游离腓骨复合瓣下颌骨重建时供区侧下肢的选择

目的探讨下颌骨重建采用游离腓骨复合瓣时供区侧下肢的选择原则。方法回顾分析1999年5月至2007年4月期间完成的602例游离腓骨复合瓣下颌骨重建的病例，依据血管蒂和皮岛的位置将腓骨瓣的就位方式分成4类（Ⅰ～Ⅳ类）。结果602例中Ⅰ类424例、Ⅱ类71例、Ⅲ类63例、Ⅳ类44例。18例腓骨瓣术后出现血管危象，8例经抢救获得成功，腓骨瓣的临床成功率为98．3％。结论术前评估下颌骨缺损的范围、受区血管的位置及软组织缺损的部位和范围，有助于正确设计腓骨瓣就位时血管蒂和皮岛的位置，从而选择合适的供区侧下肢。     

两种血管化游离骨肌瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损临床分析

目的:评价血管化游离髂骨肌瓣和腓骨肌瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损的临床效果,比较两种修复方法的优缺点。方法:对44例血管化髂骨肌瓣和腓骨肌瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损的病例进行回顾性研究,分析两种骨肌瓣修复后对患者面部外形与口腔功能的影响,对比供受区并发症的差异。结果:20例髂骨肌瓣,24例腓骨肌瓣均成活;二者在恢复面部外形与口腔功能上无明显差异,在移植骨长度上,两者有明显不同。结论:血管化游离髂骨肌瓣与腓骨肌瓣作为下颌骨缺损修复的常用方法,可以满足不同类型下颌骨缺损修复的需要,但根据两种骨肌瓣的特点,对于缺损长度低于8 cm,可优先考虑髂骨瓣,而缺损范围大于8 cm的可选腓骨瓣。     

双皮岛游离腓骨瓣修复口腔颌面部复合缺损

目的探讨双皮岛游离腓骨瓣在口腔颌面部复合缺损修复中的可靠性和应用价值。方法2000年9月至2003年2月完成的12例双皮岛游离腓骨瓣移植修复口腔颌面部缺损的病例，分析缺损的类型、所采用腓骨瓣的设计、皮岛的大小、血供来源、皮岛的作用、皮岛的成活情况及并发症的发生情况。结果12例腓骨瓣中，9例用于下颌骨缺损的修复，3例用于上颌骨缺损的修复，24块皮岛均由腓动脉的隔皮穿支供血，其中10块皮岛用于口内缺损的修复，6块用于口外缺损的修复，4块用于组织充填，2块用于鼻腔粘膜缺损的修复，2块用于腓骨瓣血供的监测。全部游离组织瓣均获得成活，无一例发生坏死和部分坏死，全部24块皮岛均获得100％成活，受区和供区总的并发症发生率为33．3％。结论双皮岛游离腓骨瓣提高了游离腓骨瓣的修复效能和效果，在口腔颌面部复合缺损的修复中具有很大的灵活性，其安全可靠，制备简便，供区并发症少，值得进一步推广和应用。     

腓骨肌皮瓣加种植体植入对颌面部软硬组织缺损的功能重建

目的:总结应用腓骨肌皮瓣游离移植对颌面部软硬组织缺损的功能重建的临床经验。方法:自2007～2011年7月,我科应用腓骨肌皮瓣一期修复下颌骨及周围软组织缺损11例,其中男性8例,女性3例,年龄33～67岁,其中左下颌牙龈鳞癌4例,右下颌牙龈鳞癌2例,右舌下腺腺样囊性癌1例,右口底鳞癌2例,左下颌黏液表皮样癌1例,成釉细胞瘤1例。其中磨牙后区粘液表皮样癌和成釉细胞瘤2例进行即刻种植。受区血管均为同侧,组织瓣均吻合1根动脉、2根静脉。动脉选用颈外动脉分支,静脉选用面总静脉、颈前静脉或颈外静脉,所有动静脉吻合均采用端端吻合法。分析皮岛的设计、大小、修复部位、存活情况等。结果:本组游离腓骨肌皮瓣11例全部成活,均携带1块皮岛,由一个穿支供养,皮岛最大6cm×4cm,最小3cm×2cm,皮岛均用于口内软组织缺损修复,2例即刻种植植入种植体6颗。术后面部外形、功能及咬合关系良好。语音功能基本正常。下肢功能在术后3～6个月恢复正常。结论:腓骨瓣的骨量充足,具有骨膜和骨髓双重血供,血运丰富,抗感染能力强,移植后易于成活。可根据需要做多段截骨塑形从而更加准确的恢复颌骨牙槽突形态。操作过程中远离头颈部,可以双组同时手术。腓骨的高度和宽度以及皮质骨的厚度也十分适合牙种植体的植入。游离腓骨瓣的皮岛不仅可用于口内外的软组织缺损修复,还可作为术后血供的观察窗。腓骨肌皮瓣在修复颌面部软硬组织缺损中具有血供安全可靠,塑形灵活,模拟外形准确,利于监测,并发症少等优点,是能够同时兼顾颌骨缺损及周围软组织缺损修复重建的理想方法。     

A comparison of vascularized fibular flap and iliac crest flap for mandibular reconstruction

Segmental mandibular defects, which are caused either by ablative surgery or trauma, are usually accompanied by different degrees of skin, soft tissue or mucosa losses. The reconstruction of such defects requires complicated surgical procedures.An ideal mandibular reconstruction method must support the insertion osseointegrated dental implants which is necessary for total oral rehabilitation. The soft tissue defect should also be reconstructed if it accompanies the bony defect. We performed 37 mandibular reconstructions using either vascularized iliac crest flap or fibula flap. Sixteen of 24 patients who underwent mandibular reconstruction using iliac crest flap, and 3 of 13 patients who has been reconstructed with fibula flaps, had mandibular defects involving skin and/or mucosa. Both techniques were compared regarding patients records such as hospital stay, operation time, defect size, etiopathogenesis, skin paddle, blood transfusion, and complication rates. Self-assessment questionnaires were also used to evaluate aesthetic and functional results.When 2 different mandibular reconstruction techniques are compared regarding patient records, the complication rate of fibula flap was less than the iliac crest flap. Functional and aesthetic results also showed that oral continence, social activities, and facial appearance rates of fibula flap were superior to iliac crest flap. Lower complication rates of fibula flap group may be associated with patients' higher satisfaction rate.Both flaps are commonly used in mandibular reconstruction, however, many parameters including defect localization, defect size, presence of soft tissue defect should be considered.     

腓骨游离组织瓣在口腔颌面外科的应用

目的：本文结合我科应用游离腓骨瓣重建口腔下颌骨缺损的体会，论述了腓骨瓣的解剖、制作、用途及优缺点等问题。方法：腓骨瓣均以腓动、静脉为蒂，制作时采取先断腓骨，后解剖血管蒂的方法，使手术操作更容易，更安全。切取骨皮瓣时，皮岛以穿支血管为蒂，修复粘膜或皮肤缺损，或充作“监测瓣”。结果：自１９９６年１１月至１９９７年９月，我科共进行腓骨游离瓣移植术２６例，全部获得成功，９例携带皮岛者亦无１例发生坏死。结论：腓骨可提供２５ｃｍ长的皮质骨段，适于下颌骨缺损的即刻修复；还可同期或延期植入种植牙，恢复口腔的咀嚼功能，是目前修复下颌骨复合缺损的较好方法     

46例口腔颌面部游离腓骨瓣移植的临床分析

目的 对46例口腔颌面部游离腓骨瓣移植作回顾性分析。方法 分析所采用排骨瓣的设计、受区血管、血管吻合方式和技术、组织瓣成活情况及术后并发症的发生情况，并分析有可能影响皮瓣成活的各种因素。结果 46例排骨瓣中41例用于下颌骨重建，5例用于上颌骨重建，其中44例获得成活，成功率为95.7%。1例排骨瓣因术中损伤血管而改用游离腓骨移植，另1例因静脉血栓而失败。组织瓣移植术后血栓的发生率为8.7%，抢救成功率为50％；受区和供区总的并发症发生率为21.7%，除了4例供区并发症外，其余的并发症的均不严重，没有造成明显的后果；吸烟、饮酒、放疗和年龄（高龄和儿童）等均非影响游离组织移植成功的重要因素。结论 游离腓骨瓣在颌骨缺损的修复中具有很大的灵活性，安全可靠，制备简便，供区并发症少，值得进一步推广和应用。     

不携带肌袖的游离腓骨瓣制备技术

目的 介绍一种不携带肌袖的改良游离腓骨瓣制备方法。方法 通过分析腓骨血供的解剖学特点，设计一种不携带肌袖的游离腓骨瓣制备方法。手术时，按外侧面、前面、后面和内侧面的顺序依次剥离附丽于腓骨四周的肌肉，重点是腓骨后方拇长屈肌和腓骨内侧面胫后肌的剥离，应仔细分离、切断和结扎腓动脉发至上述两块肌肉的细小分支。结果 采用此方法共完成游离腓骨瓣下颌骨重建35例，全部腓骨瓣均在1小时内完成制备，无一例损伤腓动静脉，术后全部腓骨瓣及其所携带的皮岛均获得成活，无一例出现血管危象和受区血肿，无一例出现供区并发症，患者术后下肢功能的恢复明显优于传统腓骨瓣术后的患者。结论 不携带肌袖的游离腓骨瓣制备技术最大限度地保留了小腿肌肉的完整性，减少了术后受区和供区并发症的发生，同时也不会影响腓骨瓣血供的可靠性，值得进一步观察和应用。     

Vascularized free fibula flap oral rehabilitation using tissue engineered mucosa: Report of 3 cases

The aim of this report is to introduce the use of the dermal substitute Integra® in the context of free fibula flap prelamination for mandibular reconstruction.Three cases of mandibular reconstruction with prefabricated and Integra-prelaminated vascularized fibula flaps are reported in this article. The patients reported in this case series presented with the following tumours: an extensive cemento-ossyfying fibroma, a multicystic ameloblastoma and an extensive calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour. Virtual three-dimensional (3D) planning and 3D-printed cutting guides were used for the mandibulectomies, the flap harvest and the positioning of the implants. The dermal substitute Integra was used for prelamination instead of skin grafts. Treatment of all 3 patients was performed in two stages; the first consisted of the fibula prefabrication (dental implant insertion) and prelamination, and the second consisted of tumor resection and reconstruction with the vascularized implant-bearing fibula flap. Integra was shown to be able to generate complete mucosa-like tissue over the fibula flaps and in the peri-implant areas. The patients have been followed up for 1, 3 and 7 years, respectively, with satisfactory prosthetic, functional and aesthetic results. None of the patients developed peri-implant disease. It was observed that prelamination with the dermal substitute Integra leads to development of mucosal lining with clinical features similar to oral mucosa.In this report of three cases, use of Integra as part of the prelamination and prefabrication process, instead of skin grafts, appears able to clinically generate mucosal lining with avoidance of skin grafts.     

血管化平行折叠腓骨瓣重建下颌骨肿瘤术后骨缺损

目的：探讨应用血管化平行折叠腓骨瓣重建下颌骨肿瘤术后骨缺损的临床效果。方法 ：采用血管化游离平行折叠腓骨肌皮瓣修复重建下颌骨肿瘤术后缺损9例,男6例,女3例,年龄17-61岁,平均37岁;其中,折叠修复5例,部分折叠修复4例,下颌支缺损仅行单层腓骨修复。结果：9例患者术后移植腓骨肌皮瓣均成活,颌面部及腿部术区创口一期愈合,颌面部外形满意,无开口受限,语音清晰,吞咽功能基本正常,下肢腓骨供区无明显并发症。术后3例行二期种植义齿修复,4例因经济原因行可摘义齿修复,2例暂未行义齿修复。已行修复病例义齿与余留牙咬合关系基本正常,咀嚼功能恢复良好。术后6个月复查,全景片提示移植腓骨愈合良好,移植骨高度较正常下颌骨略低。所有病例均随访1-3 a,均无复发。所有患者自我评估对颌面部外形满意。结论：应用血管化平行折叠腓骨瓣技术重建下颌骨缺损,克服了传统腓骨瓣修复后骨质高度不足的缺点,为义齿修复提供足够的骨量,能获得良好的颌面部美学形态和功能效果。     

Immediate reconstruction following resection of oral cancer with free rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap

目的：研究游离腹直肌肌皮瓣即刻修复口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤切除术后缺损的方法并评价其作用。方法：６例患者在进行广泛的口腔癌切除术后,应用游离腹直肌肌皮瓣进行缺损即刻修复,３例颊癌患者分别切除唇,颊,下颌骨及上颌骨后造成大面积洞穿性缺损,２例舌癌及１例下颌骨恶性肿瘤患者在进行舌切除及下颌骨切除后造成大面积及复杂的缺损,缺损修复的转移皮瓣最大面积达１１０ｍｍ×２３０ｍｍ。结果：游离腹直肌肌皮瓣及供区无严重的手术并发症,６例游离腹直肌肌皮瓣有５例愈合无并发症,１例皮瓣出现部分坏死,供皮区腹壁无组织感染及裂开。结论：游离腹直肌肌皮瓣使口腔颌面部缺损修复在功能和美观上达到满意的效果,提高了口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者广泛切除术后的生存质量。     

腓骨肌(皮)瓣一期修复下颌骨缺损

目的：总结应用腓骨肌（皮）瓣一期修复下颌骨缺损的经验.方法：根据7例患者下颌骨缺损的部位和特征,对其腓骨进行截骨和塑形,以恢复其下颌骨的形态和功能,并以大钛板进行坚固内固定.结果：7例以腓骨肌（皮）瓣修复下颌骨缺损患者全部成功,伤口愈合良好.结论：腓骨肌（皮）瓣可根据下颌骨缺损的部位和形态进行截骨和塑形,是用来修复下颌骨缺损的一种理想的方法.     

Surgical management of ameloblastoma in the mandible: Segmental mandibulectomy and immediate reconstruction with free fibula or deep circumflex iliac artery flap (evaluation of the long-term esthetic and functional results).

PURPOSE: Ameloblastoma is responsible for 1% of all the oral and maxillomandibular cysts and tumors. It is odontogenic in origin and benign in nature but it has a high percentage of local recurrence rate and possible malignant development when treated inadequately. With the advancement of craniofacial surgical techniques, use of free flaps for mandibular reconstruction, and dental rehabilitation (such as osseointegration), the segmental mandibulectomy and immediate reconstruction with free flaps are beginning to be used more effectively for the treatment of the mandibular ameloblastoma. The aim of this article is to evaluate the clinical results of the patients with mandibular ameloblastoma who were treated with segmental mandibulectomy and immediate reconstruction with free flaps. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present 11 patients who had segmental mandibulectomy and immediate reconstruction with free deep circumflex iliac artery or fibular flap for treatment of mandibular ameloblastoma. The average age of the patients was 25.4 years (range, 18-38 years). The patients were followed up for a mean of 29.3 months (range, 17-38 months). The functional and esthetic results were also evaluated by using a questionnaire in the long term. The questionnaire consisted of questions addressing oral continence, diet, social activities, speech, and facial appearance. RESULTS: All flaps survived totally. Recurrence was not detected during the follow-up period. It was found that all patients had good esthetic and functional results after immediate reconstruction. The social activities of patients also were not affected after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We experienced that segmental mandibulectomy with safe borders and immediate reconstruction with free fibula flap or deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) flap is an ideal treatment method for mandibular ameloblastoma. The functional and esthetic results are also detected as very satisfactory for the patients.     

The use of free fibular flap for functional mandibular reconstruction.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation is to document our experience using the free vascularized fibular flap for comprehensive reconstruction of discontinuity defects in the mandible, after combined resections of malignant and aggressive odontogenic tumors, with special emphasis on functional aspect of the reconstruction process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of consecutive patients treated for reconstruction of discontinuity defects of the mandible, using the fibular vascularized free flap, between 1997-2002. All procedures were performed in the same hospital and by the same surgical team. RESULTS: A total of 13 patients (9 males, 4 females) were treated in our department in a period of 6 years for reconstruction of discontinuity mandibular defects using the free fibula vascularized flap. Wound healing disturbances at the donor site occurred in 4 cases. Two flaps were lost, 1 because of total failure in a patient who was heavily irradiated because of osteosarcoma, the other because of resorption of the bone tissue transfer in a case of total avulsion of the mandible caused by a fall from height. CONCLUSION: Fibula free vascularized flap is a safe and reliable method for comprehensive functional and esthetic mandibular defect reconstruction. Our protocol has a significant impact on preserving the patients quality of life.     

对偶三角瓣联合原位小面积全厚皮片修复前臂游离皮瓣供区缺损

目的: 介绍一种对偶三角瓣联合原位小面积全厚皮片修复前臂游离皮瓣供区缺损的方法。方法: 对25例口腔鳞癌患者行前臂游离皮瓣修复肿瘤切除术后缺损,在制备前臂游离皮瓣的同时,进行供区对偶三角瓣及邻近小面积全厚皮片的设计和制取,原位修复供区缺损。结果: 25例前臂供区缺损均成功采用供区对偶三角瓣联合原位小面积全厚皮片修复。用于关闭前臂供区缺损的邻近全厚皮片均存活,创口愈合良好,无迟发性创面破裂,未发生供区严重并发症。取瓣侧手臂肘腕关节运动正常,掌部血运正常,前臂皮瓣供区缺损修复区域与周围组织皮肤色泽接近,无凹陷畸形,无挛缩畸形。与腹部取皮组相比,前臂邻近皮片修复组在术后肿胀和腕关节运动没有明显差异的情况下,瘢痕感染几率减少,肌腱外露风险降低,大大提高了前臂术区的美观性。结论: 改良供区对偶三角瓣联合邻近全厚皮片修复技术减少了术中和术后恢复时间,避免第三术区的创伤,值得在临床上应用。     

带血管蒂腓骨组织瓣游离移植修复下颌骨缺损的临床研究

目的:评价带血管蒂腓骨组织瓣游离移植修复下颌骨缺损的临床应用价值。方法:对25例患者用腓骨瓣游离移植修复下颌骨缺损。手术采取血管吻合、坚固内固定方法恢复下颌骨形态及完整性。其中22例患者为单纯腓骨瓣移植,3例患者为携带肌皮瓣或皮瓣的腓骨瓣移植,3例患者还同期植入种植体共5枚。结果:25例患者平均随访917个月,成功率为96%。3个患者的5枚种植体均达到良好的骨整合效果,并已行上部义齿的修复。62% 的患者可正常进食,余38%的患者可进软食。96%的患者面部外形的恢复达满意或较为满意。所有患者均能正常行走,无1例出现踝关节不稳定。结论:带血管蒂的游离腓骨组织瓣具有众多其它自体骨组织瓣不可比拟的优点, 是下颌骨缺损修复重建的最佳方法之一。     

超声检查在腓骨肌(皮)瓣修复下颌骨缺损中的作用

目的　研究超声检测技术在腓骨肌 (皮 )瓣修复下颌骨缺损过程中的作用。方法　 9例腓骨肌 (皮 )瓣修复下颌骨缺损的病例 ,术前彩超检查以确定腓动脉是否单独存在 ,带皮瓣修复者 ,将腓动脉皮支体表定位。单纯腓骨瓣转移者 ,术后超声多普勒听诊仪检测移植瓣动脉的血流情况。结果　 9例腓动脉均单独存在 ,术后腓骨瓣及所带皮瓣全部存活。彩超检查确定腓动脉皮支的位置及数量 ,便于所带皮瓣的术前设计和术中操作 ;超声多普勒听诊检查结果准确地反映了移植瓣动脉的血流状态。结论　超声检查在腓骨肌 (皮 )瓣修复下颌骨缺损术前观察腓血管的结构 ,术后监测组织瓣的存活性方面有重要意义     

腓骨肌(皮)瓣一期整复下颌骨缺损

目的　应用游离腓骨肌 (皮 )瓣一期整复下颌骨缺损。方法　以腓动静脉为血管蒂切取腓骨肌瓣 ,根据下颌骨缺损的特点 ,对腓骨进行截骨塑形 ,按定位钢板定位后的下颌骨缺损形态和长度准确就位 ,用小钛板或重建板进行移植骨坚固内固定。结果　 18例腓骨肌瓣重建下颌骨缺损全部获得成功。腓骨截成二段者 10例 ,三段者 3例 ,5例未截断。术后伤口均一期愈合 ,术后面部外形恢复满意者 16例 ,咬合关系正常者 14例 ,张口度正常者 14例 ,3例患者术后接受活动义齿修复 ,1例行种植义齿修复并获得良好的咀嚼功能。结论　腓骨肌瓣是重建下颌骨缺损的理想组织瓣 ,其具有骨量充足、外形好、成功率高等优点。     

游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的初步研究

目的 探讨游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣在头颈部缺损修复中的应用.方法 2010年4月至2011年1月16例患者头颈部肿瘤切除后拟用游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复组织缺损,术前采用超声多普勒血流仪或彩色多普勒超声检测穿支血管,设计皮瓣,术中记录皮瓣大小、穿支血管的数目和血管蒂长度,术后观察游离瓣成活情况,随访记录供区愈合情况及评价术后并发症.结果 最终完成游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣修复16例,15例皮瓣术后成活,1例术后因静脉危象手术探查后皮瓣部分存活.供区15例直接缝合,1例植皮.15例供区Ⅰ期愈合,1例因术后供区肌肉坏死行清创手术后愈合.14例术后随访3～ 12个月,所有患者供区除因瘢痕致远端皮肤触觉异常外,远期无明显功能障碍.结论 游离腓肠内侧动脉穿支皮瓣供区并发症轻微,适用头颈部中小型缺损修复.     

血管化腓骨瓣修复涉及髁突下颌骨缺损的临床应用

目的:对累及髁突的不同类型下颌骨缺损采用游离腓骨瓣修复的方法、经验进行总结。方法:2001年10月-2004年10月,53例累及下颌升支上部的颌骨良性病损,行下颌骨切除后采用游离腓骨瓣进行下颌骨重建,分别采用了腓骨代替髁突法(30例)、游离髁突法(7例)及保留髁突法(16例)3种方法进行下颌骨缺损修复重建。分析总结临床方法经验,并对患者术后外形和功能进行临床评价。结果:本组血管化游离腓骨瓣移植成活率98.1%(52/53);41例患者术后随访,进行了临床检查及外形、功能评价,经Fisher检验,腓骨替代髁突组、游离髁突组及保留髁突组患者在术后外形和进食、语音功能上无显著差别。结论:3种不同髁突处理方法进行游离腓骨瓣下颌骨缺损重建,在临床上实用可行,可依据患者病损的具体情况选用。