优秀游泳运动员备战伦敦奥运会高原训练负荷及手段个案研究

<正>高原特殊的地理环境及气候特点,使运动员在高原训练期间的身体机能会产生一系列的适应性变化,人体在高原缺氧和运动的双重刺激下产生强烈的应激反应,以调动体内的机能潜力,从而产生一系列有利于提高运动能力的抗缺氧生理反应。以往高原训练的相关研究,多关注高原训练前后运动成绩是否提高,用生理生化指标的变化来辅助说明高原训练是否有效,而     

驻平原部队高原适应性训练防病要点

正近年来,高原适应性训练已逐渐成为我军的一种常态化训练模式。医学上的高原特指会对人体机能产生影响的海拔3000米以上地区,在我国泛指西藏、青海、新疆南部及四川和云南的西北部地区。与平原相比,高原地区的地理环境和气候条件恶劣,具有气压低、氧分压低、昼夜温差大和紫外线强烈等特点。驻平原地区部队长途机动至高原遂行高原训练和演习任务时,高原低氧环境对人体生理功能的影响是多方面的,涉及到人体各系统,主要表现为高原反应、消化不     

高原/低氧与减控体重研究

本文综述了高原/低氧与减控体重的研究进展,包括高原/低氧对体重和体成分的影响及其影响因素、同一海拔不同低氧训练方法减控体重的比较、高原/低氧训练对肥胖机体减重及对其身体机能和运动能力的影响、高原/低氧训练减控体重的可能机制,并对高原/低氧与减控体重今后的研究方向和应用前景做了分析展望。     

微血管反应性在耐力性运动员训练中的应用

研究认为:微血管反应性与耐力性运动员运动性疲劳的产生、身体机能状态的变化有着密切关系,可作为运动员身体机能状态监控的无创性指标,但在高原训练阶段相关研究的结论尚不明确,这与高原上特殊的缺氧、干燥自然环境、海拔高度以及运动负荷等对运动员微血管反应性的复杂影响有关;微血管反应性应用于运动负荷、专项能力变化的评定可能是评价训练科学性和效果的新手段,但相关研究存在项目单一、特殊训练手段下研究结果不明确等问题,尤其高原训练阶段,研究人员需要从不同运动项目、不同训练手段和阶段等方面对微血管反应性在耐力性运动员中的应用进行定量研究。     

低氧、运动与免疫机能研究进展

多年来,高原训练是体育工作者一直关注的重要训练手段,并被广泛应用于中长跑、游泳、自行车、越野滑雪、赛艇、皮划艇等运动项目。大量研究发现,在高原环境下进行运动训练,有某些生理学效应的优势,但也有相应的弊端。因此,出现了训练方法由传统高原训练到模拟低氧环境训练的不断改进,使运动员通过训练获得一定的生理效应和训练学效应。尽管低氧训练被认为对于运动员机能状况和运动能力的提高有更加显著的效果,但由于运动员在低氧环境中居住或训练,必然会导致机体产生应激反应,引起一系列生理变化和适应,同时对免疫系统也将产生一定的影响。…     

探索部队高原驻训卫勤保障之道

根据未来作战的需要，我区部队经常进入海拔3000m以上的高原地区训练、演习。高海拔和寒冷的气候极易使人体产生高原反应，严重时可引发高原病，从而影响部队军事训练的正常开展。因此，探索部队高原驻训的卫勤保障特点对于我区部队具有重要的战略意义。本文结合随部队进入高原训练并进行卫勤保障的经历，谈谈部队高原训练卫勤保障的经验和体会。     

优秀男子青少年游泳运动员高原训练的血液指标变化

目的:通过对血液指标的研究,观察高原训练对优秀青少年游泳运动员身体机能的影响,探讨身体机能的变化规律。方法:选择23名优秀男子青少年游泳运动员进行8周高原训练,训练周期包括高原前(100 m)准备期7天、高原(1890 m)训练期24天和高原后(100 m)调整期25天。在不同阶段的清晨采集安静血样。全血用于测试血常规,包括红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、红细胞压积(HCT)和白细胞计数(WBC)。血清用于测试睾酮(s T)、皮质醇(s C)、肌酸激酶(s CK)和尿素(s UREA)。结果:与高原前第7天相比,RBC和HGB在高原第2、14和21天均明显升高(P<0.01,P<0.01);HCT在高原第2、7、14和21天均显著升高(P<0.01);s CK在高原第2、7、14和21天以及高原后第11和18天均显著升高(P<0.01);s UREA在高原第7天以及高原后第4、11、18和25天均显著升高(P<0.01)。与初入高原第2天相比,s T在高原第14天以及高原后第11和25天显著降低(P<0.01);s T/s C在高原后第11和25天显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:高原训练使青少年游泳运动员的造血机能产生适应性变化。青少年游泳运动员对高原训练的应激反应较大,身体机能恢复较慢,并伴有疲劳发生。     

低氧预适应结合长时间亚高原训练前后男子赛艇运动员身体机能分析

目的:分析低氧预适应结合亚高原训练前后男子赛艇运动员身体机能状态的变化.方法:16名优秀男子赛艇运动员为对象,先进行10天HiLo低氧训练,模拟海拔高度为1200～1500 m.再于海拔1500 m进行8周亚高原训练.分别于低氧训练前和亚高原训练前、中、后不同时段测定分析运动员身体机能状态,测试指标包括:氧转运系统指标(Hb、RBC)、内分泌系统指标(T、C、T/C、EPO)、免疫系统指标(WBC、IgA、IgM、IgG)以及CK和BU.结果:与低氧训练前相比,1)EPO在低氧训练后和高原训练第3天出现两个峰值,升高幅度分别为26.27％和26.60％(P＜0.01).Hb在低氧后显著下降(P＜0.01),高原训练第3天,第1、3、7周,下高原后第2、3周显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);2)白细胞在实验期间升高(P＜0.01),IgA和IgG无显著变化(P＞0.05),IgM在低氧训练后、高原训练第3周、下高原后第2周(P＜0.01,P＜0.05,P＜0.05)显著升高;3)低氧训练后血清睾酮下降(P＞0.05),高原训练第3天显著升高(P＜0.05),血清皮质醇在高原训练第3周(P＜0.01)、第5周(P＜0.05)显著下降,T/C在高原训练第3天和第3、5周显著升高(P＜0.05).结论:低氧预适应干预加快了运动员高原适应;10天低氧预适应结合8周亚高原训练对运动员机能状态产生良好影响,运动员未出现过度疲劳,血液载氧能力提高,免疫能力未见大幅下降.     

低氧预适应结合长时间亚高原训练前后男子赛艇运动员身体机能分析

高原训练是赛艇等耐力性项目常用的有效训练手段。近年来，随着低氧训练应用增多，许多项目采用低氧训练结合高原训练。新的训练模式提出了新的要求：全面有效监控训练过程中运动员身体机能状态，为实施训练计划、制定疲劳恢复方案、分析训练效果等提供有效帮助。本文通过观察优秀男子赛艇运动员10天低氧预适应结合8周亚高原训练中生理生化指标的变化，旨在分析低氧预适应结合亚高原训练前后男子赛艇运动员身体机能状态的变化。     

长时间高原训练对优秀赛艇运动员免疫机能及血浆瘦素的影响

目的:观察长时间高原训练过程中运动员免疫机能和血清瘦素的变化,探讨二者之间的关系。方法:20名优秀男子赛艇运动员进行持续60天的高原训练(海拔2200 m),训练分为两个大的训练阶段,7天为1个训练周,每个训练周包含2个小周期。内容以中低强度有氧耐力训练为主。上高原后第1、4、10、25、38、60天,即每个训练小周期、训练周或大训练阶段调整结束后次日清晨,空腹采集前臂静脉血。酶联免疫吸附法测定血清瘦素,化学发光仪测定血清皮质醇,以Beckman COULTER AC T10血球仪测定白细胞及其分类计数,以Binding Site AD200光散射光度计测定免疫球蛋白。结果:(1)与上高原前的(6.55±1.31)×109/L比较,WBC计数在上高原后1天[(5.62±2.26)×109/L]下降14.2%,高原第10天为(6.51±0.97)×109/L,回升至接近高原前水平;高原第25天为(5.24±0.82)×109/L,与高原前、高原第10天比较显著下降(P<0.05)。(2)LY%与WBC计数变化趋势近似,高原第25天[(29.37±5.88)]%大幅下降,与高原前的(40.43±6.64)%和高原第10天的(36.62±6.94)%比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);高原训练第38天、第60天LY%分别为(32.49±4.92)%、(28.18±3.71)%,均显著低于高原前。(3)上高原1天后,血清IgG[(12.11±2.18)g/L]显著升高(P<0.05);之后,IgG无明显变化;血清IgM和IgA高原训练阶段与高原前比较均无显著改变。(4)整个高原训练过程中,血清LP均值无显著性改变(变化范围6.12～6.56 ng/ml)。结论:高原训练第25天左右,免疫机能可能下降;经10天调整训练后略有恢复,至上高原后第60天仍低于高原前。长时间高原训练过程中,血清LP与免疫机能之间的变化关系仍需研究。     

平原人急进高原最大做功能力测试

本文报道60名健康男性青年由海拔500m乘机到达海拔3680m,休息7天后,其最大做功量、最大摄氧量(Vo_2max)和最大心率(HRmax)等的变化规律。研究表明,平原人急进高原后,最大做功量由平原11109.1kgf.m降低到3967.7kgf.m,降低64.28％;Vo_2max由平原的2.673L/min降低到2.056L/min,降低23.07％;与最大做功量相比,高原低氧环境对Vo_2max的影响较小,仅以Vo_2max来评价平原人高原劳动能力是不全面的。受试者进入高原后,晨脉升高,HRmax降低,50％最大负荷运动心率升高,表明机体心力储备降低,做功效率降低。     

Effects of different types of respiratory muscle training on exercise performance in runners

To compare two different types of respiratory muscle training on exercise performance, a protocol was devised consisting of a combination of a 4-week, 12-session resistive respiratory muscle training (RRMT) followed by a 4-week, 12-session voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea training (VIHT) and conducted in experienced runners (4 men, 4 women). Measurements before and 5 days after training included: pulmonary function (spirometry), maximal inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures, respiratory endurance time, maximal oxygen uptake (V(o2)max), running time to voluntary exhaustion at 80% V(o2)max, blood lactate concentration, and minute ventilation. There were no statistically significant differences in pulmonary functions and V(o2)max post-RRMT and post-VIHT compared to pre-RMT. Following RRMT the inspiratory muscle strength had improved by 23.8 +/- 30% and 18.7 +/- 21.4% at rest and immediately after the running test, respectively. RRMT did not increase the time intense voluntary isocapnic ventilation could be maintained during rest while VIHT increased it (237 +/- 207.8%). The duration of the endurance run was extended 17.7 +/- 6.5% after RRMT and 45.5 +/- 14.3% after VIHT.     

Training and bioenergetic characteristics in elite male and female Kenyan runners

PURPOSE: This study compares the training characteristics and the physical profiles of top-class male and female Kenyan long-distance runners. METHOD: The subjects were 20 elite Kenyan runners: 13 men (10-km performance time: 10-km performance time of 28 min, 36 s +/- 18 s) and 7 women (32 min, 32 s +/- 65 s). The male runners were separated into high-speed training runners (HST: N = 6) and low-speed training runners (LST: N = 7) depending on whether they train at speeds equal or higher than those associated with the maximal oxygen uptake (vVO2max ). All but one woman were high-speed training runners (female HST: N = 6). Subjects performed an incremental test on a 400-m track to determine VO2max, vVO2max, and the velocity at the lactate threshold (vLT). RESULTS: Within each gender among the HST group, 10-km performance time was inversely correlated with vVO2max (rho = -0.86, P = 0.05, and rho = -0.95, P = 0.03, for men and women, respectively). HST male runners had a higher VO2max, a lower (but not significantly) fraction of vVO2max (FVO2max ) at the lactate threshold, and a higher energy cost of running (ECR). Among men, the weekly training distance at vVO2max explained 59% of the variance of vVO2max, and vVO2max explained 52% of the variance of 10-km performance time. Kenyan women had a high VO2max and FVO2max at vLT that was lower than their male HST counterparts. ECR was not significantly different between genders. CONCLUSION: The velocity at the VO2max is the main factor predicting the variance of the 10-km performance both in men and women, and high-intensity training contributes to this higher VO2max among men.     

Marathons in altitude.

PURPOSE: We examined the effect of altitude up to 5200 m on marathon (42,195 m) performances. METHODS: Eight elite and four good runners participated in a marathon at 4300-m altitude (A1), and five elite runners participated both in A1 and in a marathon at 5200-m altitude (A2). The maximal aerobic power (VO2max) was determined indirectly in altitude during A1 and A2 expeditions from the scores of a 12-min running test. The fractions of VO2max utilized during both races were calculated from the linear relationship between running speed and VO2 described by Costill and Fox (1969). RESULTS: VO2max significantly decreases with altitude (P<0.001). We found a linear relationship (R2 = 0.73, P<0.001) between the speed of each participant in the sea level marathon and the speed of A1. The mean difference between the sea level and the A1 speed was 35+/-9% (P<0.001). In A1, elite runners utilized 63+/-8% whereas good runners utilized 52+/-8% of VO2max (P<0.001). The five elite runners utilized 74+/-6%; 67+/-1% (P< 0.01), and 71+/-3% (P<0.01) of their VO2max at sea level, A1, and A2, respectively. In Al, the mean heart rate (HR) was higher in elite than in good runners (P<0.001), whereas the percentage of maximum theoretical HR was 83+/-3% and 81+/-5%, respectively (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Marathon performance in altitude is mainly affected by the lower VO2max. The better performance of elite marathoners in altitude compared with good runners was related to the higher % of VO2max maintained during every marathon. The differences between the expected and the observed performances at high altitude depend on the uneven running path and on a poorer economy of running that is related to the higher mechanical work of breathing. The fractional utilization of VO2max seems lowered by acute exposure to altitude and slightly increases with acclimatization.     

低氧训练中优秀女子中长跑运动员CK-MB和心电图∑T/R的变化

目的:探讨低氧训练对优秀女子中长跑运动员心功能的影响。方法:国家女子中长跑队运动员13人随机分为高住高练低训组(HiHiLo组,7人)和低住高练组(LoHi组,6人),两组在每天完成相同的日常平原训练计划的基础上,每周进行3次低氧训练,训练方式为蹬功率自行车,强度为个体80%VO2max,时间40分钟,氧浓度为14.7%左右(相当于海拔2800米高度)。此外,HiHiLo组晚上在低氧房居住10小时,房中空气氧含量为14.7%(相当于海拨2800米高度),LoHi组常氧居住,实验期4周。监测低氧训练前、低氧训练第1、2、3、4周的周一清晨心电图变化,读取心电图∑T/R值;同时取清晨空腹静脉血测定肌酸激酶同工酶CK-MB。结果:HiHiLo组在低氧训练过程中,CK-MB持续下降,低氧训练第1周、2周、3周、4周CK-MB均显著低于实验前(P<0.05),低氧训练第4周亦显著低于低氧训练第1周(P<0.05)。而LoHi组CK-MB则无显著变化。与低氧训练前相比,HiHiLo组和LoHi组心电图∑T/R的变化无显著差异。结果提示低氧训练对心脏功能无不良影响,低氧居住在某种程度上有利于心脏功能的恢复。     

电影磁共振图像评定运动员心脏形态与功能

本文对瑞典10名耐力运动员(耐力组,长跑7人,游泳3人),10名举重运动员(力量组)及10名健康无训练者(对照组)进行了心脏电影磁共振图像与最大吸氧量的测试。结果表明:1)从左室舒末容量、左室编末容量、心搏量、左室心肌重量、最大吸氧量、最大通气量等指标来看,无论是其绝对实测值,还是其按体表面积或体重校正计算的相对值,耐力组均非常显著地大于其它二组。力量组除了左室心肌重量及左室心肌重量/左室舒末容量比值略有增高外(P<0.05),其余各指标与对照组比较均无显著性差异。2)左室舒末容量、心搏量、左室心肌重量及最大通气量四指标均与最大吸氧量呈高度正相关关系,相关系数依次为0.88,0.85,0.81,0.76,各相关系数均有高度显著性(P<0.001)。3)本文各组的左室心肌重量的电影磁共振图像测定值低于以往多数类似研究对象的超声心动图测定值。文章指出,电影磁共振图像技术是评定左室心肌重量与左室容量十分准确可靠的无创性检查新方法。本文首先报道了运动员心脏电影磁共振部分指标正常测量值。     

Effects of menstrual phase and amenorrhea on exercise performance in runners

There are few well controlled studies in terms of subject selection, menstrual classification, and exercise protocol that have examined both maximal and submaximal exercise responses during different phases of the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic runners and compared these runners to amenorrheic runners. Thus, the purpose of this study was to measure selected physiological and metabolic responses to maximal and submaximal exercise during two phases of the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic runners and amenorrheic runners. Eight eumenorrheic runners (29.0 +/- 4.2 yr) and eight amenorrheic runners (24.5 +/- 5.7 yr) matched for physical, gynecological, and training characteristics were studied. The eumenorrheic runners performed one maximal and one submaximal (40 min at 80% VO2max) treadmill run during both the early follicular (days 2-4) and midluteal (6-8 d from LH surge) phases. The amenorrheic runners performed one maximal and one submaximal (40 min at 80% VO2max) treadmill run. Cycle phases were documented by urinary luteinizing hormone and progesterone assays and by plasma estradiol and progesterone assays. No differences were observed in oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, rating of perceived exertion, time to fatigue (maximal), and plasma lactate (following the maximal and submaximal exercise tests) between the follicular and luteal phases in the eumenorrheic runners and the amenorrheic runners. We conclude that neither menstrual phase (follicular vs luteal) nor menstrual status (eumenorrheic vs amenorrheic) alters or limits exercise performance in female athletes.     

无氧阈和无氧阈以上运动员左心功能

采用逐级递增负荷踏车试验测定26名运动员最大摄氧量与无氧阈并与在相应心率下二维超声心动图运动试验测得的左心室形态和机能各参数比较。左室舒末内径与(?)O_(2max)、左室泵血功能某些参数在AT和AT以上和(?)O_2有显著相关,但不同个体在相应心率下相关较低,而同一个体(或组)在整个试验过程中自身比较呈高度相关。     

Is there an optimal training intensity for enhancing the maximal oxygen uptake of distance runners?: empirical research findings, current opinions, physiological rationale and practical recommendations

The maximal oxygen uptake (V-dotO(2max)) is considered an important physiological determinant of middle- and long-distance running performance. Little information exists in the scientific literature relating to the most effective training intensity for the enhancement of V-dotO(2max) in well trained distance runners. Training intensities of 40-50% V-dotO(2max) can increase V-dotO(2max) substantially in untrained individuals. The minimum training intensity that elicits the enhancement of V-dotO(2max) is highly dependent on the initial V-dotO(2max), however, and well trained distance runners probably need to train at relative high percentages of V-dotO(2max) to elicit further increments. Some authors have suggested that training at 70-80% V-dotO(2max) is optimal. Many studies have investigated the maximum amount of time runners can maintain 95-100% V-dotO(2max) with the assertion that this intensity is optimal in enhancing V-dotO(2max). Presently, there have been no well controlled training studies to support this premise.Myocardial morphological changes that increase maximal stroke volume, increased capillarisation of skeletal muscle, increased myoglobin concentration, and increased oxidative capacity of type II skeletal muscle fibres are adaptations associated with the enhancement of V-dotO(2max). The strength of stimuli that elicit adaptation is exercise intensity dependent up to V-dotO(2max), indicating that training at or near V-dotO(2max) may be the most effective intensity to enhance V-dotO(2max) in well trained distance runners. Lower training intensities may induce similar adaptation because the physiological stress can be imposed for longer periods. This is probably only true for moderately trained runners, however, because all cardiorespiratory adaptations elicited by submaximal training have probably already been elicited in distance runners competing at a relatively high level.Well trained distance runners have been reported to reach a plateau in V-dotO(2max) enhancement; however, many studies have demonstrated that the V-dotO(2max) of well trained runners can be enhanced when training protocols known to elicit 95-100% V-dotO(2max) are included in their training programmes. This supports the premise that high-intensity training may be effective or even necessary for well trained distance runners to enhance V-dotO(2max). However, the efficacy of optimised protocols for enhancing V-dotO(2max) needs to be established with well controlled studies in which they are compared with protocols involving other training intensities typically used by distance runners to enhance V-dotO(2max).     

The effect of normoxic or hypobaric hypoxic endurance training on the hypoxic ventilatory response.

Cross-sectional studies in endurance athletes have demonstrated a diminished hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) compared with mountaineers or sedentary controls. Conversely, short-term altitude acclimatization may increase the HVR. The longitudinal effect of training, either at sea level or altitude, on HVR has not been previously reported. We therefore studied 21 untrained men and women before and after 5 wk of cycle ergometer training at either sea level or 2,500 m. HVR was determined using the steady-state method (16). Minute ventilation (VE) was measured with a Tissot spirometer during the last minute of 5 min breathing room air, 8% and 12% O2, administered in random order. CO2 was added at the mouth in an effort to maintain end-tidal CO2 at baseline levels. Oxyhemoglobin saturation was measured directly from arterial blood with a hemoximeter (OSM 3). HVR was defined as the positive slope of the line relating VE to O2 saturation in l.min-1%-1. One group of subjects trained at sea level at 70% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max; N = 7). A second group trained at 2,500 m in a hypobaric chamber, at the same relative exercise intensity (i.e., 70% altitude VO2max) or same absolute intensity (same power output) as group 1 (N = 14). Both groups trained on a bicycle ergometer for 45 min.d-1, 5 d.wk-1 for 5 wk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)