高危前列腺增生手术治疗体会

目的探讨手术治疗高危前列腺增生症(BPH)的疗效和安全性。方法术前进行实际病情及手术危险性评估，并于围手术期充分调整，采用耻骨上经膀胱前列腺摘除术、经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)、经尿道前列腺电气化术(TUVP)进行治疗。结果1例死于心脏病，余患者均安全度过围手术期。随访3～48个月，121例排尿功能恢复良好，与术前比较国际前列腺症状评分平均下降17．2分；生活质量评分下降2．3分，最大尿流率增加11．2ml／s，剩余尿量下降68．6ml。3例因膀胱逼尿肌功能受损而行永久性膀胱造瘘术，9例出现尿道狭窄，经尿道扩张后好转。结论高危前列腺增生患者，只要加强围手术期的处理，手术治疗是可行的，但是一定要加强合并疾病的治疗。TURP及TUVP出血少，安全、疗效显著，值得临床推广。     

经尿道前列腺切除术治疗高危前列腺增生症105例

目的 探讨经尿道前列腺电汽化术(TUVP)和电切术(TURP)治疗高危前列腺增生症(BPH)的临床价值。方法 应用TUVP及TURP联合治疗高危前列腺增生症105例。结果 105例(100％)有效，IPSS由术前平均28．5分减少至平均11分，生活质量评分由术前平均4．6分减少至平均2分，剩余尿量从126ml下降至40ml，最大尿流率(Qmax)从7ml／s上升至18ml／s。结论 TUVP结合TURP是治疗高危前列腺增生症安全、有效的手术方式。     

高危良性前列腺增生症经尿道汽化电切手术体会

目的探讨经尿道前列腺汽化电切(TUVP)治疗高危良性前列腺增生症(BPH)的疗效安全性。方法分析TUVP治疗高危BPH 83例的临床资料。结果经具体个体化术前准备,积极的围术期处理。全部病例均安全耐受手术。平均随访6个月。IPSS平均下降22.6。残余尿量小于50 ml,Qmax平均上升10.8 ml/s。结论只要做好个体化围术期处理,TUVP是治疗高危BPH安全有效的方法。     

高危良性前列腺增生经尿道气化加电切手术时机的探讨

目的　探讨高危良性前列腺增生(BPH)经尿道气化(TUVP)加经尿道前列腺电切(TURP)治疗的时机。方法　对34例高危BPH患者进行合并症的诊断、治疗,评估手术的耐受性,并行TUVP加TURP治疗。结果　34例患者术后7~14 d均能恢复自主排尿。国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)由术前平均(33.7±1.1)分下降到术后(9.2±1.5)分(P<0.001);最大尿流率(Qmax)平均从术前(6.5±1.5)mL/s上升到术后平均(21.5±5)mL/s(P<0.001 );生活质量评分(QOL)从术前平均(4.5±0.4)分下降到平均(2.4±0.5)分(P<0.05);残余尿从术前平均350 mL下降到术后平均26.1 mL(P<0.001)。结论　高危 BPH患者如能积极治疗各种合并症,适时进行TUVP加TURP治疗,可以明显提高生活质量,减轻精神与经济负担。     

经尿道前列腺汽化电切术结合经尿道前列腺电切术治疗前列腺增生症

目的：探讨经尿道前列腺汽化电切术(TUVP)结合经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)治疗前列腺增生患者的价值。方法：结合三种电极的特点回顾性分析146例前列腺增生患者接受TUVP和TURP治疗后的疗效。结果：全部患者均安全度过围手术期，术后疗效满意，无严重并发症，提高了高龄高危患者的生活质量。结论：TUVP结合TURP是治疗前列腺增生的安全有效的方法。     

120例高龄BPH患者经尿道前列腺切除的围手术期治疗

目的探讨高龄良性前列腺增生（BPH）患者经尿道前列腺切除术（TURP）治疗的安全性和有效性。方法分析120例高龄BPH患者应用TURP围手术期的临床资料。结果手术时间40～70分钟,无TURP综合征发生。平均出血量90ml,围手术期无患者死亡。随访6～25个月,患者排尿功能恢复良好。国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）由术前平均26.7分下降到术后平均8.9分,生活质量评分（QOL）由术前5分下降到平均2分,最大尿流率（Qmax）由术前8ml/s上升至平均19ml/s。结论详细的术前准备,严格的手术时间掌握,术后的严密观察是TURP治疗高龄BPH患者安全有效的关键。     

TUVP与TURP联合应用治疗良性前列腺增生

目的 :探讨治疗良性前列腺增生 (BPH)的有效方法。　方法 :联合应用经尿道前列腺电汽化术 (TUVP)与经尿道前列腺电切术 (TURP)治疗BPH 179例病人。　结果 :179例病人住院时间 6～ 12d ,平均 5 .5d。术后随访 6～ 36个月。国际前列腺症状评分 (IPSS)由术前的 2 9.0分下降到 7.6分 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;最大尿流率 (Qmax)从术前的 5 .81ml/s上升到 14 .8ml/s(P <0 .0 5 )。　结论 :联合应用TUVP与TURP治疗BPH是安全、有效的方法。     

经尿道电汽化术联合电切术治疗大体积前列腺增生症

目的探讨经尿道前列腺电汽化术（TUVP）联合经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）治疗大体积良性前列腺增生症（BPH）的安全性及疗效。方法回顾分析体积大于60mL的345例BPH患者行TUVP联合TURP术的资料。结果345例中术中转开放手术4例，术后因膀胱积血电切镜下止血1例，开放血块清除1例，手术时间55—125min，平均75min，出现前列腺电切综合症前兆症状2例。术后随访215例，时间为3月-5年，最大尿流率Qmax由术前7．4mL／s升至术后16．7mL／s，国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）由术前26分降至术后9分，剩余尿（Ru）由81mL降至12mL，无永久性尿失禁。结论TUVP联合TURP治疗大体积BPH手术安全、疗效满意。     

经尿道前列腺部分汽化电切术治疗高危前列腺增生

目的:探讨经尿道前列腺部分汽化电切术(TUVP)治疗高危前列腺增生(BPH)的疗效。方法:对86例平均年龄为75岁的高危BPH患者,采用TUVP治疗,随访10~40个月。结果:86例手术时间15~90min,失血量100~200 ml,无经尿道电切综合征发生。国际前列腺症状评分由术前(25.3±4.6)分,下降至术后(9.6±2.8)分;生活质量评分由术前(5.2±0.6)分,下降至术后(2.4±0.5)分;最大尿流率由术前(6.3±3.0)ml/s上升至术后(14.2±5.3 ml/s);剩余尿量由术前(88.8±13.4)ml,下降至术后(17.2±14.8)ml。手术前后比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论:TUVP是治疗高龄高危BPH有效、安全性好、并发症少的方法。     

合并糖尿病的BPH患者TURP围手术期处理

目的 探讨合并糖尿病的良性前列腺增生症(BPH)患者经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)治疗,该类患者的围手术期处理方案.方法 1999年1月至2007年4月,共收治此类患者122例,均接受TURP治疗及围手术期适当处理,术前及术后6个月时行IPSS评分、尿流动力学检查.结果 患者病情恢复良好,IPSS评分由术前22.4分降至12.6分,最大尿流率由术前7.5ml/S上升至16.3ml/S,最大尿流率时逼尿肌压由75.9cmH2O下降至39.5cmH2O,1例严重膀胱逼尿肌收缩乏力的患者,排尿困难改善不明显,需辅助以自我间断导尿.结论 经充分的围手术期处理后,合并糖尿病的BPH患者可接受TURP治疗并获得良好疗效.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.