昂丹司琼用于胃癌根治术后静脉自控镇痛对恶心呕吐的影响

目的观察昂丹司琼用于胃癌根治术后静脉自控镇痛（pafients-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA）对术后恶心呕吐的影响。方法根据术后静脉自控镇痛给药方式不同将胃癌根治术病人90例随机分为3组,A组（昂丹司琼组,n=31）：芬太尼1mg＋昂丹司琼16mg;B组（氟哌利多组,n=30）：芬太尼1mg＋氟哌利多5mg;C组（对照组,n=29）：芬太尼1mg。将上述各组药物加等渗盐水配成100ml。输注速率为2ml／h．单次自控量为2ml。锁定时间15min,维持时间48h。观察病人术后48h恶心、呕吐次数、疼痛程度及镇静评分。结果3组间镇痛评分无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;A组镇静评分小于B组（P〈0。05）;A组及B组术后恶心、呕吐发生率明显小于C组（P〈0．05）。结论昂丹司琼用于胃癌根治术后静脉自控镇痛对术后恶心、呕吐有预防作用,效果与氟哌利多无差异,但对术后镇静作用小于氟哌利多。     

地塞米松强化托烷司琼及昂丹司琼抗术后恶心呕吐作用的研究

目的:研究患者自控镇痛条件下地塞米松是否具有强化托烷司琼、昂丹司琼抗术后恶心呕吐的作用及其对伤口愈合的影响。方法:120例择期接受气管插管全身麻醉手术的患者,ASA～级,年龄18～65岁。随机双盲分为4组,每组30例。对照组A给予托烷司琼5 mg;对照组B给予昂丹司琼4 mg;观察组C给予托烷司琼5 mg加地塞米松5 mg;观察组D给予昂丹司琼4 mg加地塞米松5 mg。观察术后48 h内恶心呕吐情况以及伤口愈合等级、时间。结果:A组与B组C组与D组恶心呕吐差异无显著性;C、D组较A、B组恶心呕吐显著降低;观察组与对照组术后伤口愈合等级、时间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:患者自控镇痛条件下地塞米松5 mg具有明显强化托烷司琼、昂丹司琼抗恶心呕吐的作用,该剂量地塞米松对伤口愈合时间及等级无影响。     

托烷司琼与昂丹司琼预防单髋关节置换患者术后恶心呕吐的比较

目的:比较不同剂量托烷司琼和昂丹司琼在预防术后恶心呕吐(PONV)发生的效果,为临床应用提供参考。方法:选择单髋关节置换术患者178例,18~65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ,随机分为4组。术毕均使用患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA),PCIA药物配方为舒芬太尼2μg·kg-1+氟比洛芬酯4 mg·kg-1(最大至300 mg),加生理盐水至100 m L。其中,泵中止吐药方案,A组:托烷司琼10 mg,B组:托烷司琼15 mg,C组:昂丹司琼12 mg,D组:昂丹司琼16 mg。分别于6、12、24、48 h观察患者恶心、呕吐及相关并发症的发生情况。结果:术后6 h内,A组和B组呕吐发生率及呕吐程度明显低于C组;术后6~12 h内,A组恶心发生率明显低于C组和D组,A组呕吐发生率和呕吐程度明显低于C组(P<0.05)。结论:在单髋关节置换术后PCIA泵中持续输注托烷司琼10 mg可有效预防恶心呕吐。     

昂丹司琼、氟哌利多及氟哌利多复合地塞米松预防剖宫产术后舒芬太尼持续镇痛所致的恶心呕吐

目的探讨昂丹司琼、氟哌利多及氟哌利多复合地塞米松对剖宫产术后舒芬太尼持续镇痛所致的恶心呕吐的预防作用。方法 150例腰-硬联合麻醉下行剖宫产手术的产妇随机分为5组,每组30例:A组于术毕时静脉推注地塞米松10 mg;B组氟哌利多2.5 mg加入舒芬太尼镇痛泵中持续输注;C组昂丹司琼4 mg加入舒芬太尼镇痛泵中持续输注;D组于术毕时单次静脉推注地塞米松5 mg同时将氟哌利多1.25 mg加入舒芬太尼镇痛泵中持续输注;E组于术毕时静脉推注生理盐水4 m L。各组患者均行术后舒芬太尼静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)。观察并记录5组术后24 h内术后恶心呕吐(PONV)评分及疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)。结果 5组间疼痛VAS评分差异无统计学意义。术后24 h内PONV评分E组明显高于A、B、C、D组(P<0.01),A、B、C组明显高于D组(P<0.05)。结论昂丹司琼、氟哌利多、地塞米松均能预防剖宫产术后舒芬太尼持续镇痛所致的恶心呕吐,但氟哌利多复合地塞米松预防效果更佳,不仅减少了单一使用氟哌利多所致的相关并发症而且降低了用药成本。     

地佐辛复合氯胺酮在术后镇痛中的应用

目的：探讨地佐辛复合氯胺酮应用于开胸手术患者术后自控静脉镇痛（ PCIA）的效果。方法选择择期行开胸手术的患者90例,采用随机数表法将患者随机分为三组,每组30例,术后均行PCIA。镇痛药配方分别：A组,地佐辛复合氯胺酮组：地佐辛0．4 mg/kg＋氯胺酮4 mg/kg＋昂丹司琼8 mg＋0．9％氯化钠注射液稀释至100 mL;B组,地佐辛组：地佐辛0．6 mg/kg ＋昂丹司琼8 mg＋0．9％氯化钠注射液稀释至100 mL;C组,芬太尼组：芬太尼15μg/kg＋昂丹司琼8 mg＋0．9％氯化钠注射液稀释至100 mL。术中采用静吸复合全身麻醉,术毕接PCIA镇痛。观察三组患者术后2、4、8、12、24、48 h视觉模拟评分（ VAS）、镇静程度评分（ Ram-say）及不良反应的情况。结果术后4、8、12 h时间点A组和C组VAS评分均低于B组（均P＜0．05）。术后4、8、12 h时间点A组Ramsay评分均高于B组和C组（均P＜0．05）。 C组眩晕、恶心和呕吐发生率均明显高于A、B组（均P＜0．05）。结论地佐辛复合氯胺酮可以安全有效地用于开胸手术术后镇痛,镇痛效果较好,不良反应少。     

阿扎司琼联合地塞米松减少术后PCIA治疗中恶心呕吐的临床观察

目的:观察阿扎司琼联合地塞米松减少术后PCIA治疗中恶心呕吐发生率的临床效果。方法:择期手术后行PCIA的病人108例,ASAI￣Ⅱ级,随机分为三组,每组36例。镇痛药液配方:A组吗啡20mg加芬太尼0.7mg;B组吗啡20mg加芬太尼0.7mg加地塞米松10mg;C组吗啡20mg加芬太尼0.7mg加阿扎司琼10mg加地塞米松10mg。观察术后各组病人镇痛效果和恶心呕吐的发生率。结果:三组病人术后镇痛效果满意,VAS评分各组间比较差异无显著性,B组和C组恶心呕吐发生率均低于A组,与A组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05,P<0.01),C组恶心呕吐发生率明显低于B组(P<0.05),C组呕吐率也明显低于A组(P<0.05)。结论:阿扎司琼联合地塞米松能明显减少术后PCIA治疗中恶心呕吐的发生率。     

多模式术后镇痛改善剖宫产术后母婴生活质量

目的:探讨多模式镇痛硬膜外腔注射小剂量吗啡联合曲马多经静脉患者自控镇痛(PCIA)应用于剖宫产术后的镇痛效果、并发症及母乳喂养的优越性。方法:选择择期剖宫产手术患者360例,随机分为3组,每组120例。A组持续静脉镇痛:舒芬太尼50μg+曲马多500 mg+昂丹司琼5 mg+生理盐水(NS)至160 m L混合液PCIA,背景剂量4 m L/h,病人自控镇痛(PCA)每次2 m L,锁定时间30 min;B组硬膜外镇痛:首剂吗啡2 mg+0.9%NS 5 m L硬膜外腔单次注射,1%罗派卡因200 mg+地塞米松5 mg+0.9%NS混合液160 m L经硬膜外患者自控镇痛(PCEA),背景剂量4 m L/h,PCA每次2 m L,锁定时间30 min;C组硬膜外联合静脉镇痛:硬膜外注射吗啡2 mg+地塞米松5 mg+NS 5 m L联合曲马多500 mg+昂丹司琼5 mg+NS至160 m L混合液PCIA,背景剂量4 m L/h,PCA每次2 m L,锁定时间30 min。观察术后40 h内平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、呼吸(R)、血氧饱和度(Sp O2)、术后视觉模拟评分(VAS)、镇静评分、初乳和母乳喂养时间、并发症的发生率及总体满意度。结果:三组患者均取得良好的镇痛效果,但镇静评分、初乳及母乳喂养时间、不良反应发生率、满意度C组明显优于A组和B组。结论:硬膜外腔注射单次注入小剂量吗啡联合曲马多静脉PCIA镇痛能提高剖宫产术后满意度,降低并发症,缩短初乳及母乳喂养时间。     

右美托咪啶对腹腔镜胃癌根治术后曲马多自控静脉镇痛质量的影响

目的：观察右美托咪啶对腹腔镜胃癌根治术后曲马多自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）质量的影响.方法：择期腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例,采用静吸复合全麻.两组术后均使用电子微量泵静脉镇痛,泵内含曲马多800mg和托烷司琼5 mg,观察组加用右美托咪啶200 μg,观察麻醉开始前（T0）、术后2 h（T1）、4 h（T2）、8 h（T3）、12 h（T4）、24 h（T5）的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、呼吸次数（RR）和脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）及T1～T5时点的VAS,记录术后24 h内曲马多用量、PCIA按压次数、术后哌替啶使用例数及心动过缓、低血压、低氧血症、镇静过度、恶心、呕吐等不良反应.结果：观察组T1～T4时点MAP、HR和VAS低于对照组（P＜0.05）;对照组T1～T4时点MAP、HR高于T0和T5 （P＜0.05）;观察组术后24 h内曲马多用量、PCIA按压次数及哌替啶使用例数少于对照组（P＜0.05）,恶心发生率低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论：右美托咪啶可提高腹腔镜胃癌根治术后曲马多PCIA的镇痛效果,减少曲马多用量,降低恶心的发生率.     

氟哌利多复合地塞米松对曲马多镇痛致恶心呕吐的防治作用

目的 观察氟哌利多复合地塞米松对曲马多镇痛所致恶心呕吐的防治作用.方法 80例硬膜外麻醉下剖腹产病人,随机分为4组,每组20例;术后行曲马多病人自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）.对照组（A）给予曲马多500毫克;氟哌利多组（B）给予曲马多500毫克＋氟哌利多5毫克;地塞米松组（C）给予曲马多500毫克＋地塞米松20毫克;氟哌利多复合地塞米松组（D）给予曲马多500毫克＋氟哌利多5毫克＋地塞米松20毫克.观察24小时镇痛情况（VAS评分）及恶心呕吐发生情况.结果 组间镇痛效果（VAS）无明显差异;A组恶心呕吐发生率为35%,明显高于B组（15%）和C组（15%）,P＜0.05;D组恶心呕吐发生率为5%,与A组比较P＜0.01,与B组和C组比较P＜0.05.结论 氟哌利多与地塞米松单独应用均能有效减少曲马多镇痛所致恶心呕吐反应,两药联合应用防治恶心呕吐作用进一步增强.     

氟比洛芬酯舒芬太尼用于妇科术后静脉镇痛研究

目的 比较妇科手术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)中氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼与单纯舒芬太尼的镇痛效果与不良反应.方法 选择妇科手术后行PCIA患者60例,随机平均分为3组.A组术后镇痛给予舒芬太尼150μg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml,B组术后镇痛给予舒芬太尼100μg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml,C组术后镇痛给予舒芬太尼100μg十氟比洛芬酯100mg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml.3组PCIA泵的设置:维持量2ml/h,单次负荷剂量0.5ml,锁定时间15min.观察三组术后2h、4h、8h、24h的镇痛(VAS)评分,PCA按压次数和不良反应发生率.结果 术后2h、4h时B组的VAS显著高于A和C组(P＜0.05),而4h后的VAS三组间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).24h内PCA按压次数B组显著大于A和C组(P＜0.05).B和C组药物不良反应发生率显著低于A组(P＜0.05).镇痛期间无呼吸抑制和异常出血等并发症发生.结论 氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼用于妇科手术后PCIA的镇痛效果良好,可明显减少舒芬太尼的用量和不良反应发生率.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.