2003～2010年南阳市卧龙区艾滋病夫妻间感染状况调查

[目的]了解南阳市卧龙区夫妻双方感染艾滋病的情况,为预防该人群HIV感染和传播提供依据。[方法]对卧龙区2003～2010年夫妻双方感染艾滋病情况进行调查。[结果]卧龙区共发现夫妻双方均感染艾滋病56对(112例),感染途径为经血液和性行为传播者分别为66(占58.93%)和46例(占41.07%);男方将HIV传给女方的35例,传播率为62.50%,女方将HIV传给男方的21例,传播率为37.50%(P<0.01);农民占92.86%;初中和小学分别为33.04%和59.82%;一方有高危行为,另一方只有婚内性行为的夫妻36对(占64.29%);所生29个子女中经母婴传播6例(占20.69%)。[结论]一方有高危行为感染HIV后,经夫妻间性传播是卧龙区夫妻双方HIV感染和传播的主要方式。     

河南省预防艾滋病母婴传播工作开展情况分析

目的了解实施艾滋病母婴传播干预措施对艾滋病病毒母婴传播的影响。方法对河南省19个项目县四年来预防艾滋病母婴传播工作、阳性妇女的管理和夫妇双方单方HIV阳性配偶随访工作情况进行统计分析。结果19个项目县1 260 435名孕产妇接受了自愿咨询检测,孕产妇检测阳性率呈现逐年下降趋势,HIV阳性育龄妇女随访率为93.00%以上,单方HIV阳性配偶随访率达到97.00%以上,接受干预措施后艾滋病母婴传播率为3.23%,整体处于低流行水平。结论通过预防艾滋病母婴传播工作的开展,减少了她们感染HIV的潜在风险,有效地避免了HIV二代传播。     

驻马店市2001-2009年预防艾滋病母婴传播干预工作分析

目的 分析驻马店市开展预防艾滋病母婴传播干预工作以来,孕产妇人群中艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况和母婴传播情况及工作成效.方法 2001年10月-2009年5月,在全市孕产妇人群开展HIV自愿咨询与检测,共检测339 866名孕产妇;对检测过程中发现的594例HIV抗体阳性孕产妇进行综合干预,对其分娩的326名婴儿实施干预措施并在满12个月和18个月进行HIV抗体检测.结果 检测发现594例HIV阳性孕产妇,阳性率为0.17%(594/339 866),孕产妇HIV抗体检测阳性率呈现逐年下降趋势,最高年份2002年为0.47%(37/7837),最低年份2008年为0.12%(86/73 343).594例阳性孕产妇中,自愿终止妊娠228例,占38.38%(228/594);继续妊娠的43例,占7.24%(43/594);产妇317例,占53.37%(317/594).317例阳性产妇共生产婴儿326名,实施母婴阻断298名,实施阻断措施比率为94.01%(298/317);326名婴儿中存活317名,其中满18个月者224名,接受检测221名,检测出HIV阳性7例,接受干预措施后的母婴传播率为3.17%(7/221).结论 通过开展预防艾滋病母婴传播干预工作,可及时掌握孕产妇人群中HIV的感染状况,能有效降低艾滋病母婴传播水平.     

未知情家庭艾滋病传播回顾性定群研究

目的 研究在未知情的情况下,家庭内艾滋病病毒的传播率及影响因素.方法 选择某地1995年前后家庭成员因受血感染人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)的117个家庭,平均8年后观察其他家庭成员HIV感染状况.结果 在117个家庭中,有39个家庭发生了家庭传播,家庭传播率为33.3%;存在传播危险因素的家庭成员感染率为22.8%(49/215),不存在传播危险因素的家庭成员中未发现感染者.家庭内夫妻传播和母婴传播危险因素并存导致家庭传播率高达47.8%(32/67),存在母婴传播因素的家庭传播率为40.9%(27/66),存在夫妻传播因素的家庭传播率为16.5%(19/115),妻子作为家庭引入病例导致38.5%(37/96)的家庭传播率,丈夫作为家庭引入病例的家庭传播率为9.5%(2/21);妻子感染时的年龄越小,家庭传播率越高;夫妻传播危险因素存续时问越长,家庭夫妻传播率越高;母婴传播危险因素存续时间长短不影响家庭母婴传播率.结论 通过回顾性队列研究,获得了家庭成员未知情条件下的家庭传播率和家庭成员传播率.     

随州市艾滋病病毒感染孕产妇母婴阻断的效果研究

目的了解随州地区HIV阳性孕产妇中的婴幼儿感染HIV的状况,探讨减少及阻断HIV母婴垂直传播的方法,为预防和控制HIV母婴垂直传播提供一些依据。方法收集2002-2008年随州地区自愿咨询的HIV阳性孕产妇及所产婴幼儿,对2004年后的HIV阳性孕产妇及其新生儿实施综合干预。结果随州市2002-2008年共发现15例孕产妇为HIV阳性,2例幼儿HIV阳性,经母婴传播感染比例为0.34%(2/591),自然传播率为13.33%(2/15)。2004年7月实施母婴阻断前的母婴传播途径感染比例为0.77%(2/260),其母婴自然传播率为28.6%(2/7);2004年7月实施母婴阻断后未发现经母婴传播的婴幼儿。结论随州市HIV的感染人群已由高危人群向普通人群转换,孕产妇人群中艾滋病的感染问题日趋严重,应引起高度重视;对孕妇提供AIDS自愿咨询检测服务和对HIV孕产妇采取综合性干预措施,可有效防止或阻断HIV母婴垂直传播的发生。     

漳州市2009-2015年预防艾滋病母婴传播检测结果

目的 了解漳州市HIV抗体阳性孕产妇疫情及母婴传播阻断情况.方法 以国家妇幼卫生信息管理系统中的艾滋病检测月报及个案随访卡为依据,对漳州市2009-2015年预防艾滋病母婴传播工作进行分析.结果 漳州市2009-2015年婚前保健211 287人,HIV抗体检测率39.3％,阳性6例,阳性率0.7/万;孕期保健552 135人,HIV抗体检测率52.8％,阳性21例,阳性率0.7/万,干预17例(81.0％);住院分娩419 348人,HIV抗体检测率88.6％,阳性14例(均为产前检测),阳性率0.4/万,干预3例(21.4％);HIV抗体阳性母亲产活产儿32人,干预24例(75.0％),满18个月检测婴儿HIV抗体,均未发现阳性.结论 漳州市HIV检测率有待提高,应积极做好新生儿早期干预,全面落实预防艾滋病母婴传播综合干预措施,实现最大限度地减少因母婴传播造成的儿童感染.     

浙江省843对HIV单阳夫妻危险行为及血清检测

目的 了解人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)单阳夫妻的流行病学特征及配偶HIV血清阳转情况.方法 对浙江省艾滋病疫情网络数据库进行整理,选取2008年底之前报告且配偶首次检测结果为阴性的HIV单阳夫妻为研究对象,研究内容包括一般特征、感染危险行为和性病史、夫妻间安全套使用、配偶HIV血清阳转情况及阳转时间的影响因素.结果 共843对HIV单阳夫妻纳入本研究;感染者中男性占61.7%,文化程度为初中及以下者占78%.感染危险行为以非婚异性性接触史为主,占75.4%;截止2009年底,首次随访和末次随访夫妻间安全套坚持使用率为28.4%,94.5%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);配偶HIV血清阳转率为0.74/100人年;配偶阳转的危险因素是诊断为AIDS,保护性因素包括随访次数多和坚持使用安全套.结论 HIV单阳夫妻初次诊断时存在夫妻间HIV传播的危险,随着诊断时间的延长,传播的危险性有所降低,及早发现夫妻间HIV阳性方感染状况,及时开展感染者及配偶干预工作可能有利于预防夫妻间艾滋病传播.     

江川县孕产妇人群中HIV／AIDS流行情况及预防艾滋病母婴传播

目的 总结江川县自开展预防艾滋病母婴传播工作以来,孕产妇的艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染情况及母婴传播情况.方法 在全县范围开展婚前及孕产妇HIV自愿咨询与检测或由医务人员主动提供的咨询与检测,对婚检确认HIV抗体阳性的妇女提供随访服务,对确认的阳性孕产妇实施预防性干预阻断措施,对阳性孕产妇分娩婴儿进行干预、随访,并于12、18个月进行HIV抗体检测.结果 自2005年1月～2010年12月,江川县共有14341名孕产妇接受了HIV自愿咨询检测,确认HIV阳性11人,阳性率为0.07%.HIV阳性孕产妇中,经吸毒传播一例,占9.09%,经性传播10例,占90.91%,孕产妇的HIV阳性检出率在全市处于平稳低流行态势.经实施母婴阻断措施后,满18个月儿童6例,全部检测均为阴性.结论 在艾滋病疫情相对低发地区,通过开展预防艾滋病母婴传播工作并提供综合干预措施,可掌握当地孕产妇人群中HIV的感染状况,并可有效降低HIV母婴传播率.     

舟山市艾滋病母婴传播阻断综合干预效果评价

目的评价舟山市艾滋病母婴传播阻断综合干预效果,为开展艾滋病母婴传播阻断提供依据。方法对2013—2015年舟山市已经实施艾滋病母婴传播阻断的23例HIV阳性孕产妇资料进行回顾性分析。结果经艾滋病母婴传播阻断综合干预后,23例孕产妇中有8例(34.78%)在知情同意后选择终止妊娠,15例(65.22%)选择继续妊娠,并均接受孕期预防性抗病毒阻断用药,用药率为100.00%(15/15);15例妊娠妇女共活产婴儿17人,婴儿预防性抗病毒用药率为76.47%(13/17),婴儿人工喂养率为88.24%(15/17);婴儿18月龄时均未检出HIV感染。结论艾滋病母婴传播阻断综合干预措施能有效降低HIV母婴传播风险。     

2005-2017年许昌市预防艾滋病母婴传播现状分析

目的分析许昌市预防艾滋病母婴传播工作现状,为更好开展该工作提供依据。方法对许昌市预防艾滋病母婴传播数据资料进行分析。结果 2011-2017年许昌市男性婚检人群总HIV抗体阳性率高于女性(χ~2=8.199,P<0.05),产妇总HIV抗体阳性率高于婚检妇女(χ~2=10.222,P<0.05),2011-2017年报告的58例HIV抗体阳性产妇中,41.38%(24/58)为产时及产后发现。2005-2017年报告的87例HIV抗体阳性产妇中,母亲艾滋病母婴阻断药物服用率为68.97%;85例活产儿中,婴儿艾滋病母婴阻断药物服用率为91.76%;83例现存活婴儿中,1例HIV感染,75例未感染,7例未检测,校正母婴传播率为2.99%。结论许昌市预防艾滋病母婴传播效果显著。仍存在部分HIV阳性产妇发现较晚,阻断效率较低的风险;需采取综合措施,早发现早阻断HIV阳性孕产妇。     

上海市金山区HIV感染者和AIDS患者经济状况和医疗保障调查

目的通过对上海市金山区随访管理的人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染者和艾滋病（AIDS）患者家庭经济状况和医疗负担的调查,为制定相关的救助关怀政策提供可靠的依据。方法采用统一的问卷调查表,对HIV感染者和AIDS患者面对面或电话进行问卷调查,利用EpiDate软件建立数据库,并用SPSS 15.0软件进行统计分析。结果共调查随访管理的HIV感染者和AIDS患者34例,本区户籍30例,外地居住该区的4例。调查发现金山区的HIV感染者和AIDS患者,家庭月收入低于3 000元的占47.06%,夫妻双方同被感染对家庭经济收入和生活质量影响更大。结论金山区的HIV感染者和AIDS患者大部分属于低收入家庭,感染艾滋病后生活水平进一步下降,尤其夫妻双方同被感染。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒夫妻传播的调查

目的　了解夫妻间HIV传播情况。方法　对某艾滋病高发农村有偿供浆员及其配偶作询问调查并采静脉血作HIV检测 ,对其中一方为供浆员且HIV阳性 ,配偶为非供浆员的 5 4对夫妻作分析研究。结果　 5 4对夫妻中 6对发生HIV传播 ,传播率为 11 1% (6 / 5 4 )。HIV由丈夫传给妻子占 8 3% (2 / 2 4 ) ,妻子传给丈夫占 13 3% (4/ 30 ) ,无明显差异 ,P >0 0 5。艾滋病 (AIDS)和艾滋病相关综合征 (ARC)病人HIV传播率 (2 3 8% )显著高于HIV携带者(3 0 % ) ,P <0 0 5。结论　在艾滋病高发地区 ,夫妻间HIV传播是造成AIDS进一步蔓延的重要原因之一。但HIV婚内性传播率比较有多个性伴侣者低 ,提示家庭内一般接触造成HIV传播并不常见     

山东省艾滋病夫妻间传播的病例对照研究

目的 分析山东省HIV夫妻间传播途径及影响因素,为艾滋病防治提供依据.方法 选择山东省1992～2009年12月31日常住山东省内HIV夫妻间传播的感染者为对象,并选取101个单阳家庭作对照进行调查.结果 发生夫妻间传播有90例,其先感染者一方与101例单阳夫妻感染途径比较:x2=3.19,P＞0.05,差异无统计学意义.单因素分析结果显示:文化程度(x2=17.62,P＜0.01),分居情况(x2=5.75,P＜0.05)是夫妻间传播的影响因素;Logistic回归分析结果显示:文化水平低(OR=1.672),同居(OR=2.877)是影响夫妻传播的独立危险因素.结论 加强对HIV感染者相关知识的教育,杜绝无保护性行为是防治HIV夫妻间传播的有效措施.     

Senegalese religious leaders’ perceptions of HIV/AIDS and implications for challenging stigma and discrimination

Senegal has been heralded as a model country in the fight against HIV/AIDS because of the low prevalence in the general population and concerted prevention efforts since the start of the epidemic. Despite its success, stigma and discrimination remain a reality for people living with HIV/AIDS as HIV transmission remains linked to lifestyle and perceived morality. Because religious teaching and the participation of religious leaders in HIV prevention is reported as partially responsible for Senegal's success, the present study seeks to deepen the understanding of their role in psychosocial aspects of care and support of people living with HIV/AIDS. Interviews were conducted with 87 religious leaders. Muslim, Catholic and Protestant leaders differ in their involvement in HIV/AIDS education, their opinions of condom use and their counselling techniques for people living with HIV/AIDS. Most religious leaders in each group believed that addressing the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the reduction of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination are priorities, yet some leaders still hold beliefs about HIV/AIDS that may ostracise people living with HIV/AIDS. Organisations working to sensitise religious leaders on HIV/AIDS should focus more on the everyday experience of people living with HIV/AIDS, promote the value of condom use, even if solely among married couples, and reinforce religious leaders’ roles as spiritual counsellors.     

Attitudes towards and perceptions of reproductive health needs of persons living with HIV/AIDS in rural Kilimanjaro,Tanzania

The introduction of antiretroviral treatment has resulted in the resumption of socially productive and sexually active lives of people living with HIV/AIDS, together with the desire for children. However, factors affecting the reproductive health needs of people living with HIV/AIDS are not well understood. With this in mind, the aim of this paper was to investigate factors associated with these health needs using a qualitative approach. Findings indicate that attitudes and perceptions about reproductive health needs are influenced by fertility beliefs, the central role of family, procreation and the perceived social and clinical consequences of pregnancies among people living with HIV/AIDS. While there was mixed opinion about acceptability of people living with HIV/AIDS, having children, marriage and family were institutions important for partnerships maintenance and procreation. These findings suggest that living with HIV in a community with strong pro-life attitudes is challenging for people living with HIV/AIDS who do not have children. Apart from having to grapple with potential stigma of not having children, people living with HIV/AIDS also face social challenges in realising their reproductive choices. Interventions to address stigma, societal changes and the integration of reproductive-health education into HIV care and treatment are needed.     

"Come back when you're dying:" the commodification of AIDS among California's urban poor

As with any other long-term illness, the decline in health that accompanies symptomatic HIV infection often has a profound negative impact on employment and personal finances. However, research to date on the financial consequences of AIDS has focused largely on middle-class working individuals, and cannot account for the experiences of those who are already poor and unemployed at the time of their infection. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 33 Californian heterosexual couples in which one partner was infected with HIV and the other was HIV-negative. Most couples interviewed were low-income, marginally housed, and either former or active substance users. Unlike their middle-class counterparts, it became clear through the course of our study that many participating couples were living in a world in which a positive HIV antibody test or an AIDS diagnosis could result in an improved quality of life by allowing for increased access to Supplemental Security Income, subsidized housing, food and services. This situation is in part a consequence of recent policy decisions related to the "War on Drugs" and welfare reform. These policies have contributed to the creation of an economy of poverty in which the sick, needy, and addicted must compete against each other for scarce resources. Within such an economy, an HIV or AIDS diagnosis may actually operate as a commodity.     

Homosexuality and HIV/AIDS stigma in Jamaica

This paper reports on a study of the relationship of homophobia to HIV/AIDS‐related stigma in Jamaica. Ethnography, key informant interviews and focus groups were used to gather data from a sample of 33 male and female adults during the summer of 2003. The sample included health and social service providers, HIV positive men and women, and men and women with same sex partners in urban and rural Jamaica. A strong and consistent relationship between homophobia and HIV/AIDS‐related stigma was reported, but the relationship varied according to geographic location, social class, gender, and skin colour (complexion)—to the extent that this coincided with class. Stigma against people living with HIV/AIDS and homosexuality was implicated in low levels of use of HIV testing, treatment and care services and the reluctance of HIV positive people to reveal their serostatus to their sexual partners. Data reveal a pressing need for anti‐stigma measures for both homophobia and HIV/AIDS, and for training for health and human service professionals.     

2007-2008年盐城市盐都区不同人群抗-HIV检测分析

目的分析盐城市盐都区不同人群中艾滋病流行现状与特征,为艾滋病防治工作提供依据。方法以2007—2008年盐都区外来婚嫁人员、娱乐场所女性性服务者、劳教收容人员、艾滋病咨询自愿检测者、男男性接触人群、吸毒人群、部分外出务工人群和留守家属、既往有偿献血史人群、孕产妇、抗．HIV阳性者配偶及子女作为调查对象,采用ELISA方法检测抗-HIV,对近2年来不同人群检测结果进行回顾性分析。结果2007-2008年共检测不同人群血清8617份,初筛检测抗-HIV阳性12例,确认抗-HIV阳性12例,阳性率0．14％。其中,外来婚嫁人员3例,阳性率0．174％;艾滋病咨询自愿检测者3例,阳性率0．172％;女性性服务者1例,阳性率0．210％;男男性接触1例,阳性率0．820％;男性外出务工人员2例,阳性率0．062％;留守妇女1例,阳性率0．104％。男性4例,阳性率0．109％;女性8例,阳性率0．161％,抗．HIV阳性者配偶检出2例,抗-HIV阳性者子女1例。11例抗-HW阳性者为性接触传播,1例为母婴垂直传播。结论盐都区虽属艾滋病低流行区,但2a检测资料显示,盐都区人群中艾滋病感染模式：外源性输入→娱乐场所性行为传播→桥梁人群→家庭→妇女、儿童。为此应加强全民健康教育,提高一般人群对艾滋病相关知识的知晓率,增强人们对艾滋病的自我防范意识,以遏制艾滋病的流行和蔓延。     

安徽省艾滋病宣传教育的可及性及其效果评价

目的:评估安徽省城乡居民接触艾滋病宣传及AIDS知识状况。方法:分别在安徽省皖北、皖中和皖南3个地区的商场、繁华路段或农村集市,采用拦截方式对公众进行匿名问卷调查。结果:8.6%被调查者没有听说过AIDS。各地大众AIDS接触宣传率为60%左右。电视、报纸、书刊是大众获得AIDS知识的主要渠道,阜阳地区通过亲友获得成为仅次于电视的重要途径。大众AIDS知识整体水平不高,尤其对非传播途径的错误认识率高、对感染者正性态度报告率低于30.0%。结论:应制定适应不同地区特点和不同层次人群需求的HIV/AIDS宣传策略和措施,提高宣传的可及性,并定期开展评估,了解宣传效果。     

Awareness and Attitude of the General Public Toward HIV/AIDS in Coastal Karnataka

Objective:

To assess the awareness and attitude of the general public toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Mangalore, a city in Coastal Karnataka.

Design:

Community-based cross-sectional study.

Materials and Methods:

The study population included 630 individuals aged 18 years and above. The information was collected using a semi structured pre-tested questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 24 questions regarding awareness of the modes of transmission of HIV/AIDS (nine questions) and questions to assess the attitude toward People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) (15 questions). Statistical package SPSS version 11.5 was used, Chi-square test was conducted and P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results:

About one-third of the study population thought that one could get infected by merely touching an HIV positive individual. Approximately 45% stated that they would dismiss their maid on finding out her HIV positive status. About 54% were willing to undergo the HIV test. The respondents with less than secondary school education had a discriminatory attitude toward HIV positive people, with regard to them deserving to suffer, dismissing a HIV positive maid, hesitating to sit next to a HIV positive person in the bus, divorcing the infected spouse, and willingness to get tested for HIV, which was found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Stigma among the general public was mostly due to fear of contracting the illness. Stigma does exist to significant degrees among the educated people, which was suggested by about 45% of the participants being willing to undergo the HIV test. There is a need for greater attempts toward making information regarding HIV/AIDS available to every individual of the society.