冠心病患者经皮腔内冠状动脉介入术中肾上腺髓质素及肿瘤坏死因子与术后再狭窄的关系

目的探讨冠心病患者行经皮腔内冠状动脉介入术中冠状动脉循环中肾上腺髓质素及肿瘤坏死因子浓度变化与再狭窄的关系。方法70例冠心病患者分别于术前、冠状动脉造影后、球囊扩张后采集冠状静脉窦血,采用放射免疫法测定肾上腺髓质素、肿瘤坏死因子α的浓度。术后6个月或有心肌缺血复发证据时复查冠状动脉造影。结果随访发现,再狭窄发生率为21.4%(15/70),再狭窄组术前及冠状动脉造影后冠状动脉循环中肾上腺髓质素、肿瘤坏死因子α含量与无再狭窄组无明显差异(P>0.05),球囊扩张后再狭窄组冠状动脉循环中肾上腺髓质素、肿瘤坏死因子α含量分别为40.1±1.1pg/L和15.0±0.4pg/L,明显高于无再狭窄组(肾上腺髓质素为35.8±1.6pg/L,肿瘤坏死因子α为10.6±0.4pg/L),两组的差异有非常显著性统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论球囊扩张后冠状动脉循环中肾上腺髓质素和肿瘤坏死因子α水平与术后再狭窄关系密切,可作为预测经皮腔内冠状动脉介入术后再狭窄的参考指标。     

肾上腺髓质素与肺动脉高压

肾上腺髓质素是一种新发现的降压肽,广泛分布于体内多种脏器,具有调节动脉血压、细胞增殖等作用。肺脏是肾上腺髓质素生成和代谢的重要器官。肺动脉高压时血清中肾上腺髓质素浓度明显升高,其mRNA在右心室表达增加,外源性的肾上腺髓质素能扩张在体和离体的肺动脉,降低肺动脉压,增加肺血流量,认为肾上腺髓质素在肺动脉高压的代偿机制中起重要作用,并有望用于治疗肺动脉高压。     

胰腺内分泌肿瘤ghrelin和受体GHS-R1A的表达及患者血浆ghrelin、瘦素水平

目的 检测胰腺内分泌肿瘤患者血浆及肿瘤组织ghrelin水平、血浆瘦素水平,探讨它们之间的关系及临床意义.方法 采用ELISA法检测11例胰腺内分泌肿瘤患者的术前血浆ghrelin及瘦素水平,以28例正常志愿者作为对照.免疫组织化学染色法检测11个肿瘤和27个对照组织ghrelin及其受体GHS-R1A的表达.并与临床病理资料进行相关分析.结果 胰腺内分泌肿瘤患者血浆ghrelin水平为(16.0±5.0)pg/ml,显著低于对照组的(21.0±2.0)pg/ml(P=0.047);瘦素水平为(0.34±0.03)ng/ml,与对照组的(0.38±0.04)ng/ml无显著差异.肿瘤患者的血浆ghrelin与瘦素水平呈正相关(P=0.015),但与各项临床病理指标均不相关;对照组的血浆瘦素水平与体重指数呈正相关(P=0.002),而肿瘤患者两者不相关.肿瘤组织ghrelin的表达率明显低于对照组织(64%对100%,P=0.004),而GHS-R1A的表达率与对照组无显著差异.肿瘤组织ghrelin和GHS-R 1A的表达与各项临床病理指标均不相关.结论 胰腺内分泌肿瘤表达ghrelin及GHS-R1A,患者血浆ghrelin及瘦素水平发生变化.     

实验性高血压大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后肾上腺髓质素及其mRNA的表达

目的探讨肾上腺髓质素与脑缺血再灌注损伤及高血压的关系。方法应用改良Kellen的方法制备实验性高血压大鼠,采用栓线法制成大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型,阻断血流2 h后进行再灌注。免疫组织化学法检测高血压大鼠与非高血压大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后肾上腺髓质素阳性细胞百分率并进行比较,逆转录聚合酶链反应检测大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后脑组织肾上腺髓质素mRNA表达的情况。结果正常大鼠脑内有肾上腺髓质素mRNA表达,假手术后肾上腺髓质素mRNA表达略有增加,但与正常对照组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05);大鼠脑缺血再灌注后肾上腺髓质素mRNA过表达,与正常对照组及假手术组相比差异有显著性(均P<0.05);大鼠脑缺血再灌注后,缺血侧及缺血对侧肾上腺髓质素mRNA均有高表达,但以缺血侧最显著(P<0.05)。正常对照组和假手术组大鼠大脑组织中均有肾上腺髓质素阳性细胞表达,肾上腺髓质素阳性细胞百分率分别为2.87%±0.78%和2.47%±0.59%(P>0.05)。缺血再灌注非高血压组肾上腺髓质素阳性细胞高表达,以缺血侧为明显,阳性细胞百分率为59.42%±3.71%,缺血对侧亦明显,阳性细胞百分率为36.87%±5.28%,两者相比差异有显著性(P<0.05),与假手术组及正常对照组相比差异也有显著性(P<0.05)。比较高血压组与非高血压组肾上腺髓质素阳性细胞百分率发现,高血压组肾上腺髓质素阳性细胞百分率(缺血侧为78.60%±4.82%,缺血对侧为57.52%±5.22%)明显高于非高血压组(P<0.05)。结论脑缺血再灌注后肾上腺髓质素及其mRNA高表达。高血压组肾上腺髓质素的高表达更显著。肾上腺髓质素与脑缺血再灌注损伤相关,与高血压血管内皮损伤有关。     

肾上腺髓质素与肺动脉高压

肾上腺髓质素是一种新发现的降压肽，广泛分布于体内多种脏器具有调节动脉血压、细胞增殖等作用。肺脏是肾上腺南素生成和代谢的重要器官。肺动脉高压时血清中肾上腺髓质纱深度明显升高，其ｍＲＮＡ在右心室表达啬外源性的肾上腺髓质素能扩张在体和离体的肺动脉，降低肺动脉压，啬肺血流量，认为肾上腺髓质素在肺动脉高压的代偿机制中起重要作用，并有望用于治疗肺动脉高压。     

胰岛素瘤患者血清胰多肽水平测定及其意义

背景：胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺内分泌肿瘤之一。血清胃肠激素水平升高可作为胰腺内分泌肿瘤的定性诊断指标之一。目前鲜有文献报道胰多肽在胰岛素瘤患者体内的变化。目的：探讨胰多肽作为胰岛素瘤患者尤其是血清胰岛素水平正常者的辅助诊断指标的可能性。方法：选取2003年9月～2007年7月于北京协和医院确诊的26例胰岛素瘤患者的术前血清标本，26例正常志愿者的血清标本作为对照，以酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）检测血清胰多肽水平，并分析其与患者临床病理特征和血清胰岛素水平的关系。结果：胰岛素瘤患者的血清胰多肽水平显著高于正常对照组[（1617．3±558．5）pg/ml对（424．7±48．1）pg／m1]（P=0．043）。血清胰多肽水平与患者的临床病理特征和血清胰岛素水平均不相关。结论：尚不能确定胰多肽是否可以作为胰岛素瘤患者尤其是血清胰岛素正常者的辅助诊断指标。     

慢性充血性心衰者血清生长激素与肿瘤坏死因子水平变化及意义

目的：研究慢性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清生长激素（GH）及肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）的含量变化及意义。方法：应用放射免疫法测定36例CHF患者及30例健康体检者的血清GH及TNF-α含量,并比较两组的含量。结果：与健康体检者比较,CHF患者血清GH[（1.91±0.67）ng/ml∶（4.87±1.64）ng/ml]、TNF-α[（19.23±6.78）fmol/ml∶（44.64±19.48）fmol/ml]浓度显著升高（P〈0.01）;TNF-α水平随心功能分级增高而增高,心衰各组间差异显著（P〈0.05~0.01）。结论：结果提示血清生长激素和肿瘤坏死因子α均与心衰的发生和发展有关,肿瘤坏死因子α与心功能状态有关。     

血浆大内皮素-1浓度在慢性心力衰竭诊断中的应用

目的观察慢性心力衰竭患者血浆中大内皮素-1(big ET-1)浓度的变化及其与NYHA心功能分级的关系并评价其临床应用价值。方法采用ELISA法定量检测不同NYHA心功能分级下的慢性心力衰竭患者血浆big ET-1浓度。结果心衰患者血浆big ET-1浓度与健康对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(3.84±1.90 fmol/ml Vs 2.11±0.48 fmol/ml,P=0.000)。不同NYHA心功能分级心衰患者big ET-1水平比较发现,各级间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(F=37.345,P=0.000),并且随着心衰严重程度加重即NYHA心功能分级的升高而显著增高。多元逐步回归与相关分析结果显示:慢性心衰患者血浆big ET-I浓度与NYHA心功能分级间成良好的正相关(r=0.556,P<0.001)。ROC曲线分析显示血浆big ET-I浓度以2.41 fmol/ml为诊断心衰的cutoff值时,灵敏度83%,特异度73%,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.873(95%可信区间:0.817～0.930)。结论慢性心衰患者血浆big ET-1浓度能够比较准确、客观地反映患者的心衰严重程度,可在心功能评价中发挥一定的作用,是一项辅助诊断心衰的良好血液指标。     

原发性高血压患者左室肥厚与血浆肾上腺髓质素前体N端20肽的关系

目的:探讨原发性高血压(EH)患者血浆中肾上腺髓质素前体N端20肽(PAMP)与左室肥厚的相互关系。方法:观察62例EH患者血浆PAMP的变化以及与左室重量指数之间的关系。结果:经超声心动图检查显示,62例EH患者中伴左室肥厚者42例,无左室肥厚患者20例。EH伴左室肥厚患者血浆PAMP浓度较无左室肥厚患者明显增高(65·8±12·0)∶(60·8±9·0)ng/L,P<0·05。结论:EH患者血浆PAMP的升高可能为机体的代偿反应,有助于改善患者的预后。     

在急性冠脉综合征测定肾上腺髓质素和超敏C反应蛋白的意义

目的：探讨在急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者测定肾上腺髓质素（ADM）和超敏 C-反应蛋白（hsCRP）的意义。方法：选择51例经冠脉造影排除冠心病的住院患者（非冠心病组）和124例经冠脉造影确诊为 ACS的患者（ACS组）。测定非冠心病组冠脉造影前后及 ACS组冠脉介入治疗前后 ADM和 hsCRP 的浓度,并进行统计学比较。结果：在造影/介入治疗前,与非冠心病组比较,ACS组 ADM [（28.7±1.6）pg/ml比（36.7±2.5）pg/ml]和 hsCRP [（4.74±3.21）mg/L比（27.65±11.76）mg/L]水平明显升高（P＜0.05或＜0.01）。与冠脉介入前比较,ACS组在冠脉介入后 ADM [（36.7±2.5）pg/ml比（47.1±5.3）pg/ml]和 hsCRP [（27.65±11.76）mg/L比（39.53±4.83）mg/L]水平显著上升（P均＜0.01）,且显著高于非冠心病组（P＜0.05-＜0.01）。非冠心病组在冠脉造影前后 ADM和 hsCRP水平无统计学差异（P均＞0.05）。结论：测定肾上腺髓质素联合超敏 C-反应蛋白水平有助于急性冠脉综合征早期诊断及其病变严重程度判断。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.