高血压病中医证型与危险因素相关性研究进展

现代社会,高血压病已成为严重威胁人类健康的重大疾病,其中医辨证分型与心血管危险因素相关性的研究已取得一定的进展,本文从高血压病中医证型的分布及与心血管危险因素的关系方面的研究成果进行总结和阐述,说明高血压病中医证型与危险因素之间存在密切关系,为中医辨证提供客观化依据。     

原发性高血压患者心血管功能与中医辨证关系的研究

目的 应用脉搏波检测技术探讨不同中医证型高血压病患者心血管功能的改变。方法 将100例高血压病患者按中医辨证分为肝火亢盛、阴虚阳亢、痰湿壅盛、阴阳两虚组，并将62例正常血压者设为对照组，应用XXG-E3型心血管功能检测仪分别检测各组心血管功能。结果 高血压病不同中医证型组之间心脏收缩功能、舒张功能、前后负荷、血液流变学指标及血管状态差异均无显著性（P〉0．05），左室后负荷肝火亢盛组明显高于对照组（P〈0．05），右室后负荷阴阳两虚组明显高于对照组（P〈0．05），血液流变学指标肝火亢盛、阴虚阳亢组明显高于对照组（P〈0．05），痰湿壅盛组的体重指数明显高于其他三型及对照组。结论 不同中医证型高血压病患者的心血管功能表现出一定的特征；（2）体重指数、脉压及脉压指数与中医辨证关系密切；（3）脉搏波检测技术作为临床心血管功能的检验手段之一，具有相当的应用价值。     

不同年龄高血压病患者心血管功能变化特点的研究

目的探讨不同年龄高血压病患者心血管功能的改变。方法将100例高血压病患者按年龄分为高血压病中年组、老年组，并将62例健康体检者设为对照组，应用XXG～E3型心血管功能检测仪分别检测各组心血管功能。结果高血压病老年组心脏收缩功能、前后负荷及血液流变学指标均高于正常对照老年组（P〈0．01～0．05），舒张功能、血管状态差于对照组（P〈0．01～0．05）；高血压病中年组心脏收缩功能、前后负荷及血液流变学指标均高于正常对照中年组（P〈0．01～0．05），舒张功能、血管状态差于对照组（P〈0．01—0．05）。结论不同年龄段高血压病患者的心血管功能表现出一定的特征；脉搏波检测技术作为临床心血管功能的检验手段之一，具有一定的应用价值。     

不同中医证型高血压病人血压变异性与血管内皮功能关系的研究进展

高血压病是一种进行性"心血管综合征",以动脉血压持续升高为特征,血压升高引起靶器官损害的危险性远高于血压升高本身。血压变异性改变与靶器官损伤密切相关,可独立预测心血管事件。内皮细胞受损与高血压严重程度呈正相关,不同中医证型两者的病理生理、治疗方法不同。综述不同中医证型高血压病人血压变异性及血管内皮功能关系,以期为进一步研究高血压病中医病机、治则治法提供临床依据,同时可协助通过分类进一步明确高血压靶器官损害,改善高血压病预后。     

循环EPCs CD34^＋水平与高血压病患者心血管危险因素的关系

目的探讨能否将循环内皮祖细胞(EPCs)CD34 水平作为评价高血压病患者心血管危险度的标志。方法高血压病患者组62例,对照组20例。高血压病患者采用Framingham心血管危险因素积分分层心血管危险因素,分为低危组18例,中危组14例,高危组17例,极高危组13例。作外周血循环EPCs CD34 水平与Framingham心血管危险因素积分的相关性分析。结果各研究组高血压病患者外周循环EPCs CD34 水平随着其心血管危险程度的增加,逐步下降,各组间比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。EPCs CD34 水平与Framingham心血管危险因素积分呈负相关关系(r=-0.875,P<0.01)。结论高血压病患者循环EPCs CD34 水平下降与心血管危险因素有显著的相关性。循环EPCs CD34 水平可以作为高血压病患者心血管危险度的标志。     

高血压合并睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者血压节律及心率变异

目的研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSAS）对高血压病患者血压昼夜节律及心率变异（HRV）的影响。方法选取2007年4月至2010年4月中国人民解放军总参谋部警卫局保健处和北京军区总医院心血管内科住院的91例患者,根据患者是否患有高血压病及OSAS分为对照组、单纯高血压组和高血压病合并OSAS组。比较3组之间非勺型昼夜血压曲线的比例、HRV时域指标与频域指标、夜间平均血氧水平以及呼吸紊乱指数（AHI）的差异。结果高血压病合并OSAS组患者呈非勺型昼夜血压曲线的比例以及HRV时域指标值与频域指标值较其他两组明显增加（P〈0．01）,并且夜间平均血氧水平显著低于其他两组,而AHI则明显高于其他两组（P〈0．01）。结论OSAS导致高血压病患者血压昼夜节律呈非勺型、HRV增强、夜间平均血氧水平下降、AHI明显增加,是高血压病患者心血管事件增加的重要危险因素。     

DAMP-PRR-巨噬细胞途径与动脉粥样硬化斑块的易损性

动脉粥样硬化（As）是一种慢性炎症性疾病,并与自身免疫相关。易损斑块是大多数急性心血管事件的元凶。巨噬细胞对As斑块的易损性起关键作用。本文重点论述巨噬细胞通过“DAMP-PRR”途径如何影响As斑块的易损性,探讨新的抗As治疗策略。     

高血压病心血管重构与血压昼夜节律性

目的 :研究血压昼夜节律性变化对高血压病患者心脏和大动脉重构的影响。方法 :对 64例 1～ 2级高血压病患者进行 2 4h动态血压监测 ,并以超声检测心脏结构指标及主动脉、股动脉、月国动脉管腔内径、内膜中层厚度等动脉结构指标及反映动脉顺应性或扩张性的功能指标。以协方差分析校正可能的混杂因素影响后 ,对比动态血压昼夜节律呈杓型和非杓型的高血压病患者心血管重构指标的差异 ,并以 3 6例正常血压者作对照。结果 :血压昼夜节律异常的非杓型组高血压病患者与正常血压对照组相比 ,左房内径、左室壁厚度、左室肌重量明显增加 ,主动脉、股动脉及月国动脉内膜中层厚度及面积增大 ,内膜中层厚度 /腔径比值及内膜中层面积 /管腔面积比值显著增高 ;主动脉还有管腔内径及面积增大 ,脉搏波速度明显增快 ,差异有统计学显著性 ,经协方差分析校正年龄、性别、体重指数、心率、吸烟情况、血糖血脂水平等可能对心血管重构的影响后 ,显著性仍然存在 ,仅股动脉重构性指标统计学显著性降低。而昼夜节律正常的杓型高血压组与正常血压对照组相比 ,心脏和血管重构性变化指标多无显著性差异 ,结论 :轻中度高血压病时 ,血压昼夜节律异常可能对心脏和大动脉重构有不利影响     

基于冠状动脉CT特征的机器学习技术评价冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块风险

冠状动脉CT血管造影(CCTA)作为冠心病的一线诊断工具,不但可以评估冠状动脉管腔狭窄的程度,也可以进一步分析斑块组成、形态和易损性,而基于CCTA图像的冠周脂肪CT定量检测则可以反映冠状动脉炎症情况,用于综合评估心血管事件远期风险.在此基础上,随着人工智能和影像组学技术的发展,冠心病患者个体化危险分层和治疗决策的制定...     

老年无合并症的高血压病患者左心室心肌结构和功能的特点

老年人有30％-70％患高血压病．高血压病是老年人心血管合并症、丧失劳动能力和死亡的主要原因之一。有人报告左心室肥厚是高血压病发生心血管合并症的征兆。但对老年高血压病患者左心窒心肌结构和功能的特点至今还研究不够,本文报告作者对这一问题进行研究的结果．     

Potentially increasing rates of hypertension in women of childbearing age and during pregnancy – be prepared!

Abstract

The incidence of hypertension in young women is likely to increase in the near future because of the rising rates of the metabolic syndrome, obesity and dyslipidaemia worldwide. Consequently, more women will be on antihypertensive agents, which have the potential for teratogenecity. It is also likely that the increasing number of young women with essential hypertension who become pregnant will develop pregnancy-specific disorders such as pre-eclampsia. Health professionals should be aware of the effects of hypertension in women during the childbearing years, as well as the impact of pre-eclampsia on cardiovascular disease in later life. Pre-conception counselling skills, and knowledge on the use of antihypertensives and the changes that occur during pregnancy should be added to the clinical armamentarium of all health professionals.     

心脏脚踝血管指数与高血压病中医证型关系研究

目的观察高血压病患者心脏脚踝血管指数（cardio ankle vascular index,CAVI）变化及其与中医证型的关系。方法对151例高血压病患者和29例健康受试者（对照组）进行问卷调查和CAVI检测,并对高血压病患者进行辨证分型。分析高血压病患者CAVI值与健康者的差异以及不同中医证型高血压病患者CAV!值的差异。结果单纯高血压组CAVI值较对照组明显升高（P〈0．05）,有合并症（糖尿病、冠心病等）高血压组CAVI值较对照组及单纯高血压组均有明显增高（P〈0．05）,校正年龄影响后,这种差异仍然存在。高血压患者辨证分型,各证型CAVI值：瘀血阻络证〉痰浊壅盛证〉阴阳两虚证〉阴虚阳亢证〉气阴两虚证〉肝火亢盛证。虚实夹杂证CAVI值较实证、虚证增高P〈0．05）。痰瘀证组CAVI值较非痰瘀证组增高（P〈0．05）,校正年龄影响后,差异仍然存在。结论高血压加速了动脉硬化的进展,血糖、血脂等对动脉硬化也有一定的影响;动脉硬化可能与痰瘀关系更密切。     

Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in primary aldosteronism

CONTEXT: Patients with hypertension have a high prevalence of concurrent metabolic abnormalities, including obesity, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Clustering of these cardiovascular risk factors, defined as metabolic syndrome, causes a more pronounced target organ damage. Aldosterone excess has been found to be associated with glucose disorders and may contribute to cardiovascular damage. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence and the characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in a group of patients with hypertension due to primary aldosteronism compared with patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition of the metabolic syndrome was used. Eighty-five patients with primary aldosteronism and 381 patients with essential hypertension were studied. Most patients were not receiving antihypertensive therapy during the investigation. RESULTS: Blood glucose and systolic blood pressure were higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) and duration of hypertension was longer (P < 0.05) in primary aldosteronism than in essential hypertension. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in primary aldosteronism than in essential hypertension (41.1% vs. 29.6%; P < 0.05). Distribution of single components of the metabolic syndrome other than hypertension showed a higher prevalence of hyperglycemia in primary aldosteronism than in essential hypertension (27.0% vs. 15.2%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm a negative effect of aldosterone excess on glucose metabolism and suggest that the recently reported higher rates of cardiovascular events in primary aldosteronism than in essential hypertension might be due to increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the former condition.     

原发性高血压患者的个性特征与中医辨证分型

目的:探讨原发性高血压患者的个性特征与中医辨证分型的关系。方法:采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)对197例原发性高血压患者进行心理学检测,分析患者的个性特征,并结合中医学的个性理论和中医对原发性高血压的辩证分型,对高血压患者进行个性特征与中医辨证分型的对照研究。结果:原发性高血压患者以外向情绪不稳定型多见(38.58%),情绪不稳定的患者共有147例,占74.62%。中医辨证分型多为肝火亢盛型多(48.7%)。结论:原发性高血压的发病与个性特征有明显的关系,且中医辨证分型多为肝火亢盛型。     

Can the genetic factors influence the treatment of systemic hypertension? The case of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

The hereditary nature of familial hypertension has been clearly established by a number of clinical studies. About 30% of the blood pressure variance can be attributed to genetic factors. As a consequence, the relative risk for developing coronary artery disease or cardiovascular death is increased in patients with a family history of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Patients with such familial history should be considered at the same risk as those who have independent epidemiologic risk factors. The development of molecular genetics allows establishment of a link between high blood pressure, intermediate phenotypes, and the genes involved in blood pressure regulation. Gene markers should be available in the near future that will help to identify patients predisposed to hypertension. The genes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are good examples of candidate genes whose products are known to participate in blood pressure regulation. The possible involvement of these genes in essential hypertension is critically analyzed.     

The importance of diastolic blood pressure in predicting cardiovascular risk

Brachial systolic blood pressure (SBP) is the overall best predictor of future cardiovascular risk for the entire hypertensive population; however, there is much that can be learned from assessing diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in relation to simultaneous levels of SBP, because the former is not distorted by pressure amplification. Low DBP in very young adults (mean age 20 years), presenting as isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), results from elevation in stroke volume and/or arterial stiffness. This subtype of hypertension has a marked male predominance, occurs twice as frequently as essential hypertension, and is potentially not a benign condition. In contrast, isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH) in young adults (mean age of 40 years) with IDH occurs predominantly in men with a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Indeed, persons with IDH frequently evolve into systolic-diastolic hypertension and are potentially at increased risk for future diabetes and cardiovascular complications. The older age population with ISH and low DBP (mean age ≥60 years of age) has a high prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy, increased ventricular-arterial stiffness, and a tendency for diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. Finally, concordant very high DBP, especially in older persons, defines potential hypertensive urgencies, emergencies, secondary forms of hypertension, and other high peripheral resistance states.     

Enhanced sodium sensitivity and disturbed circadian rhythm of blood pressure in essential hypertension

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether an association between sodium-sensitive hypertension and metabolic syndrome exists; and whether, in patients with metabolic syndrome, the nocturnal fall of blood pressure decreases and salt restriction affects the circadian blood pressure rhythm. METHODS: Japanese patients with essential hypertension, who were treated without any antihypertensive agent, were maintained on a high-sodium diet and a low-sodium diet for 1 week each. On the last day of each diet, the 24-h blood pressures were measured. A diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was made according to the International Diabetes Foundation definition RESULTS: Among the 56 patients with essential hypertension, 15 patients were complicated with metabolic syndrome while 41 patients were not. The nocturnal blood pressure fall was significant in patients without metabolic syndrome, while it was not so in patients with metabolic syndrome. Only in patients with metabolic syndrome was the nocturnal blood pressure fall enhanced by sodium restriction. The prevalence of sodium-sensitive hypertension in patients with metabolic syndrome was significantly higher than in those without metabolic syndrome (70.6 versus 36.0%, respectively; P = 0.017). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed central obesity to be an independent risk factor for sodium-sensitive hypertension (odds ratio, 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.91). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with essential hypertension, an inter-relationship exists among metabolic syndrome, enhanced sodium sensitivity of the blood pressure and non-dipping. The elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with metabolic syndrome may be related to sodium-sensitive hypertension and non-dipping.     

老年高血压不同中医证型患者血压负荷特点分析

目的探讨老年高血压不同中医辨证分型患者血压负荷的差异。方法入选符合老年高血压1级、2级诊断标准的阴虚阳亢证、痰瘀阻络证及肾虚证的患者共133例,应用24h动态血压监测方法,观察24h血压变化水平,比较分析三个不同中医证型间的血压均值与血压负荷。结果肾虚证组白天平均收缩压均值明显高于阴虚阳亢证组(P<0.05),肾虚证组白天及夜间收缩压负荷较其他两组均显著增高(P<0.05),肾虚证组夜间舒张压负荷较阴虚阳亢证组显著增高(P<0.05)。结论肾虚证组血压负荷明显高于痰瘀阻络、阴虚阳亢组,预示着老年高血压肾虚证血压波动更加明显,临床应重视老年肾虚证高血压的稳定性及其靶器官损害的早期防治。     

充血性心力衰竭的中医临床研究进展

通过对近3年有关中医治疗充血性心力衰竭的临床研究文献分析,从病因病机、辨证分型、中医辨证治疗、古方专方的运用及特殊剂型的使用等方面做一综述.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and active renin in hypertension of adrenal origin

There are limited data regarding the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in arterial hypertension. The aim of the present study was to determine some markers of vascular function, including VEGF, active renin and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in patients with endocrine hypertension. The study comprised: 30 patients with primary aldosteronism; 32 patients with active Cushing's syndrome; 19 patients with pheochromocytoma; 22 patients with essential hypertension and 24 healthy volunteers. VEGF was significantly elevated in all groups of patients as compared to the controls. VEGF levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome were significantly higher than those in patients with essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. We did not find significant differences in VEGF levels between patients with Conn adenomas and idiopathic aldosteronism as well as between patients with Cushing's disease and Cushing's syndrome. PGE2 levels were not significantly different among the groups. Active renin was significantly the lowest in patients with primary aldosteronism and significantly the highest in those with pheochromocytoma compared to controls. The level of active renin in patients with primary aldosteronism was significantly lower than in patients with Cushing's syndrome and pheochromocytoma. In conclusion, VEGF levels were significantly elevated in patients with endocrine hypertension due to glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid and/or catecholamine excess. The highest VEGF levels were detected in patients with Cushing's syndrome. The latter is associated with accelerated development of atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk. VEGF might contribute to the cardiovascular risk in this disease. This effect was not likely to be PGE2 mediated.