Febrile convulsions in children

The term febrile convulsion is not a diagnostic entity. It simply describes any seizure that occurs in response to a febrile stimulus. It usually occurs between the age of 3 months and 5 years and occurs in 2-4% of young children. The typical febrile convulsion is a generalized tonic clonic seizure lasting between a few seconds and 15 minutes, followed by a period of drowsiness. Febrile seizures tend to occur in families, although the exact mode of inheritance is not known. Viruses are the most common cause of illness in children admitted to the hospital with a first febrile seizure. Routine laboratory studies are not indicated for patients who have febrile seizures and should be performed only as part of the evaluation for a source of fever. Prognosis is generally good. Only a small minority of children develop epilepsy or recurrent non-febrile seizures. Children with febrile seizures are at no greater risk of intellectual impairments than their peers. Treatment to prevent recurrence has not been shown to prevent later development of epilepsy.     

儿童惊厥脑脊液和血清中NSE的变化及其临床意义

目的:探讨小儿惊厥发作时间,引起惊厥原因对脑神经元的损伤及其程度.方法:按照引起小儿惊厥的病因及惊厥发生持续的时间及次数进行分组.应用酶联免疫法和分光光度法测定惊厥发作后不同时间患儿脑脊液和血清中神经元特异烯醇化酶(Neuron-specific eno-lase,NSE)的含量.结果:除热性惊厥组外,所有惊厥患儿脑脊...     

小儿热性惊厥与血清25-羟基维生素D水平关联分析

目的了解安徽省郎溪县热性惊厥小儿血液中25-羟基维生素D[25(OH)D]水平以及与患儿儿年龄大小、性别、四季之间的联系,进而为小儿口服维生素D、预防以及减少小儿热性惊厥的发生提供临床参考依据。方法将2015-2019年郎溪县人民医院儿科住院诊断为热性惊厥的小儿306例作为热性惊厥组,选取同期因呼吸道感染住院的0~8岁小儿306例作为非热性惊厥组。统计所有小儿血清总钙(Ca2+)、血红蛋白(Hb)以及25(OH)D测定的数值,按年龄大小、性别、春夏秋冬四季等解析热性惊厥和25(OH)D水平之间的联系。结果非热性惊厥组血清25(OH)D水平为(34.47±1.43) μg/L,高于热性惊厥组的(27.57±4.44) μg/L(t＝3.26,P < 0.05);热性惊厥组25(OH)D水平高低与患儿年龄成反比;热性惊厥者的血清总钙以及Hb都在正常参考值范围。热性惊厥发生情况:最易发生的季节是每年的1月份(39例,12.75%),1~2岁最易发生(106例,34.64%),男性发病多于女性(1.53∶1.00)。郎溪县热性惊厥小儿血清25(OH)D水平在四季之间差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01): 从高到低依次为秋季(30.39±4.15) μg/L、春季(29.33±1.53) μg/L、夏季(27.28±2.98) μg/L、冬季(24.69±2.08) μg/L。热性惊厥小儿血清25(OH)D水平(?)与气温(X)的回归方程为: ?=-0.045X2+2.107X+9.442(R2=0.844)。结论安徽省郎溪县小儿热性惊厥的发生和维生素D缺乏存在关联性。热性惊厥最易发生的季节是每年的1月份,1~2岁男性患儿多见。夏季温度>30 ℃后热性惊厥小儿血液25(OH)D含量开始减少。17~33 ℃是郎溪县小儿经阳光照射皮肤途径产生维生素D的合适温度。除了在冬季常规给小儿补充维生素D外,为减少热性惊厥的发生,应在夏季高温酷暑期对小儿(特别是>2岁者)适当口服维生素D。     

Cerebrospinal fluid/serum lactic acid in febrile convulsions

Cerebrospinal fluid/serum lactic acid was prospectively assayed in 42 patients with febrile convulsions. Patients were divided into two groups for analytical purposes. Those with brief febrile seizures (30 patients) and the remaining 12 patients had prolonged febrile seizures. CSF and serum lactic acid values were within normal range in patients with brief seizures while elevated values were obtained in patients with prolonged seizures. The mean CSF lactic acid on admission was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in patients with prolonged seizures than corresponding values in those with brief seizures. Mean serum lactic acid on admission was also significantly higher in patients with prolonged febrile seizures compared to the corresponding mean value in patients with brief seizures (P greater than 0.001). Patients who recovered with neurological deficits had significantly higher CSF lactic acid on admission (P greater than 0.001). Similarly 8 patients who had recurrent febrile convulsions had significantly higher CSF lactate on admission. It is suggested that measurement of CSF lactate can be used as a biochemical marker to identify children with prolonged seizures and those who are likely to have recurrent febrile seizures.     

轻度胃肠炎伴婴幼儿良性惊厥临床分析

目的探讨轻度胃肠炎伴婴幼儿良性惊厥(BICE)的临床特点和近期预后。方法对我院2008年1月—2009年5月因急性胃肠炎合并无热惊厥住院并诊断为BICE的患儿进行临床分析并进行2年以上随访。结果 78例患儿诊断为BICE,发病月龄3～40个月,平均17.1个月;表现形式均为全身强直-阵挛发作;76例发作时间在5min之内,2例发作时间长达15 min;56例患儿发作次数≥2次,平均1.95次,均在24～48 h内反复;56例行脑脊液常规、生化及培养检查均正常;发作间期脑电图72例正常,6例异常;颅脑核磁共振检查68例无明显异常,7例轻度异常,3例拒做。随访中有3例复发,2例出现热性惊厥,1例转化为癫痫。结论 BICE预后良好,不需要长期抗惊厥治疗。     

复杂型小儿高热惊厥转化为癫痫的影响因素分析

目的探讨复杂型小儿高热惊厥转变为癫痫的影响因素.方法对162例复杂型高热惊厥患儿的临床资料,进行调查及回顾性分析.结果162例患儿发展为癫痫的共32例(19.75%),其中有癫痫家族史的35例,转化为癫痫的15例(42.86%);有影响神经系统发育因素的55例,转化为癫痫20例(36.36%);发热距惊厥发作的时间越短转化为癫痫的比例越高.结论有癫痫家族史及有影响神经系统发育因素的、发热与出现惊厥的间隔时间均为复杂型高热惊厥发展成癫痫的重要因素.     

儿童非典型失神发作的脑电图和临床分析

目的 探讨儿童非典型失神发作的神经生理学和临床特点.方法 根据视频脑电图(vedio-EEG,VEEG)特点将21例非典型失神发作儿童分为单纯非典型失神发作组和Lennox-Gastaut综合征组,对二组儿童分别行VEEG检查、智商测定,并结合l临床特点进行综合分析.结论 21例患儿VEEG发作间期慢的背景活动19例(90.5%),发作期表现为慢的棘慢波放电18例(85.7%).二组儿童智商分值低于正常儿童,存在学习障碍,并且Lennox-Gastaut综合征组儿童智力损害更重,两组间比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论非典型失神发作儿童存骀在着严重的智力损害,这种发作类型与Lennox-Gastaut综合征高度相关,但也可能存在于目前还不了解的疾病谱中,儿童早期广泛性的脑损伤可能是导致非典型失神发作或合并其他类型发作的原因.     

Febrile seizures in Kaduna,north western Nigeria

Background:

Febrile seizure is the most common seizure of childhood and has a good prognosis. However its presentation is fraught with poor management, with grave consequences, in our environment. Thus a review of its current status is important.

Objective:

To review the status of febrile seizures in Kaduna metropolis.

Materials and Methods:

A review of cases seen in the Department of Paediatrics, 44 Nigeria Army Reference Hospital, Kaduna between June 2008 and June 2010.

Results:

Out of the 635 cases admitted in the department 17 (2.7%) fulfilled the criteria for febrile seizures. There were 11 Males and 6 Females (M: F, 1.8:1). Age range was from 9 months to 5 years with a mean of 2.2 years ± 1.1 and peak age of 3 years. Twelve (70.6%) were in the upper social classes (I-III). Fever, convulsion, catarrh and cough were major presenting symptoms. Incidence of convulsion was least on the 1st day of complaint. Fourteen (82.4%) of the cases were simple febrile seizures while 3 were complex. There was a positive family history in 5 (29.4%) of the cases. Eleven (64.7%) had orthodox medication at home, before presentation, 5 (29.4%) consulted patient medicine sellers and 7 (41.7%) received traditional medication as part of home management. Malaria and acute respiratory infections were the identifiable causes. Standard anti-malaria and anti-biotic therapy were instituted, where indicated. All recovered and were discharged.

Conclusion:

There was a low prevalence of febrile seizures among the hospitalized children and a poor pre-hospitalization management of cases. It highlighted the need for improved community awareness on the prevention and management of febrile seizures.     

杏仁核电点燃癫痫对大鼠穿梭箱被动回避反应的记忆保持能力的作用

目的:探讨杏仁核电点燃癫痫对大鼠穿梭箱被动回避反应的记忆保持能力的影响.方法:大鼠每24 h进行一次电刺激直至完 全点燃,然后利用穿梭箱系统检测慢性电点燃癫痫对大鼠被动回避反应的记忆保持能力的作用;另一组动物于训练前5 min给予杏仁核电刺激诱发癫痫大发作,观察癫痫的急性发作对记忆保持能力的作用.结果:在被动回避反应训练过程以及测试第1天,慢 性点燃癫痫组和对照组动物进入暗箱的反应潜时没有明显差异;在测试第5天,慢性点燃癫 痫组动物进入暗箱的反应潜时比对照组动物明显增加.另外,癫痫的急性发作使大鼠在测试 第1天和第5天进入暗箱的反应潜时明显缩短.结论:慢性杏仁核电点燃癫痫 可使大鼠被动回避反应的记忆保持能力增加,而癫痫的急性发作减弱了大鼠的记忆保持能力 .     

小儿高热惊厥复发的危险因素分析

目的:研究高热惊厥的临床特点及其复发的危险因素,并提出相应的预防治疗措施。方法:对我院2004年6月～2008年6月收治的68例高热惊厥患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察记录患儿首发年龄、体温、持续时间、24h内惊厥次数、家族史等情况。结果:本组复发31例(45.6%),复发危险因素与首发年龄、初发体温、复杂型高热惊厥、持续时间、癫痫家族史有关。结论:首发高热惊厥患儿年龄越小、体温越低、惊厥持续时间越长、24h内反复发作2次以上、首发为复杂型、有热性惊厥及癫痫家族史者日后越易复发。对具有复发危险因素的患儿应进行随访,并采取干预措施,口服安定预防,治疗效果满意。     

MMR vaccination and febrile seizures: evaluation of susceptible subgroups and long-term prognosis

Context  The rate of febrile seizures increases following measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination but it is unknown whether the rate varies according to personal or family history of seizures, perinatal factors, or socioeconomic status. Furthermore, little is known about the long-term outcome of febrile seizures following vaccination. Objectives  To estimate incidence rate ratios (RRs) and risk differences of febrile seizures following MMR vaccination within subgroups of children and to evaluate the clinical outcome of febrile seizures following vaccination. Design, Setting, and Participants  A population-based cohort study of all children born in Denmark between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 1998, who were alive at 3 months; 537 171 children were followed up until December 31, 1999, by using data from the Danish Civil Registration System and 4 other national registries. Main Outcome Measures  Incidence of first febrile seizure, recurrent febrile seizures, and subsequent epilepsy. Results  A total of 439 251 children (82%) received MMR vaccination and 17 986 children developed febrile seizures at least once; 973 of these febrile seizures occurred within 2 weeks of MMR vaccination. The RR of febrile seizures increased during the 2 weeks following MMR vaccination (2.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.55-2.97), and thereafter was close to the observed RR for nonvaccinated children. The RR did not vary significantly in the subgroups of children that had been defined by their family history of seizures, perinatal factors, or socioeconomic status. At 15 to 17 months, the risk difference of febrile seizures within 2 weeks following MMR vaccination was 1.56 per 1000 children overall (95% CI, 1.44-1.68), 3.97 per 1000 (95% CI, 2.90-5.40) for siblings of children with a history of febrile seizures, and 19.47 per 1000 (95% CI, 16.05-23.55) for children with a personal history of febrile seizures. Children with febrile seizures following MMR vaccinations had a slightly increased rate of recurrent febrile seizures (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01-1.41) but no increased rate of epilepsy (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.33-1.50) compared with children who were nonvaccinated at the time of their first febrile seizure. Conclusions  MMR vaccination was associated with a transient increased rate of febrile seizures but the risk difference was small even in high-risk children. The long-term rate of epilepsy was not increased in children who had febrile seizures following vaccination compared with children who had febrile seizures of a different etiology.      

惊厥性疾病患儿血浆和脑脊液中神经肽Y、脑源性神经营养因子、白介素-6的水平变化及相关性研究

目的:探讨惊厥性疾病患儿血浆和脑脊液中神经肽Y(NPY)、脑源性神经营养因子(BD-NF)、白介素-6(IL-6)的水平变化及相互关系。方法:选取惊厥性疾病患儿74例,分别在入院第1天、第7天采取静脉血,第7天采取脑脊液(CSF)标本,采用放射免疫分析方法检测血浆和CSF中NPY、BDNF、IL-6的水平。结果:惊厥组(热惊厥、癫痫)患儿惊厥发作后血浆、CSF中NPY、Il-6水平均增高,BDNF降低,但三者第7天较第1天增高;血浆、CSF中NPY、BDNF在不同热惊厥发作和癫痫发作中无差异,但IL-6在不同热惊厥发作和癫痫发作中有差异;血浆、CSF中NPY、IL-6与惊厥中发作次数有关,BDNF与惊厥中发作次数无关;血浆与CSF中的NPY、BDNF、IL-6均分别呈正相关,血浆和CSF中的NPY与IL-6呈正相关,与BDNF呈负相关;BDNF与IL-6呈负相关。结论惊厥性疾病患儿血浆、CSF中NPY、Il-6水平均增高,与惊厥发作次数有关,在惊厥发生的不同阶段水平不同;血浆与CSF中NPY、BDNF、IL-6水平均分别呈正相关,血浆中的水平能间接反映CSF水平;血浆和CSF中的NPY与IL-6呈正相关,与BDNF呈负相关;BDNF与IL-6呈负相关。     

The incidence of human herpesvirus 6 infection in children with febrile convulsion admitted to the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur

From October 1996 to March 1997, 31 children with febrile convulsions were admitted to the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6) was virologically and/or serologically confirmed to be the cause of the febrile episode in 5 of these children (16.1%). Age, sex and other associated clinical features (diarrhoea, cough, running nose and type of seizure) were not useful in differentiating cases of febrile convulsion due to HHV 6 from those of other aetiology. However, uvulo-palatoglossal junctional ulcers were noted in children in whom the cause of the seizure could be attributed to HHV 6 but not in the remaining cases in the study group. HHV 6 DNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from all patients with febrile convulsions attributed to HHV6, and in patients shown serologically to have already been exposed to the virus by nested polymerase chain reaction amplification. Only genotype HHV 6B was detected from patients with seizure due to HHV 6 but both genotype 6A and 6B were detected in the remaining cases studied.     

小儿高热惊厥危险因素的探讨及门诊护理干预

目的探讨小儿高热惊厥危险因素,并实施护理干预以降低发病率。方法对308例高热惊厥患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结出相关危险因素包括:①患儿年龄<3岁;②体温38.5～40℃;③在急性病早期体温快速上升期;④既往有高热惊厥史或癫痫史及家族史。并对存在上述危险因素的患儿进行预见性护理,从最初的病情评估、合理分诊患者,到给高热小儿降温,加强病情观察,做好家长的健康教育等,各项工作都落实到每班护士的岗位职责,并做好记录。结果实施护理干预措施后,2010年度本院门诊发热患者61 549例,仅有8例患儿在院内发生高热惊厥,占0.01%,比2009年同期发生率(0.18%)明显下降。结论对有高热惊厥危险因素的门诊患儿实施护理干预措施,使院内惊厥发生率明显降低。     

Parental reactions to febrile seizures in Malaysian children

The reactions of 117 parents to the febrile seizure experienced by their children; and their fears and worries were investigated. A standard questionnaire was used and clinical information was abstracted from the notes. In 88.9% of the cases, the adult present at the seizure was one of the parents usually the mother. Most of the parents (66.7%) did tepid sponging to bring the fever down but a third tried to open the clenched teeth of the child. The adults present placed the child supine in 62.9%, on the side in 9.5% and prone in 6.0%. Over half of the parents brought the child to a private clinic first before bringing to hospital. A fifth of the children were given antipyretics by the parent or the doctor and an anticonvulsant was given in 7.7% of cases. Interestingly, in 12% of children traditional treatment was given for the seizure. Three quarters of the parents knew that the febrile seizure was caused by high fever (which we have taken as the correct knowledge of febrile seizure). However "ghosts" and "spirits" were blamed as the cause of the seizure by 7% of parents. Factors significantly associated with correct knowledge were higher parental education and higher family income. The most common fear expressed was that the child might be dead or might die from the seizure (70.9%). Fear of death was associated with low paternal education. We concluded that the majority of our parents had reacted appropriately to a febrile seizure and their knowledge of the cause of febrile seizure was generally correct. Their fears and worries were similar to those elsewhere. However, traditional beliefs and practices may have to be taken into consideration during counselling.     

小儿热性惊厥预后影响因素分析

目的分析小儿热性惊厥复发、转为癫痫、出现脑损伤的影响因素。方法根据169例热性惊厥患儿初发年龄、缺铁性贫血、发作时体温、惊厥分型、持续时间、围产期异常、脑电图、惊厥家族史等临床资料及随访情况,对复发、转为癫痫、出现脑损伤的影响因素分别进行单因素分析和Logistic回归分析。结果复发的危险因素有：初发年龄〈1岁、SFC、惊厥家族史;转为癫痫的危险因素有：惊厥≥2次、持续≥15min、SFC;出现脑损伤的的危险因素有：持续≥15min、SFC。结论对热性惊厥患儿应密切随访,采取积极的防治措施。     

首次热性惊厥与人疱疹病毒6型感染的关系

目的探讨首次热性惊厥与人疱疹病毒6型（HHV-6）感染的关系及其临床特征。方法采用PCR技术对75名首次发生热性惊厥的患儿进行HHV 6检测，并对比患儿HHV-6感染与否的临床特征。结果75名首次热性惊厥患儿中有26人感染HHV-6，感染 HHV-6患儿的平均年龄明显低于未感染者（P＜0.01）。首次热性惊厥合并HHV-6感染患儿丛集性发作、持续性发作、部分性发作、和发作后麻痹出现的频率明显高于未感染者（P＜0.05）。小于1岁的感染HHV-6的首次热性惊厥患儿非典型发作出现的频率明显高于同年龄组的未感染患儿（P＜0.05）。结论HHV-6感染与婴幼儿首次热性惊厥发作密切相关，可导致更严重惊厥形式的产生，并可能是继发性癫痫发生的一个危险因素。     

苯巴比妥钠在预防复发性小儿热性惊厥57例中的疗效评价

目的:探讨对有小儿热性惊厥史的发热患儿,应用扑热息痛降温的同时口服小剂量苯巴比妥钠,进行预防复发性小儿热性惊厥的临床疗效评价。方法:将患儿分为治疗组(57例)和对照组(51例),治疗组对有热性惊厥史的患儿在发热时,除口服扑热息痛降温及常规抗炎治疗外,无论是否发生惊厥,均予苯巴比妥钠片口服预防惊厥,体温正常时不再继续服用苯巴比妥钠。对照组除在发生惊厥时应用镇静剂外,不再使用任何镇静药物预防。结果:治疗组仅3例发生惊厥,复发率为5.2%,对照组有20例再次发生惊厥,复发率为39.3%。两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:针对有小儿热性惊厥史和热性惊厥好发年龄段的发热患儿,进行扑热息痛降温的同时口服小剂量苯巴比妥钠,预防小儿热性惊厥发生是安全有效的。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病合并癫痫发作75例临床特征和预后分析

目的：探讨急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿化疗过程中出现癫痫发作的临床特点、治疗和预后。方法：回顾性分析2010年1月至2022年3月北京大学人民医院儿科收治的化疗过程中合并癫痫发作的急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿,总结癫痫发作的发病率、发病时间、病因、治疗和预后。结果：研究期间共收治急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿932例,其中75例(8%)在化疗过程中合并癫痫发作症状,男40例,女35例,中位年龄7.5岁(1～17岁)。43例(57.3%)患儿的癫痫发作发生在开始化疗的前2个月内,直接原因分别为可逆性后部脑病综合征(15例)、脑出血(10例,其中1例合并静脉窦血栓形成)、鞘内注射或全身应用氨甲蝶呤(11例)、脑脓肿(真菌性3例,细菌性4例)、病毒性脑炎(2例)、热性惊厥(7例)、低钠血症(7例)、低钙血症(2例);14例患儿的癫痫发作病因不明。64例患儿在癫痫发作后行头颅影像学检查,其中37例(57.8%)异常;44例行脑电图检查,其中24例(54.4%)异常。55例患儿经规律化疗后骨髓持续缓解,8例行造血干细胞移植,9例死亡,3例失访。18例(24%)患儿诊断为症状性癫痫,多数予抗癫痫发作药物控制良好,2例...