成人移植婴幼儿供肾术后移植肾动脉狭窄

目的探讨成人受者接受小儿供肾移植术后发生的移植肾动脉狭窄临床特点、病因、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析2014年7月至2019年3月在华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院泌尿外科进行的25例小儿供者整块双肾移植和27例小儿供者单肾移植的临床资料(受者均≥18岁)。结果其中1例双肾移植成人受者(4.0%)和2例单肾移植受者(7.4%)在移植术后13～23个月诊断为移植肾动脉狭窄, 高于同期接受成人供肾的成人受者移植肾动脉狭窄率(1.1%)。移植肾动脉狭窄成人受者与非狭窄组比较, 其供者年龄更小(P<0.05), 但是供者、受者体重差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。狭窄部位内径1.40～1.63 mm, 均为移植肾动脉自供者腹主动脉起始部而非吻合口本身。肾动脉非狭窄段内径2.31～4.93 mm, 与相应年龄小儿正常肾动脉一致。3例移植肾动脉狭窄受者行经皮腔内血管成形及支架置入术后均得到有效治疗。结论移植肾动脉狭窄的原因可能与过度剥离肾动脉周围组织, 影响其术后继续发育相关。谨慎选择成人受者接受婴儿单供肾, 保留肾动脉周围组织可能有助于预防移植肾动脉狭窄。     

儿童供肾给儿童肾移植术后肾动脉狭窄5例

目的分析儿童供肾给儿童肾移植术后移植肾动脉狭窄的临床特点, 探讨其发生发展的可能影响因素。方法回顾性总结华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院2014年5月1日至2021年6月30日期间89例儿童供肾给儿童肾移植受者随访过程中发生移植肾动脉狭窄的临床资料, 中位随访29个月内共发生移植肾动脉狭窄5例(5.6%)。5例儿童供者、受者的中位年龄分别为9个月和11岁, 2例为双供肾移植, 3例为单供肾移植, 肾动脉均采用端侧吻合。诊断移植肾动脉狭窄的中位时间为术后10个月(3～60个月), 除1例3岁受者发生时间较早外, 余4例均发生在儿童受者肾移植后的快速生长期, 身高最大增幅为30 cm。5例中3例有移植部位的再次手术史, 包括同侧再次肾移植手术1例和移植肾尿路重建术2例。5例儿童受者均表现为高血压、2例伴血肌酐升高。4例彩色多普勒超声检测移植肾动脉流速>300 cm/s, 5例CT血管造影或磁共振血管造影均示移植肾动脉狭窄, 程度50%～95%。结果 4例行球囊扩张后2例显著缓解, 1例复发后经支架置入好转, 1例效果不明显而最终移植肾功能丧失。1例观察6个月后狭窄自行部分缓解而暂未...     

移植肾动脉血流峰值速度加快与移植肾动脉狭窄相关性研究

目的:探讨肾移植术后半年内移植肾动脉血流峰值速度加快与移植肾动脉狭窄相关性。方法:回顾性分析我院102例肾移植患者术后半年内移植肾多普勒超声图像检查结果及临床资料,比较患者收缩期血流峰值速度(PSV)、血压及移植肾功能。结果:102例患者中,有27例患者出现较高的PSV,其中4例患者呈现持续性PSV升高,经行移植肾动脉造影检查而确诊为移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS),行经皮肾动脉支架植入术(PTRAS)后,PSV降至正常,血压恢复正常,随访6~13个月未见狭窄复发。结论:在肾移植术后半年内,移植肾动脉PSV加快未必是肾动脉狭窄,可先随访观察,若超声提示PSV呈持续性升高,尤其是伴顽固性高血压,则需行移植肾动脉造影明确是否是TRAS。PTRAS是TRAS安全有效的治疗方法。     

动脉内支架植入术在移植肾动脉狭窄治疗中的应用

移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)是肾移植术后常见的外科并发症之一，动脉内支架植入术(PTRAS)可以有效地对移植肾动脉狭窄进行治疗。我院采用PTRAS先后对14例移植肾动脉狭窄患者进行治疗，疗效颇佳。有关资料报道如下：     

儿童供肾移植后肾动脉狭窄的处理经验

目的回顾性分析儿童供肾移植后肾动脉狭窄的诊疗经验。方法收集2018年1月至2021年10月海军军医大学附属长海医院的儿童(供、受者年龄≤18周岁)肾移植114例。根据受者彩色多普勒超声结果分为正常组80例和流速增快组34例。根据是否存在血压升高、肾功能不稳定等移植肾动脉狭窄(transplant renal artery stenosis, TRAS)的相关临床表现, 将流速增快组患者分为有症状组(13例)和无症状组(21例), 分析总结可能引起儿童移植肾动脉狭窄的风险因素。结果 114例儿童肾移植受者中男性65例, 女性49例, 男女受者出现移植肾动脉流速增快比例明显不同(38.5%和18.4%, P=0.02)。各组受者月龄、体重差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。有症状组供者的平均年龄10.4个月、体重9 kg明显低于正常组(平均年龄65.3个月, 体重21.0 kg)和无症状组(平均年龄64.4个月, 体重21.2 kg), P值均小于0.01。有症状组动脉最快流速363.5 cm/s明显高于无症状组的228.8 cm/s(P<0.001)。有症状组中6例采用药物治疗...     

移植后的肾动脉狭窄、病因、诊断和预防

肾移植后的动脉狭窄可产生严重的高血压和促使移植失败。为确定与发生肾动脉狭窄(RAS)有关的病原因素,作者复习了319例肾移植的记录。16例发生了动脉狭窄(狭窄的直径<70％)。复习了他们的动脉造影照片,证明7例的肾动脉扭结及/或扭转是狭窄的原因。扭结是由于供者肾动脉过长或是受者腹下动脉转动受限。出现4例吻合后的狭窄,2例很清楚是由于在切取移植肾和冲洗或保存时的肾动脉受伤。因而说明在本组2/3RAS病例没有在移植前切除足够部分的肾动脉。在全部RAS患者均可听到一种杂音。在移植后血压升高的病人组中,RAS组有:(1)较严重的高血压(舒张压119±6对96±6mmHg),     

亲属活体供肾动脉轻度狭窄对肾移植受者术后早期肾功能和并发症的影响

目的探讨亲属活体供肾动脉轻度狭窄对肾移植受者术后早期肾功能和并发症的影响。方法回顾性分析14例供肾动脉轻度狭窄的亲属活体肾移植与50例标准亲属活体肾移植供、受者的临床资料。比较两组供者术后血清肌酐(Scr)水平。比较两组受者术后1、3、6个月的Scr水平;比较两组受者移植肾存活率及移植物功能延迟恢复(DGF)、急性排斥反应、肺部感染的发生率。结果两组供者术后Scr水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。两组术后1、3、6个月Scr水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。两组受者移植肾存活率,DGF、急性排斥反应、肺部感染的发生率比较,差异亦均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。结论亲属活体供肾动脉轻度狭窄对肾移植受者术后肾功能和并发症的影响不大,可纳入标准供体供肾范围。     

移植肾动脉狭窄的诊治(附3例报告)

目的探讨移植肾动脉狭窄的诊治方法. 方法回顾性分析253例肾移植术后发生的3例移植肾动脉狭窄(transplant renal artery stenosis, TRAS)的诊治经过. 结果 3例TRAS均发生于肾移植术后半年内,经彩超和肾动脉造影确诊.3例均行经皮穿刺移植肾动脉球囊扩张成形(percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty, PTRA)和血管内支架置入,获临床治愈.随访15～24个月,无TRAS复发,移植肾功能正常. 结论彩超是筛选TRAS的首选检查方法,肾动脉造影是TRAS的确诊手段.PTRA/血管内支架置入是治疗TRAS的安全、有效和首选方法.     

移植肾动脉狭窄的诊断与治疗

目的　探讨移植肾动脉狭窄 (TRAS)的诊断与治疗方法。　方法　对 8例TRAS患者的临床表现、辅助检查及治疗情况进行回顾性分析并结合文献复习。　结果　 8例经彩超检查 ,5例明确诊断为TRAS ,3例提示移植肾动脉可疑狭窄 ,诊断TRAS的特异性为 78% ,阳性预测值为6 2 %。 7例行经皮穿刺移植肾动脉球囊扩张成形术 (PTRA) ,均获得近期临床治愈 ,随访 3～ 12个月 ,血Cr 186 .2～ 12 1.3μmol/L ;1例切除移植肾。　结论　肾移植术后出现不明原因高血压、突发性尿量减少和血Cr升高应考虑是否有移植肾动脉狭窄。彩超检查可作为筛选及随访手段 ,PTRA可作为TRAS的首选治疗方法。     

移植肾动脉血管并发症29例报道并文献复习

目的总结移植肾动脉血管并发症的临床特点与治疗经验。方法 2007年6月至2014年6月解放军281医院收治的322例肾移植患者中,29例肾移植患者术后出现移植肾动脉血管并发症。对29例移植肾血管并发症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结该病的临床特点及治疗经验。结果移植肾动脉吻合口出血2例,移植肾内动脉痉挛23例,移植肾动脉血栓形成2例,移植肾动脉狭窄2例。移植肾动脉吻合口出血患者为术后动脉吻合口出血,予及时手术探查止血。移植肾内动脉痉挛患者,术中给予抗痉挛处理后移植肾由暗红、质地软转为饱满红润。移植肾动血栓形成患者,确诊后立即进行手术探查,移植肾呈暗红色,恢复血供后仍未恢复正常,予以切除。移植肾动脉狭窄,采用球囊扩张及支架置入术,患者血压恢复正常,肾功能正常。结论移植肾动脉血管并发症进展迅速,病情变化快且后果严重,为降低其发生率,提高治愈率,积极预防和果断处理十分重要。     

Donors with renal artery stenosis: fit to donate

Kidney donation from hypertensive donors is now an accepted norm in live related kidney transplantation. The use of hypertensive donors with renal artery stenosis due to atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia is still debated. The prime concern is about the deleterious effect of hypertension on the donor and the risk of recurrence of such lesions in the solitary kidney. Even as the response of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis to revascularisation is unpredictable, there is an improvement in blood pressure following revascularisation of kidneys with fibro-muscular dysplasia. The first use of such kidney donors was reported in 1984 and, since then, there have been a few reports of successful use of kidneys from donors with renal artery stenosis. We report here two interesting cases of successful transplantation of kidneys from live related kidney donors with hypertension due to renal artery stenosis who became normotensive with good graft function in the recipient. We conclude that moderately hypertensive donors with renal artery stenosis are fit to donate.     

Renal artery revascularization: collaborative approaches for specialists

Endovascular revascularization for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) is the revascularization strategy of choice for patients with hemodynamically and clinically significant renal artery stenosis. Surgical revascularization is reserved for failed endovascular therapy or concomitant abdominal aortic surgery. Endovascular renal artery stenting is associated with excellent technical success, low complication rates, and acceptable long-term patency. This technique has been proven to be beneficial for preserving kidney function and stabilizing or improving blood pressure control in selected patients. Nevertheless, deterioration in kidney function after the procedure in 10% to 20% of cases may limit the immediate benefits of this technique. Atheroembolism appears to play an important role in the cause of kidney dysfunction after renal revascularization. Renal revascularization with a distal embolic protection device is a promising strategy in reducing the risk of atheroembolism and deterioration in kidney function.     

Ex situ surgical repair of complex lesions of the renal artery

Forty one patients underwent ex situ repair of complex renal artery lesions. This series includes 22 males and 19 females, 10 children and 31 adults. Ages of the patients were comprised between 17 months and 70 years. The operated lesions were: --aneurysms of the renal artery and/or of its branches with or without associated stenosis: 16 cases; --spontaneous dissection of the renal artery with extension to the branches: 7 cases; --extensive dysplasia extended to distal branches: 16 cases; --dysplasia of the artery with segmental lesion of the kidney: 2 cases; --reoperation on the renal artery: 2 cases. In all cases, the kidney was exteriorized after transsection of its vessels. It was cooled by perfusion of cold Eurocollins solution. After repair, the kidney was reimplanted either in the lumbar (16 cases) or in the iliac fossa (27 cases). An arterial substitute was used in 32 cases: 26 arterial and 6 venous autografts. No mortality was observed in this series. Two postoperative thromboses occurred leading to kidney loss (4.6%). Segmental thrombosis leading to partial atrophy of the kidney occurred in 3 cases (7%). During the late follow-up, one iterative stenosis was observed and required nephrectomy; two fusiform dilations of venous autografts were also observed. In all other cases (35 patients, 85.3%), repair of the lesion was successful. Ex situ repair must be reserved to: 1) lesions involving several branches of the artery whose repair requires prolonged renal circulatory arrest and 2) lesions profoundly situated in the renal sinus, especially aneurysms, whose repair is difficult by conventional in situ surgery.     

移植肾动脉狭窄的治疗(附四例报告)

移植动脉狭窄处理不当或不及时可导致移植物的丧失。我院于１９９５年１１月～１９９７年１月对４例移植肾动脉狭窄患者，１例行粘连松解术，３例行网状支架植入术，术后血压及肾功能均恢复正常，无并发症，远期效果佳。认为这两种方法是治疗移植肾动脉狭窄的有效方法     

Arterial stenosis complicating renal allotransplantation in man: a study of 38 cases.

Of 306 renal transplantations, stenosis of the artery supplying the grafted kidney was found in 38 patients three months to two years after they had undergone renal transplantation. The diagnosis was made by arteriography done because of refractory hypertension with or without impaired renal function in 36 patients and as a routine investigation in two normotensive patients. The stenosis was corrected surgically in 14 patients, with resultant lasting relief of hypertension in ten patients and improvement of renal function in five out of six patients with impaired renal function. Different types of stenosis were recognized: stenosis of the recipient artery, stenosis of the suture line, stenosis of the donor renal artery (segmental or diffuse) and multiple forms. The most frequent site of stenosis was the donor artery. There seems to be no single cause of stenosis: atheroma of the recipient vessels, faulty suture technique, hemodynamic disturbances, trauma to donor or recipient arteries account for some cases, whereas in other cases the evidence points to an immune mechanism. This complication of renal transplantation may be more frequent than is thought at present; therefore, routine renal arteriography should be performed at repeated intervals in all transplanted patients.     

肾动脉狭窄支架植入后狭窄复发的自体肾移植治疗(附6例报告)

目的：探讨肾动脉狭窄(RAS)经皮支架植入术后狭窄复发的治疗措施。方法：对6例肾动脉内支架植入后再狭窄患者行自体肾移植术治疗。结果：随访8～88个月(平均29个月)，6例自体肾移植后，2例血压转为正常，4例得到改善。3例肾功能不全中，1例改善，2例稳定。结论：自体肾移植术对肾动脉内支架植入后狭窄复发是一种安全、有效的治疗方法，能明显降低血压和改善肾功能，可列为首选。     

Extra-anatomic renal revascularization in patients with renal artery stenosis and abdominal aortic occlusion

Thirteen patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and total abdominal aortic occlusion underwent extra-anatomic surgical renal revascularization without aortic replacement. Renal artery stenosis was present unilaterally (n = 2), bilaterally (n = 7), or in a solitary kidney (n = 4). Surgical renal revascularization was indicated for treatment of severe hypertension in all patients and for preservation of renal function in 10 patients. The level of abdominal aortic occlusion was suprarenal (n = 3), perirenal (n = 2), or infrarenal (n = 8). All patients had extensive collateral vascular supply to the lower extremities with absent (n = 7) or mild (n = 6) claudication. Surgical renal ervascularization was achieved with hepatorenal bypass (n = 6), mesenterorenal bypass (n = 4), or splenorenal bypass (n = 3). None of the patients underwent concomitant aortic replacement. There were no operative deaths. Postoperatively, hypertension was improved in 10 patients, unchanged in 2 patients, and worse in 1 patient. Renal function was improved in 8 patients, stable in 2 patients, and worse in 3 patients. After surgical renal revascularization, no patient required aortic replacement, while 1 patient underwent extra-anatomic revascularization of the lower extremities. We conclude that some patients with renal artery stenosis and abdominal aortic occlusion can be managed by surgical renal revascularization alone without a more extensive and potentially hazardous aortic replacement. In these patients, extra-anatomic techniques can allow safe and successful surgical renal revascularization while avoiding surgery on the diseased aorta.     

Long-term outcome after surgical kidney revascularization for fibromuscular dysplasia and atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis

PURPOSE: At a time of minimally invasive surgery in urology, the role of surgical kidney revascularization in the management of renal artery disease has changed during the last decade. Our experience with surgical kidney revascularization, and the long-term clinical outcomes of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis are reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group comprised 140 patients with renovascular hypertension, 72 with FMD and 68 with atherosclerotic renal artery disease, who underwent surgical revascularization between 1982 and 1999. The indications for surgical revascularization were the treatment of hypertension and the preservation of renal function in 17 patients with renal artery occlusion, 55 with ostial stenosis, 52 with branch stenosis, 6 with bilateral artery stenosis, 7 with solitary kidney renal artery stenosis and 3 with solitary kidney renal artery occlusion. RESULTS: Postoperative blood pressure and renal function were monitored for 1 to 17 years (mean 11.3). Long-term blood pressure control was observed in 93% of patients with FMD and in 71% of those with atherosclerosis. Improvement or stabilization of renal function was observed in 92% of patients with FMD and in 68% of those with atherosclerosis. The preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate compared to postoperative was significantly increased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical kidney revascularization is effective in secondary hypertension with a high long-term efficacy in the normalization of blood pressure and in the preservation of renal function, especially in patients with a solitary or 1 functional kidney.     

Simultaneous aortic and renal artery reconstruction for acute arterial occlusion in solitary kidney

A case is described of the onset of acute renal failure due to renal artery occlusion in a solitary kidney of a sixty-six-year-old woman. She had been treated for severe hypertension due to renal artery stenosis. An aortorenal bypass to revascularized the kidney was combined with repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. There was early and full recovery of renal function in the single kidney, and the patient was completely rehabilitated. Review of the literature shows that an aggressive surgical approach to the management of renal artery occlusion is usually followed by excellent results. The pre-existence of renal artery stenosis encourages the formation of a collateral arterial supply which maintains the nutrition of the kidney almost indefinitely, after renal artery occlusion. Revascularization will result in prompt recovery of renal function.