B（a）P和DEHP联合染毒对HepG2细胞CYP1A1和CYP3A4酶活性的影响

[目的]研究邻苯二甲酸二乙基己基酯[di-（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate,DEHP]和苯并㈦芘[benzo（a）pyrene,B（a）P]联合染毒人肝癌细胞株（HepG2细胞）对其细胞色素P450酶系1A1（cytochrome 1A1,CYP1A1）和细胞色素P450酶系3A4（CYP3A4）酶活性的影响。[方法]分别用B（a）P64．0μmol／L和DEHP62．5、125．0、250．0、500．0、1000．0μmol／L单独染毒和两者联合染毒HepG2细胞48h和72h。溶剂对照组为二甲基亚砜（dimethyl suffoxide,DMSO〈1‰）。用CCK8法检测细胞活性;用7-乙氧基异吩嗯唑-O-去乙氧基酶和7-乙氧基香豆素O-去乙基酶（EROD和ECOD）实验评价细胞CYP1A1和CYP3A4酶活性;分别用实时荧光定量PCR法和Western blot法检测CYP1A1和CYP3A4基因的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平。[结果]与DEHP单独染毒组相比,联合染毒组细胞的存活率明显下降（P〈0．01）;EROD和ECOD活性却明显增加（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;联合染毒组CYP1A1基因仅有mRNA表达增加,但CYP3A4基因在mRNA和蛋白质表达水平均较DEHP单独染毒组明显升高（P〈0．01）。[结论]DEHP和B（a）P联合染毒诱导了HepG2细胞CYP1A1和CYP3A4酶活性,并在mRNA和蛋白质水平对CYP1A1和CYP3A4的表达量产生一定影响。     

CYP2E1基因多态性和DNA损伤修复酶表达对肺癌易感性的影响

[目的]研究CYP2E1基因型与不同肺组织中切除修复鼠缺陷交叉互补基因2蛋白(ERCC2)、尿嘧啶DNA糖基化酶(UDG)、细胞增殖核抗原(PCNA)的表达水平的关系，探讨CYP2E1基因多态性对DNA稳定性和肺癌易感性的影响。[方法]通过免疫组织化学和原位杂交方法研究3种生物标志物在不同肺组织中蛋白质和mRNA的表达水平，同时采用PER-RFLP方法进行CYP2E1分型。[结果]在3种CYP2E1基因型(ww、mw、mm)中，ww和mm基因型对ERCC2的表达有明显影响，mw基因型对UDG的表达有明显影响，3种基因型均与PCNA的表达有关。交互分析结果显示CYP2E1多态性与UDG的表达存在交互作用。[结论]不同个体CYP2E1遗传多态性与DNA切除修复功能有关，并存在CYP2E1与UDG的交互作用，两者在肺癌易感性中均具有一定的作用。     

CYP1A2基因在三氯乙烯毒性中的作用研究

[目的]应用分子克隆技术,建立CYP1A2基因沉默细胞株和CYP1A2基因高表达细胞株,研究CYP1A2基因对三氯乙烯毒性的影响.[方法]将三氯乙烯分别染毒L02肝细胞、CYP1A2基因沉默细胞和CYP1A2基因高表达细胞,染毒剂量分别为0.25 mmol/L、0.50 mmol/L、1.00 mmol/L、2.00 mmol/L和4.00 mmol/L,以DMSO作为对照溶剂,染毒12 h,观察凋亡基因(Bcl-2、Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9)和癌基因(c-fos、c-myc、k-ras、P53)表达水平.[结果]三氯乙烯染毒CYP1A2基因沉默细胞后,Bcl-2的mRNA表达水平高于对照组(P＜0.01),三氯乙烯部分剂量组凋亡基因Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9和癌基因c-fos、c-myc表达水平低于对照组(P＜ 0.05或P＜0.01).三氯乙烯染毒CYP1A2基因高表达细胞后,Bcl-2的mRNA表达水平相比对照组下降(P＜0.01),Caspase-3、Caspase-8和Caspase-9 mRNA表达水平相比对照组升高(P＜0.01); CYP1A2高表达细胞中癌基因c-fos、c-myc、k-ras表达水平高于对照组(P＜0.01),P53表达水平低于对照组(P＜0.01).[结论]在体内代谢与CYP1A2存在密切关系,沉默CYP1A2基因可以减少三氯乙烯在肝细胞内代谢活化,导致三氯乙烯对凋亡基因和癌基因表达水平下降;三氯乙烯在CYP1A2基因高表达细胞中,表现出对凋亡基因和癌基因的促进表达作用.     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯在体外对大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡Caspase通路的影响

目的通过对原代培养的大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞进行邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(di-2-ethylhexylphthalate,DEHP)染毒,探讨DEHP在体外对大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡通路Caspase-3和Caspase-9基因表达以及细胞凋亡的影响。方法分离和培养原代未成熟大鼠的卵巢颗粒细胞,用不同浓度的DEHP(0、10、50、100 nmol/L)染毒24 h。荧光定量PCR法检测颗粒细胞的Caspase-3和Caspase-9基因mRNA表达水平,Weastern blot检测颗粒细胞Caspase-3和Caspase-9蛋白表达水平,流式细胞术检测颗粒细胞凋亡率。结果与对照组相比,各DEHP处理组卵巢颗粒细胞Caspase-3基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平下降(P<0.05),Caspase-9基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平也降低(P<0.05),同时细胞凋亡率增加(P<0.05),呈浓度依赖关系。结论 DEHP可通过激活Caspase通路而诱导大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞凋亡,进而影响卵巢功能。     

DEHP和高脂暴露对小鼠脑组织氨基酸类神经递质、神经元的影响

目的 观察长期低剂量邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯[di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, DEHP]暴露及高脂喂养对小鼠脑组织氨基酸类神经递质和神经元的影响。方法 选择体质量16～18 g SPF级雌性C57BL/6J小鼠,适应性喂养1周,随机分为对照组(Con组)、DEHP组(DEHP组)、高脂组(HFD组)、DEHP暴露联合HFD喂养组(HFD+DEHP组)。DEHP组和HFD+DEHP组小鼠经口给予50 μg/kg DEHP,Con组、HFD组小鼠给予等体积溶剂,Con组、DEHP小鼠喂饲普通维持饲料,HFD组、HFD+DEHP组小鼠喂饲高脂饲料。第24周末,每组随机取8只小鼠脱臼处死,取脑组织制备匀浆,并采用高效液相色谱法检测脑组织氨基酸类神经递质水平;每组剩余4只小鼠经体内灌注固定,制备大脑冰冻切片,采用尼氏染色观察神经元的变化。结果 HFD+DEHP组大脑皮层GABA高于Con组、DEHP组,HFD组、HFD+DEHP组Glu/GABA低于Con组(P<0.05);各组其他指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。各组中脑中氨基酸类神经递质水平...     

TSG-6基因在3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化中表达水平的变化

[目的] 探讨TSG-6基因在3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化中表达水平的变化。[方法] 采用细胞培养和RT-PCR技术，检测细胞诱导分化不同时段脂肪细胞中TSG-6基因的表达水平。[结果] ①随着脂肪细胞逐渐分化成熟，TSG-6基因mRNA表达水平逐渐升高；②TSG-6基因表达水平除在细胞分化第0-2d、第3-5d和第7-10d各时段内差异无显著性(P＞0.05)外，其余各时段之间表达水平差异均有显著性(P＜0.05)。[结论] TSG-6基因与细胞分化以及脂原形成可能相关。     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己基酯暴露对青春期大鼠卵巢StAR、P450scc基因表达的影响

目的研究邻苯二甲酸二乙基己基酯(DEHP)对大鼠卵巢组织类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白(StAR)、胆固醇侧链裂解酶(P450scc)mRNA表达的影响。方法取青春期雌性SD大鼠32只,随机分为对照组(8只)和DEHP(低、中、高)3个实验组,每组各8只。按10、100和1000 mg/(kg·d)DEHP分别对各实验组大鼠灌胃,并用溶剂(玉米油)作为对照为对照组灌胃。连续灌胃10天,取大鼠卵巢组织提取总mRNA,逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)测定StAR和P450scc基因表达水平。结果大鼠体重保持上升;高剂量组大鼠卵巢重量较对照组降低(P0.05);中剂量、高剂量组大鼠卵巢组织StAR、P450scc mRNA表达降低(P0.05,P0.01)。结论 DEHP体内暴露可能降低StAR、P450scc基因的转录水平。     

3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶对邻苯二甲酸二-(2-乙基己)酯处理细胞后诱导型一氧化氮合酶和蛋白激酶C信号通路的影响

目的 探讨邻苯二甲酸二-(2-乙基己)酯(di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate,DEHP)对MCF-7细胞中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)信号通路相关基因及蛋白表达的影响以及3β-羟类固醇脱氢酶(3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,3β-HSD)基因在此过程中的作用。方法 用浓度为0.00~0.40 mmol/L的DEHP分别染毒MCF-7细胞、3β-HSD沉默细胞和3β-HSD高表达细胞24 h,检测细胞中iNOS/PKC相关基因表达水平的变化;应用信号通路抑制剂处理后再进行DEHP染毒,荧光定量PCR和免疫印迹法检测MCF-7细胞中iNOS/PKC相关基因和凋亡基因表达水平的变化。结果 DEHP染毒MCF-7细胞,iNOS、PKCα在基因和蛋白表达水平均高于对照组;与同一染毒剂量的MCF-7细胞比较,3β-HSD沉默细胞中iNOS、PKCα mRNA表达水平降低;而3β-HSD高表达细胞中iNOS、PKCα mRNA表达水平升高。应用iNOS 抑制剂(NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester,L-NAME)50 μmol/L处理后,DEHP染毒组iNOS、Bax、Caspase-3、Caspase-8表达下调;PKCα抑制剂(chelerythrine chloride,CHE) 0.20 μmol/L处理后,DEHP染毒组PKCα表达下调;而各抑制剂处理组中与对照组比较无明显降低的基因,其变化趋势与未加抑制剂处理的染毒组无显著差异。结论 DEHP引起的毒性作用可能与iNOS/PKC信号通路有关,3β-HSD对iNOS/PKC信号通路相关基因的表达有一定作用。     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯暴露对青春期大鼠卵巢孕酮分泌及相关基因表达的影响

目的研究邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate,DEHP)对青春期雌性大鼠血清孕酮分泌及卵巢组织相关类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白(StAR)和胆固醇侧链裂解酶(P450scc)mRNA表达水平的影响。方法将32只健康6周龄清洁级SD雌性大鼠按体重随机分为4组,分别为对照(玉米油)组和10、100、1000mg/kg DEHP染毒组,每组8只。采用灌胃方式进行染毒,每天1次,连续染毒10 d。测定大鼠血清孕酮水平及卵巢组织StAR和P450scc mRNA的表达水平。结果与对照组比较,仅1 000 mg/kg DEHP染毒组大鼠血清孕酮水平明显升高,100、1 000 mg/kg DEHP染毒组大鼠卵巢组织StAR、P450scc mRNA的表达水平明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论 DEHP暴露可通过降低StAR、P450scc mRNA的转录而增加大鼠孕酮合成水平。     

DNA修复和转录相关基因差异表达在普通型间质性肺炎发病中的作用

[目的]探讨DNA修复和转录相关基因差异表达在普通型间质性肺炎发病中的作用。[方法]取2例普通型间质性肺炎患者肺组织，并以正常肺组织作对照。应用基因芯片技术测定其基因差异表达。[结果]DNA损伤修复相关基因（如RAD23A）明显下调，而转录因子相关基因（如C-MAF）明显上调。[结论]DNA修复和转录相关基因差异表达参与了肺组织损伤修复失衡的发生，与UIP的发病可能有关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.