高功能孤独障碍患儿胼胝体和额叶纤维的对照研究

目的 对照分析高功能孤独障碍患儿与正常儿童胼胝体及额叶纤维结构的差异.方法 选取18例高功能孤独障碍患儿(病例组)和16名年龄、性别、智商、身高、体质量与之相匹配的正常儿童(对照组),进行头部弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)扫描.使用DTIStudio软件进行图像处理,计算并比较2组胼胝体各亚区及左、右额叶的各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy,FA)、表面扩散分数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)、纤维数目及平均长度的差异.结果 与对照组相比,病例组胼胝体前1/3部的纤维数目显著下降[(839±193)条vs(630±203)条;F=9.419,P=0.004];纤维的平均长度、FA值的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);病例组胼胝体前1/3部纤维的ADC值显著增大[(0.88±8.56)×10-3 mm2/s vs(0.94±6.98)×10-3 mm2/s;F=5.739,P=0.023].左、右大脑额叶长、短纤维的FA值均较对照组显著减小(F=10.109,P=0.003;F=9.186,P=0.005),长程纤维的ADC值显著增加(F=6.154,P=0.019;F=6.814,P=0.014).结论 高功能孤独障碍儿童胼胝体前1/3部纤维减少最明显,额叶与其他脑区之间呈现低连通性.     

额叶癫痫执行功能损害及磁共振弥散张量成像研究

目的用磁共振弥散张量成像技术研究额叶癫痫患者执行功能损害的相关脑区及病理改变，探讨其可能的发生机制。方法对32例成人额叶癫痫患者和75例正常健康对照者进行神经心理检查，并对18例常规影像无病灶的额叶癫痫患者和20例正常健康对照者进行弥散张量成像扫描及统计分析。结果额叶癫痫患者组语义流畅性明显差于对照组，数字广度测验得分和90min正确填写数字符号个数明显低于对照组。与对照组比较，额叶癫痫患者右侧额叶MD值明显高于对照组；右侧外囊、尾状核和双侧丘脑的FA值明显低于对照组，差异具有显著性意义。相关分析显示双侧内囊前肢、左侧外囊、左枕叶皮质下白质FA值与语义流畅性呈正相关。左侧内囊膝部、内囊后肢和丘脑MD值与MMSE呈负相关；双侧内囊前肢、左侧外囊、额叶、枕叶相应白质内FA值与MMSE呈正相关。结论DTI显示额叶癫疴患者右侧额叶MD值明显增高、右侧外囊、尾状核和双侧丘脑的FA值明显减低，提示额叶癫痫患者在上述区域可能存在细微病理改变，执行功能可能超出前额叶的范围。     

抑郁症患者眶额叶皮层功能连接偏离的研究

目的 通过功能磁共振成像技术,研究抑郁症患者和健康对照组在情感处理时眶额叶皮层的功能连接偏离,为抑郁症的早期诊断和疗效评估提供影像学依据.方法 对25例重度抑郁症患者和15名健康对照组在执行面貌一致性任务时进行功能性磁共振成像.结果 和健康对照组相比重度抑郁症患者的背侧前扣带回皮层、楔前叶、小脑与眶额叶的活动连接减少;抑郁症患者的眶额叶皮层和背外侧前额叶皮层、右额叶岛盖部、左运动区之间的功能连接比健康对照组有所增加.结论 眶额叶皮层在抑郁症的病理生理学机制中发挥着关键作用.眶额叶皮层连接的失衡似乎代表加工偏离的神经机制.从神经生物学的角度来看,楔前叶和扣带回的连接解离活动与眶额叶皮层的自我架构规则的问题相关,而背外侧前额叶皮层到眶额叶的连接增加可能代表更高消极刺激的神经反应.     

以妄想为主的男性精神分裂症患者内侧前额叶功能连接的静息态磁共振成像研究

目的:利用静息态功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)技术,观察以妄想为主的男性精神分裂症患者内侧前额叶(MPFC)的功能连接. 方法:对17例以妄想为主的男性精神分裂症患者(患者组)和17例年龄、利手、性别、受教育程度与患者组均匹配的健康者(对照组)进行静息态fMRI扫描.通过分析MPFC与大脑其他区域的低频fMRI信号波动的相关性,观察MPFC的功能连接.将患者组和对照组在静息状态下MPFC的脑功能连接活动进行相关分析,设P＜0.005且体素范围(K值)≥12为相关具有显著差异. 结果:与对照组相比,患者组MPFC与右颞上回、右额上回及双侧额中回、右海马、右杏仁核、眶额叶、右海马旁回的功能连接减低;与左枕叶中部、左顶下小叶及左小脑前叶的功能连接增强.结论:静息态下以妄想为主的男性精神分裂症患者MPFC与默认网络其他结构的功能连接存在异常.     

高功能孤独症谱系障碍儿童青少年全脑白质结构网络的研究

目的:对比分析高功能孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童青少年患者的全脑白质结构网络的拓扑属性特征。方法:对36例6~16岁高功能ASD患者以及39例年龄、性别以及智商相匹配的正常发育儿童对照组(TD组)进行弥散张量成像(DTI)扫描,在纤维追踪技术的基础上运用基于图论的分析方法分析两组被试脑网络的拓扑属性值,并进一步探讨高功能ASD儿童青少年脑网络拓扑属性特征值与年龄以及临床症状之间的相关性。结果:与TD组相比,高功能ASD儿童青少年脑结构网络的全局拓扑属性异常,表现为局部效率(Eloc)(P=0.02)和校正集群系数(γ)的显著降低(P=0.00)。结论:儿童青少年期高功能ASD全脑白质结构网络存在着小世界属性;与TD组相比,高功能ASD组全脑局部信息处理效率降低。     

外伤性胼胝体损伤的MRI诊断

[目的] 观察颅脑创伤致胼胝体损伤的MRI表现,为临床提供有价值的诊断信息,提高颅脑创伤的救治水平. 方法 回顾分析临沂市人民医院神经外科自2007年至2009年收治疗的20例MRI证实为胼胝体损伤患者的临床、影像资料,观察其临床表现及MRI各序列特征. 结果 外伤性胼胝体损伤在临床较为少见,以非出血性损伤为主,损伤部位常见于体部及压部,少数位于膝部,嘴部损伤罕见.对于早期非出血性损伤,MRI常表现为稍长T1稍长T2信号,且常伴弥漫性轴索损伤的表现.在胼胝体损伤的中后期,胼胝体局部往往萎缩,病灶区易出现液化坏死,可有胶质瘢痕及软化灶形成,在MR/表现为长T1长T2信号,且信号强度近似于脑脊液,还可见相应部位的脑室扩大.在弥散加权成像(DWI)可见非出血性损伤在急性期和亚急性期呈高信号,随着时间延长,信号逐渐减低至正常脑组织信号,如形成软化灶,则表现为脑脊液信号. 结论 外伤性胼胝体损伤可引起严重后果,在重型颅脑损伤中并不罕见,应当引起临床医生重视.MRI是显示胼胝体损伤病灶最好的影像学检查手段,不仅对其微小病变敏感显示,且能够多方位地显示病变.     

健康成人胼胝体核磁共振影像解剖学研究

目的 探讨健康成人胼胝体各部分径值及与年龄的相关性,为相关疾病的诊断提供正常胼胝体数据. 方法 选择120例健康成人自愿者(男、女各半),行头部T1加权序列MR扫描.在正中矢状面上测量胼胝体的膝部、压部、体部的宽度以及胼胝体长度与高度. 结果 120例健康成人胼胝体膝部、压部、体部的宽度以及胼胝体长度与高度分别为(11.35±2.16) mm、(9.97±2.09)mm、(5.93±1.32)mm、(73.33±3.77)mm、(25.34±3.01)mm.经统计学分析发现健康成人腩随年龄的增加胼胝体的膝部、乐部、体部的宽度逐渐减小,而胼胝体的长度与高度随年龄增加而增加,呈显著相关性(P<0.05).胼胝体形态随年龄的增长而呈弓背样增高. 结论 胼胝体的各部分径值及形态与年龄密切相关.     

帕金森病患者额叶磁共振波谱的改变及其临床意义

目的研究帕金森病(PD)患者额叶磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)的改变及其临床意义。方法对36例PD患者(Hoehn-YahrⅠ级14例、Ⅱ级8例、Ⅲ级8例、Ⅳ级6例)和20名年龄匹配的正常对照者的双侧额叶进行1H-MRS检测,对比分析不同Hoehn-Yahr级别PD患者与正常对照组的额叶N-乙酰基天门冬氨酸(NAA)/肌酸复合物(Cr)和含胆碱化合物(Cho)/Cr值的变化。结果Hoehn-YahrⅢ级和Ⅳ级PD患者双侧额叶的NAA/Cr值显著低于正常对照组(P<0.005,P<0.01),Cho/Cr值显著高于正常对照者(均P<0.005);Hoehn-YahrⅠ级和Ⅱ级PD患者双侧额叶的NAA/Cr和Cho/Cr值与正常对照组差异无统计学意义。结论Hoehn-YahrⅢ级和Ⅳ级PD患者额叶1H-MRS有明显异常。提示1H-MRS有助于PD病情的评估。     

阿尔茨海默病额叶白质损害的DTI与临床执行功能的关系

目的 分别应用磁共振扩散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)及额叶功能评定量表(frontal assessment battery,FAB)评价阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)患者额叶白质损害与执行功能,并对两者的关系进行研究.方法 对15例AD组和15例对照组应用FAB测得评分,并且进行DTI扫描,测量额叶白质的部分各向异性(fractional anisotropy,FA)和半均扩散系数(average diffusion coefficient,ADC)值,对两组额叶白质区域的FA值和ADC值及FAB评分进行比较,并评价额叶白质的FA值和ADC值与临床执行功能评分之间的相关关系.结果 AD患者FAB值及额叶白质FA值均较对照组显著降低,额叶白质FA值与FAB值呈正相关(r=0.678,P=0.003).结论 FAB能够实用且有效的检测AD患者额叶执行功能的改变,FA值可反映AD患者额叶白质受损程度及其与执行功能的关系.     

脑磁共振功能成像的基本原理及应用

脑磁共振功能成像是一种新的研究人脑功能的方法 ,具有无创、时间和空间分辨率高的特点 ,逐渐应用于神经科学的多个领域。在阐明高级神经生理和神经心理活动方式和皮层间的功能联系、术中导航以最大限度切除功能皮层病变并减少手术并发症、了解脑肿瘤的分化程度和预后判断、揭示神经和精神疾病皮层功能异常的病理生理改变等方面 ,均显示了较高的应用价值。本文综述了该方法的原理、技术要求、信号分析及其在脑功能的基础研究和临床上的应用。     

Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia

OBJECTIVES: The corpus callosum plays a pivotal role in inter-hemispheric transfer and integration of information. Magnetic resonance studies have reported callosal abnormalities in schizophrenia but findings have been inconsistent. Uncertainty has persisted despite a meta-analytic evaluation of this structure several years ago. We set out to perform a further meta-analysis with the addition of the numerous reports published on the subject to test the hypothesis that the corpus callosum is abnormal in schizophrenia. METHOD: A systematic search was carried out to identify suitable magnetic resonance studies which reported callosal areas in schizophrenia compared to controls. Results from the retrieved studies were compared in a meta-analysis whilst the influence of biological and clinical variables on effect size was ascertained with meta-regression analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-eight studies were identified. Corpus callosum area was reduced in schizophrenia in comparison to healthy volunteers. This effect was larger in first episode patients. Similarly, heterogeneity detected among the studies was associated with course of illness indicating that chronic subjects with schizophrenia showed larger callosal areas. There was no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the presence of reduced callosal areas in schizophrenia. The effect is of a larger magnitude at first presentation and less so in subjects with a chronic course generally medicated with antipsychotics.     

精神分裂症患者胼胝体的磁共振成像研究

目的　了解精神分裂症患者脑部胼胝体的改变及其与临床症状的关系。方法　选取符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版精神分裂症诊断标准的住院患者95例(患者组),正常人20名(对照组),按规定序列作头颅核磁共振扫描,测定胼胝体长度、胼胝体宽度(膝部、体部、压部)。于入院当天及住院第4周后评价阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)。进行患者组与对照组、短病程组(≤5年, 30例)与长病程组( >5年, 65例)、家族性组(37例)与散发性组(58例)的胼胝体长度、宽度等比较。结果　(1)患者组胼胝体长度[ ( 6 8±0 4 )mm]明显短于对照组[ ( 8 0±0 4 )mm];t=3 24,P<0 05; (2)短病程组与长病程组胼胝体各测量值的差异无统计学意义; (3)家族性组胼胝体压部宽度[ (0 98±0 15)mm]小于散发性组[ (1 07±0 13)mm];t=-2 85,P<0 05; (4)PANSS阳性因子分与胼胝体长度呈正相关(r=0 21,P=0 04 ),反应缺乏减分率与胼胝体长度呈负相关(r=-0 21,P=0 04); (5)胼胝体长度、胼胝体体部宽度与起病年龄有密切关系(P=0 049,P=0 045)。结论　精神分裂症患者胼胝体缩小,尤以家族史阳性者为著,胼胝体异常有可能是精神分裂症症状的病理学基础之一。     

学龄高功能孤独障碍患儿脑白质结构的对照研究

目的分析比较学龄高功能孤独障碍患儿大脑白质结构的异常。方法对17例高功能(IQ≥70)孤独障碍患儿(患者组)以及15名年龄、性别、智商与之相匹配的正常儿童(对照组)进行T1加权三维MRI成像,应用基于像素的形态测量法(VBM)等分析比较两组脑白质体积的差异。结果与正常对照组相比,患者组大脑左侧半球白质的总体积减少(P=0.050),右前扣带回以及左顶上小叶区域脑白质体积显著减少(P<0.001)。结论学龄高功能孤独障碍患儿脑白质体积异常明显,脑白质的异常可能是学龄孤独障碍的重要病理机制之一。     

The morphology of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia: An MRI study

40 schizophrenic patients and 17 normal controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. All subjects were consenting males. The size and form of the corpus callosum in the mid-sagittal cut of MRI were evaluated. This study revealed that the mean size of the anterior region of the corpus callosum was significantly greater in schizophrenics than in controls. The elongated anterior corpus callosum, which did not correlate with age, duration of illness, birth complications or any measures of brain areas in the midsagittal cut, was regarded as a primary change. Schizophrenics with the elongated corpus callosum seemed to have an unfavorable prognosis, because the large corpus callosum suggested poor heterosexual relations, reduced number of hospitalizations, low academic grades and mild anxiety-depression syndrome. A smooth and even corpus callosum seen in schizophrenics was likely a change dependent on duration of illness.     

White matter magnetic resonance imaging hyperintensity in Alzheimer's disease: correlations with corpus callosum atrophy

We have previously demonstrated with MRI that as well as marked white matter involvement in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), atrophy of the corpus callosum may also be present. This finding prompted us to study possible correlations between atrophy of the corpus callosum and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and between white matter lesions and the severity of the disease. We compared the corpus callosum and white matter lesions on MRI from 15 AD patients and 15 controls. The white matter lesions were scored according to the Scheltens' rating scale. We found a significant reduction of the area of the corpus callosum and more severe white matter lesions in AD patients than in controls. Both atrophy of the corpus callosum and the severity of lesions depended mainly on the diagnosis of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and on age but not on the diagnosis of presenile AD. We demonstrated a negative correlation between white matter lesions scores and areas of corpus callosum in AD patients and no correlation between the white matter lesions and the severity of the disease. We demonstrated that white matter lesions including WMH and atrophy of the corpus callosum are more frequent in AD than in controls. The predominance of white matter lesions in senile AD may be explained by the combination of aging and disease processes.     

男性首发精神分裂症患者额叶质子波谱研究

目的探讨首发精神分裂症患者额叶质子波谱的特点。方法利用1H-MRS技术对10名首次发病且未经抗精神病药物治疗的男性精神分裂症患者和10正常对照的额叶进行检测。对照组的性别、年龄、利手、文化程度与患者组匹配,且精神疾病家族史为阴性。所有1H-MRS检查均在1.5T场强条件下进行,回波时间(TE)144毫秒(ms),检测的代谢物包括NAA、胆碱复合物(CHO)、肌酸(Cr),用公司提供的软件(GEFuntool2)测量各峰下面积并分别计算NAA/Cr及CHO/Cr的比值。结果采用多因素方差分析发现,患者组额叶NAA/Cr比值显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05),而两组之间CHO/Cr比值的差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在精神分裂症发病初期额叶神经元的完整性或功能可能已经受到损害。     

男性首次发病精神分裂症患者治疗前后额叶的质子波谱研究

目的在体研究精神分裂症症状发生的神经生物学基础,探讨抗精神病药对额叶代谢物质的潜在影响。方法应用磁共振质子波谱(MRS)技术对10例男性首发精神分裂症患者(患者组)和10名男性正常对照者(对照组)检测额叶氮-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱复合物(CHO)、肌酸(Cr)。患者组入组后均予以第二代抗精神病药治疗,治疗第2个月时复查额叶~1H-MRS。每次~1H-MRS检查的同时,患者组各接受1次阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定、威斯康星卡片分类测试(WCST)评定。对照组仅进行1次WCST评定。结果多因素方差分析表明,治疗前患者组左、右侧额叶灰白质NAA/Cr均低于对照组[左侧白质：患者组1.87±0.30；对照组2.13±0.43。左侧灰质：患者组1.44±0.20；对照组1.67±0.32。右侧白质：患者组1.60±0.28；对照组2.09±0.41。右侧灰质：患者组1.35±0.25；对照组1.56±0.30],差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。患者组治疗前后NAA/Cr、CHO/Cr的差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者可能存在额叶神经元的损害。第二代抗精神病药短期治疗对精神分裂症患者额叶~1H-MRS代谢物水平无明显影响。     

耐药性内侧颞叶癫痫患者的功能影像磁共振研究

目的采用功能磁共振功能连接密度(FCD)探索耐药与否的内侧颞叶癫痫患者脑功能活动的差异,并分析其与病程的相关性。方法采用回顾性研究方法,收集从2009年7月至2019年2月在东部战区总医院(南京大学医学院附属金陵医院)就诊的单侧海马硬化的内侧颞叶癫痫患者共146例,根据2010年国际抗癫痫联盟对耐药性癫痫的定义将其分为药物控制组(73例)和耐药组(73例)。对所有受试者均进行3.0 T静息态功能磁共振扫描,比较两组患者FCD的差异,并计算两组患者FCD差异脑区FCD值和病程的相关性。结果药物控制组和耐药组内侧颞叶癫痫患者的FCD显示出广泛差异。相比于药物控制组,耐药组在致痫灶侧岛叶、豆状核、丘脑、海马、中央前回FCD值明显降低。耐药组致痫灶侧楔前叶FCD值与病程呈负相关(r=-0.30,P=0.010)。结论耐药性内侧颞叶癫痫患者较药物控制组FCD值广泛降低,此外大脑可能存在进行性损伤,影像学差异有利于探究内侧颞叶癫痫患者耐药相关的病理生理机制,寻找可靠的耐药相关的神经影像标志物。     

Visualization of maturation of the corpus callosum during childhood and adolescence using T2 relaxometry

Previous studies have shown that maturation of the white matter in terms of its relative signal intensity changes on MRI is almost complete at 2-3 years of age. We hypothesized that quantitative analysis may show maturation of the white matter during childhood and adolescence. In the present study we performed multi-echo T2 relaxometry in 33 healthy subjects (girls, 15; boys, 18) aged 3-15 years. T2 relaxation times of the genu and splenium were measured. In healthy subjects, the T2 relaxation times were significantly correlated with age in both girls (r=0.611, p=.016) and boys (r=0.721, p=.001) in the splenium, but not in the genu (p>.05). To further confirm genu-to-splenium signal intensity ratio changes, a total of 389 brain MRIs were retrospectively selected from the patients who had normal results (189 girls/women, 200 boys/men; age range, 3-20 years). The genu-to-splenium signal intensity ratio was obtained from the T2-weighted images. In patients with normal MRI, the genu-to-splenium signal intensity ratio was significantly decreased with age (p<.001) by 16 years. The T2 relaxation times gradually increase in the splenium during childhood and adolescence, suggestive of maturation.