脑梗塞后抑郁与心理社会因素的关系探讨

目的　探讨脑梗塞后抑郁与病前生活事件、社会支持以及应对方式的关系。方法　采用Hamilton抑郁量表、生活事件量表、应付方式问卷、社会支持量表等工具评定 30例脑梗塞后伴明显抑郁症状的患者 ,并与 30例不伴明显抑郁症状的脑梗塞及 30名健康人进行对照。结果　负性生活事件刺激量和生活刺激总量 ,抑郁组高于非抑郁组 ,非抑郁组高于健康组 ,差异具有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。抑郁组寻求帮助因子得分低于健康对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;抑郁组的退避因子得分高于非抑郁组和健康对照组分 (P <0 .0 1) ;抑郁组的主观支持得分低于健康对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　近期负性生活事件刺激量高、不适当的应对方式和缺乏社会支持是影响脑梗塞后抑郁症状的重要心理社会因素。     

精神分裂症患者康复期心理状态与耻感、应对方式及社会支持的关系

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者康复期心理状态与耻感、应对方式及社会支持之间的关系,为康复干预方案的制定提供参考.方法 选择2015年1～12月在精神病医院住院治疗的178例恢复期精神分裂症患者作为研究对象,根据卡尔加里精神分裂症抑郁量表(CDSS)评分将其分为抑郁组(54例)和非抑郁组(124例),采用精神病患者病耻感评估量表、应对方式量表和社会支持量表分别对两组患者进行调查,分析其各量表得分差异,以及抑郁评分和各量表得分之间的相关性.结果 抑郁组和非抑郁组患者在年龄、性别比例、病程等一般资料方面比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);抑郁组患者病耻感中社交因子、能力因子评分以总评分均明显高于非抑郁组;积极应对评分明显低于非抑郁组,而消极应对评分明显高于非抑郁组;抑郁组患者社会支持各方面评分以及总分均明显低于非抑郁组患者.相关性分析表明抑郁心理与患者病耻感评分呈正相关(P＜0.05);消极应对与抑郁呈正相关(P＜0.05),积极应对与抑郁呈负相关(P＜0.05);社会支持各方面评分均与抑郁呈负相关(P＜0.05).结论 精神分裂症患者康复期抑郁心理状态与耻感呈正相关,与消极应对方式呈正相关,与社会支持呈负相关.     

广泛性焦虑障碍患者的社会支持和应对方式研究

目的研究广泛性焦虑障碍患者的社会支持和应对方式的特点以及与焦虑症状的关系。方法通过随机抽样,用社会支持评定量表,简易应对方式问卷,汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）,汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）调查了64例患者（病例组）和64名健康对照者（对照组）。结果病例组的主观支持和对支持的利用度得分、积极应对、消极应对得分与对照组有显著差异（t=2.32～3.97,P〈0.01）,病例组的客观支持得分与对照组相比无明显差异（t=1.27,P〉0.05）,病例组的主观支持和对支持的利用度、积极应对与HAMA总分和HAMD总分显著负相关（P〈0.05）,病例组的消极应对与HAMA总分和HAMD总分显著正相关（P〈0.01）。结论广泛性焦虑患者的焦虑症状越严重,越多采用消极的应对方式,越少采用积极的应对方式,其主观社会支持和对支持的利用度越弱。     

首发青少年抑郁症与应激及应激相关因素的关系研究

目的了解青少年首次抑郁发作与生活事件、应对方式和社会支持的关系。方法对52例首次抑郁发作的青少年患者和214例正常对照者进行一般社会人口学资料表、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)和领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)的测评。结果与正常对照组相比,抑郁症组在人际关系、学习压力、受惩罚、健康适应、应激总量的得分上均较高,差异非常显著(P＜0．01),抑郁症组的患者较多采用消极的应对方式,较少采取积极应对方式,且有较少的社会支持,差异非常显著(P＜0．01)。结论青少年首次抑郁发作与负性生活事件、不良应对方式和缺乏社会支持有关。     

社会支持和应对方式与脑卒中后抑郁的关系

目的：探讨社会支持和应对方式与脑卒中后抑郁（PSD）的关系.方法：30例PSD患者为PSD组,42例脑卒中后无抑郁患者为对照组,以医学应对问卷（MCMQ）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）和Barthel指数（BI）为评定工具,对两组患者分别进行评定.结果：PSD组MCMQ的面对量表分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,而PSD组屈服量表分显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）.PSD组的SSRS评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）.两组BI评分差异无显著性（P＞0.05）.结论：有针对性的心理教育性干预并加强社会支持可能对防治PSD起重要作用.     

焦虑症患者的生活质量及相关因素分析

目的 探索焦虑症患者的生活质量及相关因素。方法 对60例符合CCMD-3诊断标准的焦虑症患者进行一般情况调查、汉密顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、健康状况调查问卷（SF-36）评定。结果除生理机能一项外,焦虑症患者SF-36各维度的评分均显著低于常模（P〈0．01）。患者HAMD评分和SF-36各维度评分呈显著负相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。伴有抑郁症状的焦虑症患者,其SF-36的躯体疼痛、一般健康状况、精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康6个维度得分显著低于不伴抑郁症状的患者（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,其HAMA评分显著高于不伴抑郁症状的患者（P〈0．01）。结论 焦虑症患者的生活质量低于一般正常人群,伴有的抑郁症状的焦虑症患者其生活质量受损更加严重。     

米氮平与阿米替林对脑卒中后抑郁患者疗效与认知功能的影响

目的探讨米氮平与阿米替林治疗脑卒中后抑郁的临床疗效及对患者认知功能的影响。方法将64例脑卒中后抑郁患者随机分为研究组（米氮平组）32例,对照组（阿米替林组）32例。于治疗前和治疗第1周、2周、4周、6周末采用汉密顿抑郁量表和P300电位进行抑郁状态和认知功能测定。结果治疗前2组HAMD评分差异无统计学意义,治疗各时段2组评分均较治疗前显著下降（P％0．05或0．01）,治疗1周末和2周末研究组评分较对照组下降更显著（P〈0．05）,研究组总分减分率较对照组升高更显著（P〈0．05）;治疗1周末2组P300电位测定差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但治疗6周末研究组P300电位N2、P3波潜伏期缩短和P3波幅升高较对照组显著（P〈0．05）;治疗6周末2组服药依从性均较治疗前显著提高（P〈0．01）,研究组较对照组提高更显著（P〈0．01）;治疗后研究组不良反应发生率21．9％,对照组为46．9％,差异有统计学意义（x2=4．43,P〈0．05）。结论米氮平治疗脑卒中后抑郁疗效与阿米替林相当,但米氮平起效明显快于阿米替林,且对改善卒中后抑郁患者的认知功能、提高治疗的依从性明显优于阿米替林。     

应对方式及社会家庭支持对焦虑症患者影响的相关研究

目的调查心理咨询门诊中焦虑症患者应激事件中的应对方式及社会家庭支持,并探讨应对模式及心理支持对焦虑症患者的影响。方法采用病例对照的研究方法,对焦虑症组及正常对照组采用特质应对方式问卷,家庭亲密度与适应性量表,社会支持量表评估。运用非参数t检验Spearman相关分析。结果消极应对方式与焦虑症呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）;积极应对与焦虑症呈显著负相关。正常人群与焦虑症的社会,家庭支持异同（P〈0．05）。男性与女性焦虑症患者应对方式有显著差异（P〈0．01）。社会支持中男性患者与女性患者有显著差异（P〈0．01）。应对方式,社会支持及家庭亲密度适应性三者明显相关。结论应对模式,社会支持及家庭亲密度适应性对于个体的心理健康及心理应激至关重要。     

慢性精神分裂症患者家属心理健康状况性别差异调查

目的分析慢性精神分裂症患者家属心理健康状况的性别差异及相关原因。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、简易应对方式问卷及社会支持评定量表,对110名慢性精神分裂症患者家属进行调查分析。结果慢性精神分裂症患者不同性别组家属的SCL-90、社会支持评定量表、简易应对方式问卷评分差异具有统计学显著意义（P〈O．01）,社会支持评分、应对方式评分与SCL-90评分间存在相关,相关具有统计学意义（P〈O．01）。结论慢性精神分裂症患者家属心理健康状况存在性别差异,女性家属的心理问题较男性家属严重,心理健康状况与个体应对方式及社会支持度相关。     

2型糖尿病患者负性情绪研究

目的：探讨负性情绪与2型糖尿病的关系。方法：对51例2型糖尿病患者与50例正常对照者进行负性情绪比较，采用生活事件量表（LES）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、症状自评量表（SCL-90）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）及焦虑自评量表（SAS）测评。结果：与对照组比较，糖尿病组的负性生活事件刺激量和总刺激量得分均显著较高（P均〈0．01）；而社会支持总分、主观支持分及支持利用度分均显著较低（P均〈0．01）。糖尿病组SCL-90总分及躯体化、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐惧6个因子分与SDS、SAS评分均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：2型糖尿病患者存在明显的负性情绪，有针对性的心理干预可能对其防治起重要作用。     

Depressive symptoms in patients admitted to a semi-intensive stroke unit

Aim of this study was to evaluate depressive symptoms in a semi-intensive Stroke Unit (SI-SU) by a scale specifically devised to assess depression in patients with stroke and to identify the symptoms better contributing to the early detection of post stroke depression (PSD). Fifty-four patients admitted to a SI-SU because of suffering from single, first-ever hemispheric stroke were enrolled. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Post Stroke Depression Rating Scale (PSDRS). All patients were also evaluated by the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the modified Rankin scale, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). The PSDRS detected depressive symptoms in twenty-two patients (40%). The PSDRS scores were not influenced by severity of stroke, functional outcome, site of lesion and type of stroke. Three psychopathological factors were identified inside the PSDRS: "reactivity", "melancholic" and "apathetic", with significant inverse correlations with cognitive measures found only with the "apathetic" factor Less than one-half items of the PSDRS were able to identify overt depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms are a frequent and early complication in patients referred to a SI-SU with the PSDRS being a suitable tool to detect depressive symptoms in acute phases of stroke.     

Executive dysfunction and long-term outcomes of geriatric depression

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the relationship of executive and memory impairment to relapse, recurrence, and course of residual depressive symptoms and signs after remission of geriatric major depression. METHODS: Fifty-eight elderly subjects remitted from major depression received continuation nortriptyline treatment (plasma levels 60-150 ng/mL) for 16 weeks and then were randomly assigned to either nortriptyline maintenance therapy or placebo for up to 2 years. Diagnosis was made using the Research Diagnostic Criteria and the DSM-IV criteria after an interview using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Executive dysfunction and memory were assessed with the Dementia Rating Scale, disability and social support were rated with the Philadelphia Multiphasic Instrument, and medical burden was assessed with the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. RESULTS: Abnormal initiation and perseveration scores, but not memory impairment, were associated with relapse and recurrence of geriatric depression and with fluctuations of depressive symptoms in the whole group and in subjects who never met criteria for relapse or recurrence during the follow-up period. Memory impairment, disability, medical burden, social support, and history of previous episodes did not significantly influence the outcome of depression in this sample. CONCLUSIONS: Executive dysfunction was found to be associated with relapse and recurrence of geriatric major depression and with residual depressive symptoms. These observations, if confirmed, will aid clinicians in identifying patients in need of vigilant follow-up. The findings of this study provide the rationale for investigation of the role of specific prefrontal pathways in predisposing or perpetuating depressive syndromes or symptoms in elderly patients.     

Symptom profile of DSM-IV major and minor depressive disorders in first-ever stroke patients.

OBJECTIVE: Depressive disorders are very common in stroke patients. However, vegetative and cognitive symptoms primarily derived from brain damage could hypothetically be indistinguishable from those directly derived from neuropsychiatric disorders, and this could invalidate the diagnostic assessment. Thus, authors aimed to detect the frequency of clinically-rated DSM-IV depressive symptoms and the diagnostic validity of depressive disorders in stroke patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD), minor depressive disorder (MIND), and those free of any neuropsychiatric disorders (NODEP). METHODS: First-ever stroke patients (N=200) were approached within 3 months of the acute stroke and were interviewed with the SCID-P and administered the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Barthel Index, and the Mini-Mental State Exam. RESULTS: Fifty patients (25%) had MDD, 62 (31%) had MIND, and 88 (44%) had NODEP. Global cognitive level, functional impairment, total scores, and psychic and somatic subscores of the Ham-D and the BDI were different among the three groups. The only symptom that did not differ among patients with MDD, MIND, and NODEP was Feelings of Guilt; all the other eight DSM-IV symptoms were significantly different. In particular, the frequency of Depressed Mood, Diminished Interest or Pleasure, Fatigue or Loss of Energy, Insomnia, and Psychomotor Agitation/Retardation was higher in MIND patients than in NODEP patients. CONCLUSIONS: During the diagnostic procedure for depressive disorders in stroke patients, clinicians should consider equally important vegetative, cognitive, and psychological depressive symptoms, despite their nature.     

The influence of self-efficacy,pre-stroke depression and perceived social support on self-reported depressive symptoms during stroke rehabilitation

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most common mental disorder following stroke; however, little is known about its pathogenesis. We investigated the predictive value and mutual relationship of psychological factors such as self-efficacy and social support and known risk factors such as pre-stroke depression, activities of daily living (ADL), cognitive functioning, and age for the emergence of depressive symptoms in the acute phase after stroke. Ninety-six ischaemic stroke inpatients residing at a rehabilitation centre completed an interview about 6.5 weeks post-stroke. The interview included demographic data, psychiatric anamnesis, the Barthel Index, Mini-Mental State Examination, Social Support Questionnaire, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and the Geriatric Depression Scale. A multiple regression analysis was performed to ascertain the predictive value of the factors on depressive symptoms. High self-efficacy, no history of pre-stroke depression, and high levels of perceived social support were the strongest protective factors for depressive symptoms. The influence of cognitive functioning on depressive symptoms was fully mediated by general self-efficacy, and general self-efficacy was a stronger predictor than stroke-specific self-efficacy. Neither ADL nor age significantly predicted depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that consideration of self-efficacy and perceived social support in the inpatient rehabilitation setting may help prevent PSD.     

Predictors of depressive symptoms in patients with stroke – a three-month follow-up

Background and purposeDepression is one of the most common post-stroke complications, which could impair rehabilitation outcome and quality of life, and could also increase mortality after stroke. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between demographic, socioeconomic and clinical (stroke risk factors, type of stroke, location of vascular lesion, cognitive functions) factors on the presence and severity of post-stroke depressive symptoms in patients after first ever stroke as well as on their social functioning.Material and methodsA prospective, cohort study with a three-month observation period was performed in seven centres. Severity of depressive symptoms was assessed with the help of a short, 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), 3 months after stroke onset.ResultsOn the basis of GDS (GDS ≤ 5 points or > 5 points) patients were allocated to a group without (n = 160) or with symptoms suggestive of depression (n = 82). The study groups did not differ with respect to age, sex or place of residence. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that independent predictors for the presence of symptoms suggestive of depression at 3 months after stroke were: low level of education, low income, greater severity of stroke, worse functional status, self-reported problems with daily-living activities and need of help in daily living activities. More than 60% of patients with depressive symptoms limited their social contacts. Patients with depressive symptoms were unsatisfied with their relations with life partners and friends.ConclusionsOur study showed a complex aetiology of post-stroke depressive symptoms with an important role of socioeconomic factors. Depressive symptoms after stroke worsen existing health, social and economic problems, and cause social isolation of patients.     

“Sometimes we get it wrong but we keep on trying”: A cross-sectional study of coping with communication problems by informal carers of stroke survivors with aphasia

Background: The need to support carers of stroke survivors is widely recognised. However, research on which to base recommendations is scarce. Little research has focused on carers of stroke survivors with aphasia, and that which exists suffers from problems with sample size and methodology. More information is needed about methods used by carers to manage communication difficulties and about coping strategies that promote emotional wellbeing.

Aims: To assess the coping strategies used by informal carers of stroke survivors with aphasia to manage communication problems, and their association with depressive symptoms. To assess whether a problem-specific coping inventory offers an advantage over a generic coping questionnaire for this purpose.

Methods & Procedures: Questionnaires were completed by 150 informal caregivers of stroke survivors with aphasia. The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale measured depressive symptoms. Coping was assessed with the Brief COPE and a problem-specific questionnaire on coping with communication difficulties. Level of social support was also assessed. Multiple regression analysis explored associations between coping and depressive symptoms. Mediation analysis assessed the significance of the indirect effect of coping between the level of communication impairment in the stroke survivor and the degree of depressive symptoms in the carer.

Outcomes & Results: Participants reported a wide range of coping strategies. Avoidant styles of coping were associated with increased depressive symptomatology. Coping by use of positive reframing was linked with fewer symptoms of depression. Anticipated level of social support was also associated with less depressive symptomology. The level of communication impairment of the stroke survivor was not predictive of depressive symptoms in carers after controlling for coping and social support. Limited support was found for a mediating model of coping. Inclusion of one subscale from the problem-specific questionnaire improved the amount of variance accounted for in depressive symptoms, above that explained by the Brief COPE.

Conclusions: The results verify that the impairment of the stroke survivor has less effect on carers' psychosocial functioning compared to coping. Assessment of coping can help to identify carers presenting with increased risk of depression. A traditional coping inventory provides an adequate assessment of the coping strategies used to manage communication problems, and can be supplemented by specific questions about avoidance. Interventions that develop some emotion-focused coping strategies in carers may support adaptation. Interventions should also aim to decrease the use of unhelpful coping strategies rather than solely focusing on increasing problem-focused forms of coping.     

The influence of social support on depressive symptoms in cancer patients: age and gender differences

PURPOSE: The relationship between social support and depressive symptomatology in cancer patients is well established, yet the extent to which patient variables impact this relationship is not well known. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the relationship of social support to the severity of depressive symptoms varies by patient age and gender. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY: A sample of 342 cancer outpatients were administered self-report measures of depressive symptoms, perceived adequacy of social support, satisfaction with family functioning, and the size of their social support network. RESULTS: There were no significant differences by gender or age in the relationship of the social support variables to depressive symptoms. Although not statistically significant, interesting differences did emerge: a larger social support network was associated with less severe depression for female patients and for younger patients but not for male patients or older patients. For the entire sample, greater perceived adequacy of support and more satisfaction with family functioning were related to less severe depression. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study suggest that interventions to alleviate depressive symptoms in cancer patients may be designed with consideration of demographic characteristics such as age and gender to maximize the beneficial impact on quality of life.     

Social and family integration of hemiplegic elderly patients 1 year after stroke

We interviewed 120 elderly hemiplegic patients 1 year after their acute stroke to assess cognitive impairment using the Mini-Mental State Examination, functional autonomy using the Barthel Index, mood disorders using the Hamilton Rating Depression Scale, and social integration using the Social Functioning Exam. Of the 76 patients admitted to this study, eight (12.1% of those testable) had significant cognitive impairment, 41 (53.9%) were functionally self-sufficient, 27 (35.5%) showed depressive symptoms, and 44 (57.9%) had problems in social and family integration. We suggest that a complete rehabilitation program aimed at producing a good quality of life for elderly hemiplegic patients should take into account all these aspects of human existence.     

Impact of depressive symptoms on the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder

Patients with depression are often excluded from studies on the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD), leaving gaps in our knowledge about the impact of depressive affect on treatment for SAD. Patients participated in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of treatment for SAD. As in previous studies, patients were excluded from the study if they met criteria for major depressive disorder in the past 6 months. This exclusion notwithstanding, patients who enrolled in the study exhibited a range of depressive symptoms, permitting an examination of the impact of depressive symptoms on treatment outcome for SAD. Assessment measures included the Clinical Global Impression Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Brief Social Phobia Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory. Higher levels of depressive symptoms were related to more severe social anxiety overall, and to less change in social anxiety symptoms over the course of the study. Patients who were deemed nonresponders to treatment had higher levels of depressive symptoms at pretreatment than those who responded. In addition, patients who dropped out of the study had higher levels of depressive symptoms at pretreatment than those who completed the study. These results suggest that modifications should be made to existing treatments to improve outcomes and decrease attrition in the substantial proportion of patients with SAD who also evidence depressive symptoms. Such modifications are likely to be more important when treating patients with SAD and comorbid major depressive disorder.