黄芪多糖对糖尿病鼠T细胞亚群的免疫调节作用

目的 探讨黄芪多糖（APS）对NOD小鼠T细胞亚群的免疫调节机制。方法 观察APS组和对照组NOD鼠胰岛浸润淋巴细胞免疫组化、脾T淋巴细胞CD4^＋／CD8^＋亚群比值，RT—PCR法检测两组胰岛中IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IL-12、TNF—α和INF-γ Th1型细胞因子的mRNA表达。结果 APS可以降低NOD小鼠1型糖尿病的发病率，下降胰岛浸润炎症细胞及脾脏中的CD4^＋／CD8^＋亚群比值。与对照组相比，APS组胰岛IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6、IL-12、TNF-α和INF-1的mRNA表达水平明显下调。结论 APS能纠正NOD小鼠Th1型细胞／细胞因子的免疫失衡状态，预防1型糖尿病的发生。     

人GLP-1(7-36)酰胺对非肥胖型糖尿病小鼠胰岛炎的影响

目的通过观察人胰高糖素样肽1（GLP-1）刺激后非肥胖型糖尿病（NOD）小鼠胰岛组织形态学的变化,研究GLP-1对NOD 1型糖尿病小鼠胰岛炎的影响。方法 GLP-1治疗组小鼠用微型渗透泵皮下持续泵入人GLP-1,对照组小鼠泵入生理盐水,4周后将其胰腺组织做HE染色、5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷（Br-dU）/胰岛素双重免疫染色及导管细胞角蛋白（DCK）/胰岛素双重免疫荧光染色,观察小鼠胰岛炎的变化及胰岛β细胞的复制和胰腺导管上皮β细胞的新生。结果与对照组相比,GLP-1治疗组NOD小鼠胰岛单核细胞浸润明显减轻,胰岛炎评分明显下降（P〈0.001）。GLP-1治疗组胰岛可见较多BrdU阳性的β细胞和胰岛素阳性的导管上皮细胞,而在对照组几乎看不到。结论人GLP-1持续刺激NOD小鼠后,可使1型糖尿病小鼠胰岛炎减轻并促进β细胞再生。     

中国被毛孢发酵物对 NOD 小鼠1型糖尿病的预防作用

目的 观察中国被毛孢发酵物对自发性1型糖尿病 NOD 小鼠的预防作用。方法 利用 NOD 小鼠1型自发性糖尿病模型,连续 10 周 ig 给予 1 g/kg中国被毛孢发酵物后,观察 NOD 小鼠的体质量、血糖、发病率、谷氨酸脱羧酶 (GAD) 抗体水平、胰岛病变和胰腺纤维化的变化。结果 NOD 小鼠给予 1 g/kg 中国被毛孢发酵物后,第6～10周时血糖和发病率明显降低 (P＜0.05、0.01),小鼠血清中 GAD 抗体明显降低 (P＜0.01),小鼠胰岛病变和胰腺纤维化评分值显著降低 (P＜0.05、0.01),胰腺结构较为清晰,胰岛有少量炎症细胞浸润,胰岛β细胞未见异常。结论 中国被毛孢发酵物有较好的预防 NOD 小鼠1型糖尿病发生的作用。     

黄芪多糖对非肥胖糖尿病鼠胰岛超微结构及氧化凋亡因子表达的影响

目的探讨黄芪多糖(APS)对非肥胖糖尿病(NOD)小鼠1型糖尿病(DM)免疫干预的分子机制。方法20只NOD小鼠随机分为APS干预组和生理盐水(NS)对照组,观察两组NOD鼠DM发生率和胰岛电镜超微结构,应用RT-CPR检测两组小鼠胰腺内Fas、iNOS、Bcl-2、SOD mRNA的表达水平。结果APS组1型DM发生率较对照组明显降低(APS组3/10,30%;NS组9/10,90%),平均发病时间也明显延缓[APS组(26.25±5.68)周,NS组(21.8±6.78)周,P<0.05]。ASP组胰岛超微结构保存完好,β细胞胞核、核膜完整,内质网无扩张、线粒体无增多,分泌颗粒丰富。RT-PCR结果显示,APS组Fas、iNOS的mRNA表达水平明显下调,Bcl-2、SOD的mRNA表达水平明显上调。结论APS能纠正NOD小鼠氧化或凋亡的免疫失衡状态,预防或延缓1型糖尿病的发生。     

人GLP-1(7-36)酰胺对非肥胖型糖尿病小鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨人胰高糖素样肽1(GLP-1)对非肥胖型糖尿病(NOD)小鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡的影响。方法 GLP-1治疗组小鼠用微型渗透泵皮下持续泵入人GLP-1,对照组小鼠泵入生理盐水,4周后将其胰腺组织做HE染色、TUNEL/胰岛素双重免疫荧光染色,显微镜下观察小鼠胰岛炎的变化及胰岛β细胞的凋亡情况。结果与对照组相比,GLP-1治疗组小鼠胰岛单核细胞浸润明显减轻,胰岛炎评分明显下降(P<0.001)。在对照组小鼠胰腺组织切片中观察到较多凋亡β细胞,而在GLP-1治疗组却很少见到。GLP-1治疗组小鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡率与对照组小鼠相比明显下降(0.07±0.01%vs0.26±0.02%,P<0.001)。结论人GLP-1持续刺激NOD小鼠后,可使1型糖尿病小鼠胰岛炎减轻并抑制β细胞凋亡。     

IDDM的发病机制——NOD小鼠与人的对比

日本制成的自发型瘦型糖尿病(NOD)小鼠动物模型与人IDDM相似,我们对NOD小鼠的胰岛炎发病过程进行了详细的观察研究,并将其特点和人IDDM时的胰岛和血中抗体所见作对比性研究。 NOD小鼠发生胰岛炎前,首先在胰岛β细胞内出现特异性的ClassⅡ MHC抗原(Ia抗原),并可用逆转录病毒(retrovirus)的抗血清证明在一部分β细胞内存在逆转录病毒粒子。我们用光镜和电镜观察到,5～6周龄以后的NOD小鼠胰岛中的浸润细胞的大部分是淋巴细胞,并进一步用单克隆抗体进行分析后,证明主要是由T细胞组成,其中多数是Lyt-1~+,L3T4 T细胞。然后,     

双歧杆菌对NOD小鼠胰岛Fas和FasL表达的影响

目的观察口服双歧杆菌对NOD小鼠1型糖尿病和胰岛炎发生情况的影响以及口服双歧杆菌后胰岛Fas和FasL表达的情况。方法将4周龄雌性NOD小鼠40只,随机分为两组:实验组(20只)给予双歧杆菌0.25mg/g体重/天(制备成活菌悬液0.5ml),对照组(20只)给予等容积的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。4周龄开始给药至30周龄,于15周龄时各组分别处死6只小鼠,取胰腺组织HE染色进行胰岛炎评分,采用免疫组化方法观察口服双歧杆菌后NOD小鼠胰岛组织Fas和FasL的改变情况。其余小鼠30周龄时观察发病率,同时观察胰岛炎、Fas和FasL的变化。结果双歧杆菌明显减轻NOD小鼠胰岛炎,减少糖尿病的发生(P<0.05),双歧杆菌组胰岛Fas的表达少于对照组(P<0.01);FasL的表达也有显著差异(P<0.01)。结论早期应用双歧杆菌可以减少NOD小鼠胰岛炎和延缓糖尿病的发生,其机制与Fas/FasL系统介导的胰岛β细胞凋亡有关。     

己酮可可碱对NOD 小鼠1型糖尿病的免疫干预作用

目的观察己酮可可碱(PTX)对NOD小鼠1型糖尿病的免疫干预作用及其机制.方法采用NOD小鼠以环磷酰胺加速发病,给PTX后测血糖、糖尿病患病率,苏木精-伊红染色及免疫组织化学法观察胰岛炎,采用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)分析胰腺组织γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-10(IL-10)mRNA的表达.结果实验结束时,PTX组的血糖值为13.04 mmol/L,明显低于对照组的20.53 mmol/L(P＜0.01);胰岛炎评分为1.02±0.98,明显低于对照组的2.27±1.22(P＜0.05);糖尿病患病率为40.63%,明显低于对照组的71.43%(P＜0.05);胰腺组织IFN-γ、TNF-α mRNA的表达降低(P＜0.05),IL-10 mRNA的表达无明显改变.结论PTX可预防NOD小鼠糖尿病的发生,其机制可能与下调胰腺组织辅助性T细胞1型细胞因子有关.     

咯利普兰诱发NOD小鼠bcl-2、bax在脾脏、胰腺的差异性表达

目的 通过检测bcl-2、bax在脾脏、胰腺的表达旨在探讨IV型磷酸二酯酶抑制剂咯利普兰(rolipram)对NOD小鼠的免疫干预机制。方法 将60只体重相近的4周龄雌性NOD小鼠随机分为干预、对照两组，每组30只。干预组腹腔注射咯利普兰(8mg／kg)，每日两次；对照组注射等次等量的PBS。两组小鼠均于实验第1和第14天备注射1次环磷酰氨(200mg／kg)以加速糖尿病的进程。实验第30天处死，HE染色观察胰岛炎；免疫组化检测bcl-2，bax在胰岛、脾脏的表达。结果 咯利普兰处理组在胰岛过表达bcl—2基因(P＜0．01)，而在脾脏过表达bax基因(P＜0．01)；PBS对照组与咯利普兰处理组相反。结论 咯利普兰在胰腺组织能促进bcl—2的表达以抑制胰岛β细胞的凋亡；而在淋巴系统却能促进比的表达以加速T淋巴细胞的凋亡从而减轻自身免疫反应。     

黄芪多糖对NOD鼠胰岛细胞因子基因表达的影响

目的　探讨黄芪多糖 (APS)以NOD小鼠 1型糖尿病免疫干预的分子机制。方法　应用RT CPR技术分别检测APS处理组和对照组NOD小鼠所有胰腺组织内 15条细胞因子mRNA的表达水平。结果　与对照组相比 ,APS组IL 1β、IL 2、IL 6、IL 12、TNF α、INF γ、Fas、iNOS的mRNA表达水平明显下调 ,IL 4、IL 5、IL 10、TGF β、Bcl 2、SOD的mRNA表达水平明显上调。结论　APS能纠正NOD小鼠Th1/Th2型细胞 /细胞因子的免疫失衡状态 ,预防或延缓 1型糖尿病的发生     

Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the pancreas of mice

Background Type 1 diabetes has been recognized as an organ specific autoimmune disease owing to the immune destruction of pancreatic islet β cells in genetically susceptible individuals. In both human and rodent models of type 1 diabetes, such as nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, biobreeding rats, the disease has a distinct stage characterized by immune cells infiltrating in the pancreas (insulitis). The major populations of infiltrating cells are macrophages and T lymphocytes. Therefore, immune cell infiltration of pancreatic islets may be a crucial step in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 can specifically attract monocytes in vivo. Interferon induced protein-10 has chemoattractant effects on the activated lymphocytes. In this study, we analysed the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the pancreas of mice and interferon inducible protein-10 mRNA in the pancreas of NOD mice, and discussed their possible role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Methods The immunohistochemical method and immunoelectronmicroscopy were used to evaluate the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the pancreas of NOD mice and BALB/c mice. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interferon inducible protein mRNA in NOD mice.Results Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was positive in the pancreas of NOD mice, whereas negative in the pancreas of BALB/C mice. RT-PCR showed that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interferon inducible protein-10 mRNA could be found in the pancreas of NOD mice. Immunoelectronmicroscopy demonstrated that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was produced by β cells and stored in the cytoplasm of the cells.Conclusions Pancreatic islet β cells produce monocyte chemoattractantprotein-1 in NOD mice. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 may play an important part in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes by attracting monocytes/macrophages to infiltrate pancreatic islets.     

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 plays a key role in type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease resulting from the selective destruuction of β cells in file pancreatic islets.In both human and rodent models of type 1 diabetes, the clinical disease is preceded by a progressive mononuclear cell invasion of the pancreatic islets ( insulitis ). In the early stage of insulitis, the major components are monocyte/macrophages, and the recruitment of mononuclear cells is a critical step in the pathogenesis of the type 1 diabetes. Studies have revealed that Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 )specifically recruits monocytes/ macrophages into pancreas and plays an important role in the development of insulitis and diabetes,     

Oral administration of insulin to female nonobese diabetic mice inhibited diabetes and induced Fas ligand expression on islets of Langerhans

Objective To detect oral administration of recombinant human insulin to nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice for preventing them from diabetes and insulitis and to detect the effects of oral administration of insulin on Fas and Fas ligand expression on islet of Langerhans. Methods Sixty-four female NOD mice were divided into two groups.One group (34) was orally administered recombination human insulin 1 mg in 500 μl PBS and the other (30) 500 μl PBS only at age of 5 weeks old, twice a week for the first week, then weekly until 30 weeks of age. Results Oral administration of insulin to female NOD mice can significantly suppress diabetes and insulitis.The insulitis was less severe in the group fed with insulin than that in the control group (score of insulitis: 1.25±0.45 vs 3.0±0.76 at 16 weeks of age, P&lt;0.01).We examined Fas ligand and Fas expression on islets of Langerhans in both groups of NOD mice by using immunohistochemical techniques.We find that Fas only expressed on islets when the mice suffered the diabetes, whereas Fas ligand expressed on islets of the mice fed with insulin at 16 and 20 week of ages.We did not find Fas ligand positive staining on the islet feeding with PBS. Conclusion We speculated that oral insulin may induce Fas ligand expression on the islets and plays a role in protecting the pancreatic β-cell from autoimmune destruction.These results show that oral insulin affected autoimmune diabetes and insulitis in NOD mice.The immune mechanism of oral tolerance is closely related to the change of Fas ligand and Fas system.     

皮下注射胰岛素抑制胰岛β细胞凋亡预防NOD鼠糖尿病

目的：观察皮下注射胰岛素免疫干预对非肥胖糖尿病（non-obese diabetic,NOD）鼠胰岛炎、B细胞凋亡和糖尿病的影响,并探讨其诱导免疫耐受的机制。方法：60只NOD雌鼠随机分为胰岛素处理组（n=34）和磷酸盐缓冲液（phosphate buffered saline,PBS）对照组（n=28）,分别于4周、12周、20周、28周皮下注射中效胰岛素优泌林N（Humulin N）6U（60μL）＋不完全弗氏佐剂（incomplete Freund＇s adjuvant,IFA）60μL,对照组予PBS（60μL）＋IFA（60μL）。于12周龄观察胰岛炎和胰岛B细胞凋亡;检测胰岛Fas和FasL的表达;测定血清IL-4和IFN-γ浓度,以及胰岛内I-Aβ^x7,IL-1β,IFN-γ,Fas,IL-4 mRNA的表达水平。结果：NOD鼠皮下注射胰岛素加IFA组30周龄和52周龄时发病率仅为21．4％和28．6％,而皮下PBS加IFA组为71．4％和85．7％（P〈0．05）。胰岛素组胰岛炎积分比对照组低,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。胰岛素组胰岛Fas抗原表达和B细胞凋亡率均比PBS对照组低（均P〈0．05）。胰岛素组胰岛内I-Aβ^x7,IFN-γ,IL-1β,FasmRNA表达较PBS对照组低（均P〈0．05）,而IL-4mRNA表达较对照组高（P〈0．05）;胰岛素组血清IL-4比PBS组高,IFN-γ比PBS组低（均P〈0．05）。结论：皮下注射胰岛素能诱导NOD鼠的免疫耐受而预防糖尿病的发生,但不能阻断胰岛炎的进展。皮下注射胰岛素能诱导调节性T细胞产生,使全身和胰岛局部T细胞由,Th1向Th2转型,从而抑制Fas介导的B细胞凋亡而预防糖尿病。     

口服胰岛素抑制胰岛β细胞凋亡预防NOD鼠糖尿病

目的: 观察口服胰岛素免疫干预对非肥胖糖尿病(non-obese diabetic, NOD)鼠胰岛炎、β细胞凋亡和糖尿病的影响,并探讨其诱导免疫耐受的机制.方法: 86只NOD雌鼠随机分为胰岛素处理组(n=43)和磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline, PBS)对照组(n=43),从4周龄始每周灌胃人普通胰岛素1mg(70μL)2次,12周后改为每周灌胃1次至30周,对照组予等体积的PBS;于12周龄观察胰岛炎和胰岛β细胞凋亡;检测胰岛Fas和FasL的表达;测定血清IL-4和IFN-γ浓度,以及胰岛内I-Aβg7,IL-1β,IFN-γ,Fas,IL-4,TGF-β mRNA和小肠PP(Peyer's Patch)淋巴结IL-4,IFN-γ,TGF-β mRNA的表达水平.结果: NOD鼠口服胰岛素组30周龄和52周龄时发病率为55.6%和70.4%,分别比PBS对照组(85.7%和96.4%)低(P＜0.05).胰岛素组胰岛炎积分比对照组低,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).胰岛素组胰岛Fas抗原表达和β细胞凋亡率均比PBS对照组低(均P＜0.05).胰岛素组胰岛内I-Aβg7,IFN-γ,IL-1β,Fas mRNA和PP淋巴结IFN-γ mRNA表达均较PBS对照组低(均P＜0.05),而IL-4,TGF-β mRNA表达较对照组高(均P＜0.05);胰岛素组血清IL-4比PBS组高,IFN-γ比PBS组低(均P＜0.05).结论:口服胰岛素能诱导NOD鼠的免疫耐受而预防糖尿病的发生,但不能阻断胰岛炎的进展.口服胰岛素能诱导调节性T细胞产生,使全身和胰岛局部T细胞由Th1向Th2转型,从而抑制Fas介导的β细胞凋亡而预防糖尿病.     

Somatostatin receptor expression and biological functions in endocrine pancreatic cells: review based on a doctoral thesis

Type 1 diabetes is resulting from the selective destruction of insulin-producing betacells within the pancreatic islets. Somatostatin acts as an inhibitor of hormone secretion through specific receptors (sst1-5). All ssts were expressed in normal rat and mouse pancreatic islets, although the expression intensity and the co-expression pattern varied between ssts as well as between species. This may reflect a difference in response to somatostatin in islet cells of the two species. The Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model is an experimental model of type 1 diabetes, with insulitis accompanied by spontaneous hyperglycaemia. Pancreatic specimens from NOD mice at different age and stage of disease were stained for ssts. The islet cells of diabetic NOD mice showed increased islet expression of sst2-5 compared to normoglycemic NOD mice. The increase in sst2-5 expression in the islets cells may suggest either a contributing factor in the process leading to diabetes, or a defense response against ongoing beta-cell destruction. Somatostatin analogues were tested on a human endocrine pancreatic tumour cell line and cultured pancreatic islets. Somatostatin analogues had an effect on cAMP accumulation, chromogranin A secretion and MAP kinase activity in the cell line. Treatment of rat pancreatic islets with somatostatin analogues with selective receptor affinity was not sufficient to induce an inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion. However, a combination of selective analogues or non-selective analogues via costimulation of receptors can cause inhibition of hormone production. For insulin and glucagon, combinations of sst2 + sst5 and sst1 + sst2, respectively, showed a biological effect. In summary, knowledge of islet cell ssts expression and the effect of somatostatin analogues with high affinity to ssts may be valuable in the future attempts to influence beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes mellitus, since down-regulation of beta-cell function may promote survival of these cells during the autoimmune attack.     

完全弗氏佐剂抑制NOD鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡及其机制

目的:探讨完全弗氏佐剂( complete Freund’s adjuvant, CFA)对非肥胖糖尿病( nonobese dia-betic, NOD)鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因Fas,FasL和Bcl-x表达的影响。方法:将4周龄NOD雌鼠随机分为CFA组(n=5)和生理盐水( NS)对照组(n=5 ) ,给CFA组鼠后脚板注射50μLCFA,对照者鼠后脚板注射等量NS。监测血糖,若血糖连续2 d≥11.1 mmol /L即诊断为糖尿病。当NOD鼠发生糖尿病或至30周龄时,处死动物,取胰腺组织制成薄切片,HE染色观察胰岛炎,采用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的脱氧尿苷三磷酸缺口末端标记( TUNEL)及ABC免疫组织化学双标记染色观察并计数凋亡的胰岛β细胞,ABC免疫组织化学法染色观察并记数Fas,FasL和Bcl-x表达阳性细胞。结果:至NOD鼠30周龄时,CFA处理组鼠无1只发生糖尿病,对照组鼠有3只发生糖尿病;CFA处理组的胰岛炎积分低于NS对照组(1.820±0.962 vs. 3.020±1.040,P<0.05 ) ;CFA处理组胰岛β细胞凋亡率、Fas阳性细胞率、FasL阳性细胞率均低于NS对照组[ (10.2±2.8) % vs. (15.9±6.5) %,(54.9±14.5)% vs.(75.7±12.9) %,(20.3±10.4) % vs. (27.9±12.0) %,P<0.05] ,Bcl-x阳性细胞率高于NS对照组[ (74.9±10.7) % vs. (66.0±18.3) %,P<0.05]。结论:CFA能够减轻NOD鼠胰岛β细胞凋亡,其机制与减少促凋亡基因Fas和FasL表达及增加抑制凋亡基因Bcl-x表达有关。     

重组人单核细胞趋化蛋白-1在骨肉化疗过程中的作用

目的观察重组人单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)在骨肉瘤化疗过程中的作用.方法建立裸鼠荷人骨肉瘤动物模型.分别及联合应用重组人MCP-1和高剂量氨甲喋呤(HD-MTX)对其进行治疗,并设立空白对照.观察瘤体的生长及病理指标.结果MCP-1可抑制骨肉瘤体的生长,但效果不理想;HD-MTX可明显抑制骨肉瘤体的生长,效果显著,但可出现肿瘤再生长;MCP-1可增强HD-MTX对瘤体的抑制作用,且能明显延迟肿瘤再生长的时间.结论重组人MCP-1在骨肉瘤进行HD-MTX化疗过程中具有显著的增强治疗作用.