高。１、２、３、３个以上器官功能衰竭分别占３１．９％、１９．５％、１０．６％、３．５％，病死率依次为４．８％、７．４％、２６．５％、５３．８％，差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。非危重、危重、极危重患儿多系统器官功能衰竭发生率依次为１５．４％、４７．５％、８３．０％，差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论小儿危重病例评分可准确判断病情轻重，分值越低，器官功能衰竭越多，病死率亦越高。     

新生儿窒息外周血T细胞亚群及SIL—2R变化

为探讨新生儿窒息与免疫的关系，我们对２５例窒息新生儿测定了外周血Ｔ细胞亚群，１７例测定了血清可溶性白细胞介素－２受体（ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ）。结果新生儿窒息后ＣＤ４＾＋细胞减少（Ｐ〈０．０１）、ＣＤ８＾＋细胞增加（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值降低（Ｐ〈０．００２５）。而且，重度窒息患儿ＣＤ３＾＋细胞亦明显减少（Ｐ〈０．０５）；血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ水平显著升高。提示窒息缺氧可导致新生儿免疫功能下降，复苏后     

地塞米松递减疗法降低极低出生体重儿对呼吸机的依赖性

呼吸机依赖的早产儿常需要相对长期时间的地塞米松递减治疗以发生慢性肺疾病的危险和严重程度。该研究的目的是评估这种疗法对小儿１岁时发育的影响。 方法研究对象为美国北加州某大学医院１１８例生后１５～２５天仍不能撤离呼吸机的极低出生体重儿。病例选择标准：（１）出生体重＜１５０１ｇ；（２）生后１５～２５天；（３）头２４小时呼吸机参数下调＜１０％，吸入氧浓度（ＦｉＯ２）≥０．３；（４）临床无败血症征象；（５）起声心动示无动脉导管未闻。将患儿随机分组进行双盲对照研究。治疗组用地塞米松０．２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，每天二…     

单纯性室间隔缺损术后死亡的高危因素

手术治疗４４３例单纯性室间隔缺损（ＶＳＤ），死亡２２例。引起死亡的危险因素包括１．年龄＜８岁，体重＜１１ｋｇ；２．术前并发心力衰竭，３．心电图示右室肥大伴心肌损害，４．胸片示心胸比率重度增大。５．ＶＳＤ＞１．５ｃｍ。６．肺动脉平均压＞５．０ｋＰａ，肺总动脉阻力＞５００达因·秒·ｃｍ－５；７．左→右分流量占肺循环量６０％以上，肺循环与体循环流量比值＞３：１。     

窒息新生儿免疫学状态的研究

窒息对新生儿免疫功能的影响尚罕见报道。本研究通过对２５例窒息新生儿外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群、血清可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ＳＩＬ２Ｒ）及免疫球蛋白（Ｉｇ）和补体（Ｃ３）等的检测，探讨新生儿窒息后易合并感染性疾病的免疫机制，为更好地改善新生儿窒息后的处理提供新的理论参考依据。对象：（１）窒息组２５例，男１４例，女１１例；其中重度窒息１０例，轻度窒息１５例；合并各种感染性疾病者８例。（２）正常对照组３０例，男１８例，女１２例。（３）感染组１０例，为不同程度的各种感染性疾病患儿，日龄４～２６天。所有检测…     

产儿科合作与新生儿窒息病死率下降的关系

本文通过调查分析我院１９９１￣１９９３年１９８５年中新生儿窒息的资料，并与１９７８年资料进行对比，结果说明，经十几年的努力，我院新生儿窒息的病死率从１０．９４％下降为４．９６％，总结其经验为：（１）建立建全三级妇幼保健网；（２）加强肋产人员复苏技术的培训。（３）儿科医师进产房配合复苏工作及复苏后的治疗。     

儿童恶性淋巴瘤患者红细胞免疫功能的研究

Ｓｉｅｇｅｌ等１９８１年提出“红细胞免疫系统”概念，开拓了免疫学的新领域，完善了对红细胞免疫功能的认识。研究发展迅速。我们检测了２５例儿童ＭＬ患者红细胞免疫功能状态，并进行了治疗前后的动态观察。２５例ＭＬ患者均为病理组织学确诊的住院病人，其中非何杰金淋巴瘤（ＮＨＬ）１９例，何杰金氏病（ＨＤ）６例。另外将血管瘤、淋巴管瘤、甲状腺囊肿等良性肿瘤３０例作为对照组。结果表明：ＭＬ组的红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体花环率、ＮＨＬ、ＨＤ分别为６．４２％、８．８３％，明显低于良性瘤对照组１．８３％，差异非常显著（ＰＮＨＬ＜０．００１、ＰＨＤ＜０．０１）ＩＣ花环率，ＮＨＬ为３．３９％、ＨＤ为４．５％，较对照组６．８７％显著低下（Ｐ＜０．００１）；Ｃ３ｂ爱体花环抑制率ＮＨＬ２１．７４％较对照组３６％明显低下（Ｐ＜０．００１），而ＨＤＣ３ｂ受体花环抑制率为３１．１％与对照组无明显差异（Ｐ＜０．５）；Ｃ３ｂ受体花环促进率两组无明显差异（ＰＮＨＬ＜０．５、ＰＨＤ，０．２）。对动态观察的１０例ＮＨＬ患者治疗前和治疗缓解后红细胞免疫功能结果四项指标均无差异（４Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

新生儿颅内出血与低钙血症关系探讨：附25例分析

新生儿颅内出血（ＮＩＣＨ）是围产儿常见的疾病，易并发低钙血症，其发病率鲜见报道，且机理有待探讨，为此。对我院１９９２─１９９８年收治的ＮＩＣＨ中查过血钙者２５例临床分析如下。临床资料１．一般资料２５例中男１４例，女１１例；早产儿６例，足月产１９例；出生体重＜２５００ｇ９例，～４０００ｇ１４例，＞４０００ｇ２例；分娩方式：正常产５例，异常分娩２０例，２５例中窒息史２０例，其中轻度窒息１２例，重度窒息８例。２．临床表现反应差１０例，激惹烦燥８例，昏迷１例，呕吐３例，体温不升８例，前囟紧张或饱满１２例…     

Factors associated with clinically significant perinatal asphyxia in the Malaysian neonates: a case-control study.

A 2-month prospective study was carried out in a Kuala Lumpur maternity hospital to determine the antenatal and intrapartum factors associated with perinatal asphyxia in the Malaysian neonates. The incidence of perinatal asphyxia was 18.7 per 1000 livebirths. Of the 75 asphyxiated neonates born during this period, 70 (93.3 per cent) were of term or post-term gestation. The incidence of perinatal asphyxia was more common in the neonates with one of the following characteristics: low birth weight (< 2500 g), breech delivery, or delivery by instrumentation or lower segment Caesarean section (P < 0.001). Conditional logistic regression analysis of the asphyxiated and the control neonates in a nested case-control study (after controlling for sex, race, birth weight, modes of delivery, and maternal gravida) showed that there were two associated factors which were of statistical significance. These were: small-for-gestation neonates and the presence of intrapartum problems. Our study suggests that to reduce the incidence of perinatal asphyxia, the common causes of small-for-gestation neonates and the common types of intrapartum problems should be identified to enable appropriate preventive measures to be carried out.     

新生儿重度窒息器官损害及死亡危险因素分析(英文)

目的：回顾性分析我院170例新生儿重度窒息的临床情况及各脏器受累损伤程度,了解与死亡有关的危险因素。方法：对1993～2004年我院NICU收治的重度窒息新生儿170例资料进行分析,用SAS软件对与死亡有关危险因素进行OR分析。结果：170例中死亡22例(12.5%),165例(97.1%)出现各脏器的并发症,各脏器受累机会的次序依次为中枢神经系统,肺,代谢系统等;严重程度依次为代谢,肺,中枢神经系统等。与死亡有关的危险因素依次为中枢神经系统严重受累,1个以上脏器严重受损,呼吸衰竭,代谢紊乱,电解质紊乱,血气异常,肺损害,10分钟Apgar评分≤3,胎龄<37周,肝脏损害,心脏损害,PCO2增高和血液系统损伤。结论：器官/系统损害是除HIE外新生儿重度窒息的主要并发症,严重威胁生命并且可以导致死亡;对于一些造成死亡的危险因素应该引起重视和早期干预。     

Acute renal failure in full term neonates with perinatal asphyxia. Prospective study of 87 cases

BACKGROUND: Renal involvement is frequent in neonates with perinatal asphyxia. It is correlated with the severity of neurological damage and seems to worsen the long-term neurological outcome. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of renal failure after perinatal asphyxia, to precise the relationship between severity of cerebral damage and renal failure and to evaluate the place of renal damage in the short- and middle-term neurological outcome. POPULATION AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study including 87 full-term neonates admitted in the neonatology department of F. Hached university hospital in Sousse (Tunisia) and suffering from hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy from 1st January 2003 to 30 June 2005. Renal function was assessed by measuring plasma urea and creatinine at age 48 h. Renal failure was defined by a level of creatinine above 90 micromol/l. Neurologic examination was performed on day 7. The survivors were followed up by the same senior after discharge. RESULTS: During the study period, 87 full-term neonates were admitted for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The degree of neurological impairment was determined according to Sarnat classification: 1st stage 9 neonates (10,3%), 2nd stage 67 (77%) and 3rd stage 11(12,6%). Renal failure involved 15 neonates (17,2%) of whom 10 belonging to the 2nd stage group. Renal function outcome was favorable in all survivors with normalisation of plasma creatinine level between day 5 and day 15. Eight neonates died, of whom 3 with renal failure. Neurologic examination was abnormal in 36 out of 72 (50%) neonates without renal failure and in 9 of the 12 (75%) survivors with renal failure. Among the 12 neonates with renal failure, 7 had abnormal neurologic features at discharge. Neurologic assessment between 6 and 18 months was abnormal in 4/12 (33%) of neonates with renal failure versus 8/72(11%) of neonates without renal failure. CONCLUSION: Transient renal failure is commonly observed in perinatal asphyxia. Renal failure is correlated with neurologic severity. Renal function assessment using creatinine plasma level seems to be correlated with neurologic outcome. However, other tools appreciating renal function, namely tubular function, should be determined earlier in order to predict neurologic outcome after hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.     

新生儿重度窒息多脏器功能不全的研究

目的　 了解新生儿重度窒息后多脏器功能损害的程度、发生率及转归 ,探讨新生儿多脏器损害的影响因素及分度。 方法 　对 112例重度窒息新生儿进行了回顾性研究。研究的器官定为脑、心、肾、肺、肝、胃肠道、代谢、血液 ,并将各器官损害的程度分为轻中度和重度。 结果 　 112例中除 6例死亡、2例放弃未查外 ,其余 10 4例中 ,发生MODS的为 5 3例 (占 5 1% )。窒息持续时间与MODS发生率受窒息程度的影响 ;窒息程度与MODS发生率又受窒息持续时间的影响。 结论 　窒息程度、持续时间、神经系统症状等 ,可作为MODS发生率的早期预警指标     

早期药物干预对围生期重度窒息新生儿脑损伤程度的影响

目的：探讨纳洛酮、肝素和复方丹参注射液等联合早期干预对围生期重度窒息新生儿脑损伤程度的影响。方法：180例重度窒息复苏后的新生儿随机分为4组：常规治疗组(A组)45例,即在对症支持处理的基础上使用脑活素和胞二磷胆碱治疗;纳洛酮治疗组(B组)45例,在常规治疗基础上加用纳洛酮;丹参治疗组(C组)45例,在常规治疗基础上加用复方丹参注射液治疗;多药联合治疗组(D组)45例,在常规治疗的基础上尽早(生后6 h内)应用纳洛酮、肝素和复方丹参注射液等联合治疗。观察和比较各组惊厥的发生和病死率,缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)的临床分度和行为神经评分测定。结果：D组与A组或B,C组比较,前者的惊厥及重度HIE的发生率均明显低于后者(惊厥发生率A,B,C,D组分别为 66.7%,44.4%,53.3%,35.6%,P<0.05;重度HIE发生率A,B,C,D组分别为 53.3%,37.8%,42.2%,26.7%,P<0.05)。生后7～8 d和12～14 d行为神经评分<35分者所占百分比前者亦明显低于后者(生后7～8 d A,B,C,D组分别为 74.3%,50.0%,47.5%,25.6%,P<0.05;生后12～14 d分别为 57.1%,35.0%,32.5%,14.0%,P<0.05),前者的病死率亦较低。结论：对围生期重度窒息的新生儿,在对症支持治疗基础上尽早使用纳洛酮、肝素和复方丹参注射液等,能显著减轻缺氧缺血性脑损伤程度。     

Correlation of cardiac troponin T levels with inotrope requirement,hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy,and survival in asphyxiated neonates

BACKGROUNDCardiac involvement in neonates with perinatal asphyxia not only complicates perinatal management but also contributes to increased mortality. AIMTo assess cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels in asphyxiated neonates and their correlation with echocardiography findings, inotrope requirement, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) stages, and mortality.METHODScTnT levels, echocardiographic findings, the requirement of inotropes, HIE stages, and outcome were studied in neonates of gestational age ≥ 34 wk with perinatal asphyxia.RESULTSAmong 57 neonates with perinatal asphyxia, male gender, cesarean section, forceps/vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery and late preterm included 33 (57.9%), 23 (40.4%), 3 (5.3%), and 12 (21.1%) respectively. The mean gestational age was 38.4 wk (1.6 wk). HIE stages I, II, and III were observed in 7 (12.3%), 37 (64.9%), and 9 (15.8%) neonates respectively. 26 (45.6%) neonates had echocardiographic changes and 19 (33.3%) required inotropes. cTnT levels were elevated in 41 (71.9%) neonates [median (IQR); 0.285 (0.211-0.422) ng/mL]. The Median cTnT level showed an increasing trend with increasing changes in echocardiography (P = 0.002). Two neonates with mitral regurgitation and global hypokinesia had the highest cTnT levels (1.99 and 0.651 ng/mL). Of 31 neonates with normal echocardiography, 18 (58.06%) showed elevated cTnT. cTnT levels were significantly higher in those who required inotropic support than those who did not (P = 0.007). Neonates with HIE stage III had significantly higher cTnT levels compared to those with HIE stage I/II (P = 0.013). Survivors had lower median cTnT levels [0.210 (0.122-0.316) ng/mL] than who succumbed [0.597 (0.356-1.146) ng/mL].CONCLUSIONcTnT levels suggestive of cardiac involvement were observed in 71.9% of asphyxiated neonates. cTnT levels correlated with echocardiography findings, inotrope requirement, HIE stages, and mortality.     

Acute neonatal morbidity and long-term central nervous system sequelae of perinatal asphyxia in term infants.

Twenty-eight term neonates with severe perinatal asphyxia were referred to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The morbidity of asphyxia included involvement of the pulmonary (n = 24 infants), central nervous system (n = 22), renal (n = 15), cardiac (n = 14), metabolic (n = 13) and hematologic (n = 10) systems. The majority of neonates had more than three organ systems involved. Twenty-four neonates survived the neonatal course and at NICU discharge all system effects other than the central nervous system had resolved. At 5 years (60 months), 14 children had a normal neurologic examination, 9 had spastic quadriplegia and one had hemiplegia. Nine children had a McCarthy General Cognitive Index (GCI) greater than or equal to 84, 3 had a GCI between 68 and 83 and 12 scored less than 67. Neonatal seizures, renal problems, microcephaly at 3 months, and post-neonatal seizures were associated with an abnormal neurologic outcome or a GCI less than 67. A neurologic examination during the first year of life may reveal whether children with birth asphyxia will be relatively normal at age 5 years or whether they will show considerable delay.     

Theophylline for renal function in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To study whether prophylactic theophylline can reduce the incidence and/or severity of renal failure in term infants with perinatal asphyxia. STUDY DESIGN: Term neonates with severe perinatal asphyxia were randomized to receive a single dose of either theophylline (study group, n = 40) or placebo (control group, n = 30) during the first hour of life. Daily weight, output/input ratio, 24-hour fluid intake, and urine volumes were recorded during the first 5 days of life. Those infants with asphyxial renal failure were followed up for 1 year. RESULTS: The incidence of severe renal dysfunction was increased in the control group. Creatinine clearance was higher and excretion of beta 2 microglobulin (beta2M) was lower in the theophylline group. Conversely, the glomerular filtration rate was lower in the control group. In infants with renal failure, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance returned to normal in the neonatal period, and the increased beta2M excretion normalized by age 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of theophylline within the first hour of birth in term neonates with perinatal asphyxia results in a significant decrease in serum creatinine level and urinary excretion of beta2M, along with an increase in creatinine clearance.     

Acute systemic organ injury in term infants after asphyxia

The systemic manifestations of "asphyxia" were evaluated prospectively in 35 consecutively intubated term newborn infants. The following systemic organ injuries were identified most often: (1) renal, ie, oliguria less than 1 mL/kg per hour for at lest 24 hours (40%), an elevated urinary beta-2-microglobulin concentration (57%), azotemia (11%), and an elevated serum creatinine level (17%); (2) central nervous system, ie, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (including seizures) (31%) or an abnormal cranial ultrasound scan, ie, diffuse parenchymal echogenicity, slitlike ventricles, and poor visualization of the sulci, and/or intracranial hemorrhage (26%); (3) cardiovascular, ie, an abnormal echocardiogram (25%) or abnormal electrocardiogram (11%); (4) pulmonary complications, including persistent pulmonary hypertension (23%); and (5) gastrointestinal complications, which were rare. Traditional markers of fetal distress were not related to the frequency and/or distribution of systemic organ injury. An important implication of this study relates to the recognition of the extent and distribution of organ injury in the "asphyxiated" infant.