水飞蓟宾类黄酮木质素衍生物的研究进展

水飞蓟是多国药典收载的天然药物,具有抗氧化、抗纤维化、抗炎、免疫调节以及肝细胞再生作用,临床用于治疗肝炎、脂肪肝、肝硬化、缺血性损伤、辐射损伤等。近期随着水飞蓟宾以抗肿瘤新药进入Ⅱ期临床试验,对其衍生物、构效关系以及抗氧化机制等的研究进入加速阶段。本文综述了近年来水飞蓟宾和脱氢水飞蓟宾的近百种衍生物及其活性研究结果 ,并对该类黄酮木质素类化合物今后的发展和设计研究状况做一概述。     

水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物红外光谱和磷核磁共振波谱特征

目的确定水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物(SLC)中水飞蓟宾与卵磷脂之间是以共价键还是以其他次级键结合.方法应用红外光谱、磷核磁共振波谱方法对本室合成的水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物进行检测分析.结果水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂复合物具有水飞蓟宾和卵磷脂的红外光谱特征,其磷核磁共振波谱显示水飞蓟宾和卵磷脂间以非共价键结合.结论水飞蓟宾-卵磷脂是以非共价键结合,未形成新的化合物,二者自身化学性质在体内不会改变.     

2，3-脱氢水飞蓟宾的合成

以水飞蓟宾为原料合成２,３－脱氢水飞蓟宾,收率达８０％,对水飞蓟宾和２,３－ 脱氢水飞蓟宾进行了抗氧化药理实验,水飞蓟宾的抗质过氧化物活性强于２,３－脱氢水飞蓟宾。     

水飞蓟宾—卵磷脂复合物红外光谱和磁核磁共振波谱特征

目的：研究水飞蓟滨－卵磷脂复合物（SLC）中水飞蓟宾与卵磷脂之间是以共价键还是以其他次级键结合。方法；应用红外光谱、磷核磁共振波谱方法对本室合成的水飞蓟宾－卵磷脂复合物进行检测分析。结果：水飞蓟宾－卵脂复合物具有水飞蓟宾和卵磷脂的红外光谱特征，其磷核磁共振波谱显示水飞蓟宾和卵磷脂间以非共价键结合。结论：水飞蓟宾－卵磷脂是以非共价键结合，未形成新的化合物，二者自身化学性质在体内不会改变。     

水飞蓟宾的抗肿瘤、抗氧化和免疫调节分子药理学机制研究进展

 水飞蓟宾 (silibinin) 来源于菊科植物水飞蓟 (Silybum marianum), 为黄酮木脂素类化合物, 具有明显抗氧化和抗炎的特性, 临床上作为保肝药物长期应用于中国、德国和日本等国家。近年来发现水飞蓟宾有明显的抗肿瘤活性, 其主要机制为抑制肿瘤受体型酪氨酸激酶 (receptor tyrosine kinase, RTK) 的活性, 如抑制表皮生长因子受体1 (epidermal growth factor receptor 1, EGFR) 和胰岛素样生长因子1受体 (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, IGF-1R) 及其下游信号分子的活化。同时因为发现水飞蓟宾对羟自由基 (•OH) 的选择性清除, 以及对核因子κB (nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB) 的特异性抑制, 使其抗氧化和抗炎的分子机制更为明确。一些新的发现如水飞蓟宾通过抑制氧化应激和炎症反应而改善β-淀粉样蛋白 (amyloid β protein, Aβ) 引起的认知功能障碍等对拓展水飞蓟宾的药用前景具有重要价值。本文对水飞蓟宾的分子药理机制进行总结, 主要从水飞蓟宾抑制肿瘤RTK信号转导、抗氧化与自由基清除、调节免疫与炎症3个方面进行了阐述。     

水飞蓟素抗肝损伤及治疗糖尿病并发症作用的研究

主要综述近3年水飞蓟素、水飞蓟宾和水飞蓟宾-磷脂复合物在药理和临床上新的应用。这些化合物具有抗氧化、抗脂质过氧化、抗纤维化、抗炎症、细胞膜稳定、免疫调节和肝再生等活性。它们最常用作肝保护剂,也应用于拮抗糖化氧化和胰岛素增敏活性以及抗糖尿病、治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝病。     

水飞蓟素抗肝损伤及治疗糖尿病并发症作用的研究

主要综述近3年水飞蓟素、水飞蓟宾和水飞蓟宾-磷脂复合物在药理和临床上新的应用.这些化合物具有抗氧化、抗脂质过氧化、抗纤维化、抗炎症、细胞膜稳定、免疫调节和肝再生等活性.它们最常用作肝保护剂,也应用于拮抗糖化氧化和胰岛素增敏活性以及抗糖尿病、治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝病.     

水飞蓟宾分散片的制备及体外溶出度研究

目的 制备水飞蓟宾分散片并考察其体外溶出行为,改变难溶性中药有效成分水飞蓟宾的溶出和吸收.方法 以微晶纤维素为填充剂,交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、低取代羟丙基纤维素为崩解剂,制备水飞蓟宾分散片.以水飞蓟宾30 min的累积溶出百分率为考察指标,采用正交设计法筛选最优处方.结果 获得了水飞蓟宾分散片各辅料配比的最佳处方.结论 按优化的处方工艺制备的水飞蓟宾分散片能符合规定,可操作性强,重复性好,适合工业化生产的要求.     

水飞蓟宾对阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠学习记忆功能及对神经细胞内活性氧的影响

目的探讨水飞蓟宾对阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠行为的改善作用及对神经细胞内自由基的清除情况。方法大鼠60只,采用皮下注射东莨菪碱致AD模型,随机分为模型组、空白对照组、水飞蓟宾高中低剂量组及阳性对照多奈哌齐组,用Morris水迷宫法,检测大鼠的学习记忆能力。另外采用过氧化试剂诱导人神经母细胞瘤细胞(SH-SY5Y)过氧化损伤通过流式细胞仪检测水飞蓟宾对活性氧自由基的清除能力。结果模型组与空白对照组比学习记忆能力显著下降,治疗组与模型组比学习记忆能力得到显著改善,同时体外实验证实水飞蓟宾能显著降低细胞内的自由基水平。结论水飞蓟宾对AD有较好的改善作用,其机制可能与其抗自由基活性有关。     

水飞蓟宾对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放纤维化因子的影响

目的：研究水飞蓟宾对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放纤维化因子的影响。方法：小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞先后用卡西霉素和脂多糖刺激培养24h诱导纤维化因子。巨噬细胞培养上清中促胶原合成活性和转化生长因子p活性分别采用^3H-脯氨酸掺入法和雕肺上皮My-1-Lu细胞测定。结果：水飞蓟宾（6．25—50μg／mL）以浓度依赖方式抑制巨噬细胞产生胶原刺激活性和转化生长因子β1。结论：水飞蓟宾减少巨噬细胞释放促纤维化因子可能是其保肝抗硬化机制之一。     

难溶性药物水飞蓟宾固体分散体的制备及评价(英文)

采用溶剂法制备水飞蓟宾的PVP K30固体分散体以提高其溶解度和溶出速率;通过平衡溶解度、溶出速率、DSC和FTIR等方法验证和定性分析制备的固体分散体。水飞蓟宾的固体分散体与原料药及物理混合物相比,改善了药物的溶解度和溶出速率。DSC曲线显示水飞蓟宾的吸热峰消失,表明水飞蓟宾以无定形物分散于载体材料中;FTIR的研究结果表明水飞蓟宾的羟基和PVP K30的羰基发生了反应。固体分散技术可应用于难溶性药物以改善其体外溶出及进一步的体内吸收。     

The preparation of silybin-phospholipid complex and the study on its pharmacokinetics in rats

The aim of the present study was to find a way of prepare silybin-phospholipid complex to make oral bioavailability of silybin increase and to study its physicochemical properties and to compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability after oral administration of silybin-phospholipid complex and silybin-N-methylglucamine in rats. Using ethanol as a reaction medium, silybin and phospholipids were resolved into the medium, after the organic solvent was removed under vacuum condition, silybin-phospholipid complex was formed. The new complex's physicochemical properties including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), solubility, dissolution, etc., were tested. The concentrations of silybin after oral administration of silybin-phospholipid complex and silybin-N-methylglucamine at different time in rats were determined by RP-HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters were computed by software program 3p97. Our data showed that silybin and phospholipids in the silybin-phospholipid complex were combined by non-covalent-bond, not forming a new compound and the solubility of silybin-phospholipid complex in water and in n-octanol was effectively enhanced. We found that mean plasma concentration-time curve of silybin after oral administration of silybin-phospholipid complex and silybin-N-methylglucamine in rats was both in accordance with open single-compartment model with first-order absorption. Pharmacokinetic parameters of silybin in rats were Tmax 10 and 5 min; Cmax 126.72 and 104.29 ng ml(-1); AUC(0-infinity) 1020.33 and 235.81 ng ml(-1)h, respectively. The bioavailability of silybin in rats was increased remarkably after oral administration of silybin-phospholipid complex comparing to silybin-N-methylglucamine. This was mainly due to an impressive improvement of the lipophilic property of silybin-phospholipid complex and improvement of the biological effect of silybin.     

Influence of silybin on biophysical properties of phospholipid bilayers1／

AIM: Silybin (silibinin) is major biologically active flavonolignan extracted from milk thistle (Sylibum marianum). Its biological activities include hepato-protection, anticancer properties, and antioxidant- and membrane-stabilizing functions. Although membranes are postulated to be one of the cellular targets for silybin, little is known about its interaction with phospholipid bilayers. METHODS: In the present work, the interactions of silybin with phosphatidylcholine bilayers were studied in detail using fluorescence spectroscopy, microcalorimetry and electron spin resonance techniques. RESULTS: The results showed that silybin interacted with the surface of lipid bilayers. It affected the generalized polarization of the fluorescent probe Prodan, while not influencing the more deeply located Laurdan. Silybin lowered the main phospholipid phase transition temperature as judged by microcalorimetry, and caused the immobilization of spin probe Tempo-palmitate located on the surface of membranes. The mobility of spin probes 5- and 16-doxyl stearic acid was not affected by silybin. Silybin-induced quenching of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene fluorescence indicated that some flavonoid molecules partitioned into the hydrophobic region of membranes, which did not change significantly the biophysical properties of the deeper membrane regions. CONCLUSION: Such a behavior of silybin in membranes is in accordance with its postulated biological functions and neglectable side effects of therapies using silybin.     

Preparation and properties of a silybin-phospholipid complex

Due to its poor solubility in water and oil, silybin is hardly absorbed orally and cannot be dissolved directly for parenteral preparations. In this study, a silybin-phospholipid complex was prepared by single-factor design and orthogonal experimental design. Lipophilicity was improved to a large extent, which was determined by solubility experiments and oil/water partition studies. Various methods were used to confirm the formation and explore the properties of the silybin-phospholipid complex, such as UV, IR, ATR, CNMR, XRD,DSC, SEM and TEM. The structure of the phytosome when the complex was dispersed in aqueous solution is suggested.     

Solubility of silybin in aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) solution

Silybin is a main component in silymarin, which is an antihepatotoxic polyphenolic substance isolated from the milk thistle plant, Silybum marianum. A major problem in the development of an oral solid dosage form of this drug is the extremely poor aqueous solubility. In present work, the solubility of silybin in aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) 6,000 (PEG 6,000) solution at the temperature range from 293.15 to 313.15K was measured by a solid liquid equilibrium method. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible effect of poly(ethylene glycol) concentration and temperature on the solubility of the drug, and to reveal the solubilization capacity of the polymer for the drug. Experimental results reveal that the solubility of silybin increases with the increase both in PEG's concentration and temperature. With the increase in PEG's concentration, the transfer enthalpy and entropy for silybin from water to aqueous PEG solution increases first in a positive region, and then decreases to a negative region. The transfer enthalpy is lower than the entropy term. A modified Universal Quasi Chemical (UNIQUAC) model was used to correlate solubility data.     

水飞蓟素原料药及其制剂体外溶出的研究

目的考察水飞蓟素及其制剂(片剂和胶囊剂)的体外溶出度。方法参照美国药典桨法,以人工胃液(SGF)、模拟空腹状态下的肠流质(FaSSIF)、模拟进食状态下的肠流质(FeSSIF)为试验介质分别进行体外溶出实验,采用LC-ESI-MS技术测定水飞蓟素中3种主要成分(水飞蓟宁、水飞蓟宾A和水飞蓟宾B)的体外溶出度。结果水飞蓟素溶解度低,溶出慢,不同制剂在不同介质中的体外溶出速率存在差异,制剂的体外溶出与原料药物的溶出及溶解度有一定的相似性。结论制剂的溶出可以指导体内试验与临床用药,原料药物的溶出及溶解度测定可以指导制剂的溶出测定。     

Silybin and silymarin--new and emerging applications in medicine

This review critically surveys the literature published mainly within this millennium on the new and emerging applications of silybin (pure, chemically defined substance) and silymarin (flavonoid complex from Silybum marianum - milk thistle seeds). These compounds used so far mostly as hepatoprotectants were shown to have other interesting activities, e.g. anticancer and canceroprotective and also hypocholesterolemic activity. These effects were demonstrated in a large variety of illnesses of different organs, e.g. prostate, lungs, CNS, kidneys, pancreas and also in the skin protection. Besides the cytoprotective activity of silybin mediated by its antioxidative and radical-scavenging properties also new functions based on the specific receptor interaction were discovered. These were studied on the molecular level and modulation of various cell-signaling pathways with silybin was disclosed--e.g. NF-kappaB, inhibition of EGFR-MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling, activity upon Rb and E2F proteins, IGF-receptor signaling. Proapoptotic activity of silybin in pre- and/or cancerogenic cells and anti-angiogenic activity of silybin are other important findings that bring silymarin preparations closer to respective application in the cancer treatment. Discovery of the inhibition and modulation of drug transporters, P-glycoproteins, estrogenic receptors, nuclear receptors by silybin and some of its new derivatives contribute further to the better understanding of silybin activity on the molecular level. Silymarin application in veterinary medicine is reviewed as well. Recent works using optically pure silybin diastereomers clearly indicate extreme importance of the use of optically active silybin namely in the receptor studies. Significance of silymarin and its components in the medicine is clearly indicated by an exponential growth of publications on this topic--over 800 papers in the last 5 years.     

Investigations on the actions of silybin on regenerating rat liver. Effects on Kupffer's cells

Studies were conducted on the effects of silybin upon the biological activities of Kupffer's cells in regenerating livers of rats subjected to partial hepatectomy. As far as proliferative activity is concerned, which was assessed by the colchicine stathmokinetic method on Kupffer's cells isolated from the liver by enzymatic digestion, it was appreciably increased in rats treated with silybin in respect of controls. Phagocytic and bactericidal activities were not modified. The increased mitotic activity induced on Kupffer's cells by silybin was interpreted as a further expression of the effectiveness of silybin on the cellular components of the liver.     

Synthesis and antiangiogenic activity of new silybin galloyl esters

The synthesis of various silybin monogalloyl esters was developed, and their antiangiogenic activities were evaluated in a variety of in vitro tests with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study found the regioselectivity of the silybin galloylation to be highly significant. Silybin (as an equimolar mixture of two diastereomers A and B) exhibited quite poor antiangiogenic activities, whereas its B stereoisomer is more active than silybin A. The galloylation of phenolic OH groups of natural silybin (a mixture of both isomers) leads to increases in their antiangiogenic activities, which is more apparent with the 7-OH than the 20-OH. In contrast, gallates at aliphatic OH groups either had a comparable activity to the parent compound or are even worse than silybin, which was observed in the case of 3-O-galloylsilybin. The most effective compound from this series (7-O-galloylsilybin) has also been prepared from stereochemically pure silybins A and B to evaluate the effect of stereochemistry on the activity. As with silybin itself, the B isomer of 7-O-galloylsilybin was more active than the A isomer.     

水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物的制备与大鼠生物利用度的研究

目的制备水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物并对其理化性质进行考察，比较水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物与水飞蓟宾原料在大鼠体内的生物利用度。方法以丙酮为溶剂，加入水飞蓟宾和大豆磷脂，充分搅拌至澄清，真空干燥即得黄白色固体；用DSC，UV，IR等方法测定水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物的理化性质；两组大鼠分别灌胃给予水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物和水飞蓟宾原料后，用RP-HPLC法测定不同时间血浆中总的和游离的水飞蓟宾的浓度，通过3P97程序计算药代动力学参数。结果研究表明水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物是以非共价键结合，而不是新的化合物；水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物明显改善了水飞蓟宾在水中及正辛醇中的溶解性能；大鼠灌胃给予水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物，体内吸收符合一级吸收一室模型，血浆中游离药物和总的药物浓度的T_max分别为10 min和2 h；C_max分别为0.11和1.08 μg·mL^-1；T_1/2分别为2.18和3.84 h；AUC_0～∞分别为1.71和12.94 μg·mL^-1·h，而给予水飞蓟宾原料，大鼠体内吸收的浓度在检测限以下，不能测定。结论水飞蓟宾磷脂复合物与水飞蓟宾原料相比亲脂性显著增加，从而增强了水飞蓟宾在胃肠道中的吸收，提高了水飞蓟宾的口服生物利用度。