两种氟康唑胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的研究两种氟康唑胶囊的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法健康志愿者20例，随机交叉单剂量口服试验制剂氟康唑胶囊和参比制剂氟康唑胶囊，剂量均为300 mg，剂间间隔2周。分别于服药后120 h内多点抽取静脉血;用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中氟康唑的浓度。计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果单剂量口服试验和参比制剂后血浆中氟康唑的Cmax分别为(6.271±0.874)和(6.374±0.806) mg·L^-1;tmax分别为(1.825±0.591)和(1.875±0.998) h;AUC(0-120)分别为(239.408±47.330)和(243.061±29.497) mg·h·L^-1;AUC(0-inf)分别为(255.835±51.738)和(261.675±35.995) mg·h·L^-1。Cmax、AUC(0-120)和AUC(0-inf)的90%可信区间分别为92.8%～104.0%，90.3%～104.9%和89.5%～104.3%。试验制剂与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为(99.0±18.7)%。结论试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

氟罗沙星片的人体生物等效性研究

(1. ［摘要］目的研究氟罗沙星片的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法健康志愿者20例，随机双交叉单剂量口服氟罗沙星片试验和参比制剂，剂量均为0.4 g，剂间间隔为2周。分别于服药后48 h内多点抽取静脉血；用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定血浆中氟罗沙星浓度。用DAS药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂生物等效性。AUC(0 48)、AUC(0 ∞)和Cmax经方差分析和双单侧t检验，tmax进行秩和检验。结果单剂量口服试验和参比制剂后血浆中氟罗沙星的Cmax分别为（5.30±1.20），（5.58±1.01 ） mg·L 1；tmax分别为（2.10±0.97 ），（1.90±0.79 ） h；AUC(0 48)分别为（91.05±17.76 ），（90.39±14.58 ） mg·h·L 1；AUC(0 ∞)分别为（97.49±19.33），（97.29±17.90） mg·h·L 1。AUC(0 48)、AUC(0 ∞)、Cmax的90%可信区间分别为94.0%～105.9%，92.9%～106.6%和88.6%～100.0%。结论氟罗沙星试验制剂与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为（100.82±14.66）%，试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物学等效性。     

格列齐特的人体生物等效性研究

目的研究格列齐特的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法健康志愿者20例,随机双交叉单剂量口服格列齐特片的试验和参比制剂,剂量均为80 mg,剂间间隔为2周。分别于服药后60 h内多点抽取静脉血;用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中格列齐特的浓度。用DAS药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂生物等效性。AUC(0-60),AUC(0-inf)和Cm ax经方差分析和双单侧t检验,tm ax进行秩和检验。结果单剂量口服试验和参比制剂后血浆中的格列齐特的Cm ax分别为(5.34±0.66)和(5.12±0.39)mg.L-1;tm ax分别为(4.30±0.92)和(4.15±0.67)h;AUC(0-60)分别为(92.67±12.12)和(89.82±13.33)mg.h.L-1;AUC(0-inf)分别为(96.36±12.87)和(93.37±13.83)mg.h.L-1。Cm ax、AUC(0-60)和AUC(0-inf)的90%可信区间分别为100.52%~107.56%,99.16%~107.97%和99.16%~107.97%。结论格列齐特试验制剂与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度均为(104.5±15.5)%,两者具有生物学等效性。     

国产与进口司他夫定胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的评价国产与进口司他夫定胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法20名健康受试者随机分组、自身交叉口服单剂量司他夫定试验制剂和参比制剂。血浆样品采用固相萃取处理,HPLC内标法测定。结果试验制剂与参比制剂的AUC0→10分别为(2.36±0.65)、(2.40±0.69)h·mg·L-1;AUC0→∞为(2.41±0.67)、(2.46±0.72)h·mg·L-1;cmax为(1.15±0.36)、(1.10±0.32)mg·L-1;tmax为(0.95±0.13)、(0.94±0.14)h;T1/2为(1.90±0.34)、(1.90±0.26)h。试验制剂相对参比制剂的人体生物利用度是(99.69±14.28)%(n=20,以AUC0→10计)。2种司他夫定胶囊的主要药动学参数经交叉试验方差分析示差异无显著性(P>0.05)。2制剂的AUC0→10、AUC0→∞、cmax经双单侧t检验示90%置信区间位于有效区间80%～125%范围内。结论司他夫定胶囊的国产制剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性。     

洛索洛芬钠片在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性

目的　研究洛索洛芬钠片的人体生物等效性。方法　健康志愿者2 0名,用随机双交叉试验方法,单剂量(6 0mg)口服洛索洛芬钠的试验或参比制剂,洗净期为2wk ;分别于服药后10h内不同时间点抽取静脉血。用HPLC法测定血浆中洛索洛芬浓度。用3P97程序进行生物等效性评价。结果　单剂口服试验或参比制剂的cmax分别为(3.6 72±1.0 4 1)、(3.35 4±0 .6 93)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(0 .6 6 7±0 .16 7)、(0 .75 0±0 .183)h ;T1/2 分别为(1.4 4 3±0 .2 0 4 )、(1.5 82±0 .30 5 )h ;AUC0→10 分别为(8.5 15±1.84 5 )、(8.0 2 4±1.36 9)mg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(8.6 19±1.85 1)、(8.14 9±1.4 4 0 )mg·h·L-1。AUC0→∞、AUC0→10 、cmax的90 %置信区间分别为93.3%～115 .8%、99.2 %～114 .8%、10 2 .4 %～12 3.3% ;相对生物利用度为(10 6 .5±16 .9) %。结论　试验制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性     

替硝唑片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究替硝唑片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定20名健康男性志愿者,随机交叉单剂量口服替硝唑片1g后血浆中的药物浓度,计算药代动力学参数和相对生物利用度,并进行生物等效性评价。结果受试和参比替硝唑片的t1/2分别为(13.98±1.55)h、(13.80±0.93)h,tmax分别为(2.1±1.0)h、(2.3±0.9)h,cmax分别为(18.60±2.27)mg·L-1、(18.47±3.14)mg·L-1,AUC0τ分别为(368.49±44.08)mg·L-1·h-1、(353.86±40.99)mg·L-1·h-1。受试制剂于参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为104.9±13.4%。结论两种制剂的药代动力学参数相近,具有生物等效性。     

克拉维酸钾/羟氨苄青霉素(1∶4)分散片生物等效性的研究

目的　18名男性健康受试者采用随机交叉给药方法 ,单剂量口服试验制剂阿莫西林 克拉维酸钾分散片 (4∶1)和参比制剂阿莫西林 克拉维酸钾片 ,阿莫西林 5 0 0mg,克拉维酸钾 12 5mg,进行人体生物利用度和药代动力学比较。 方法 　用HPLC二极管阵列检测器同时测定阿莫西林和克拉维酸钾血药浓度。 结果 　试验制剂和参比制剂中阿莫西林的Tmax 分别为 1 2 5± 0 38h和 1 2 5± 0 38h ,Cmax 分别为 14 49± 1 42 μg/ml 和14 46± 1 40 μg/ml,AUC0 -Tn 分别为 5 2 87± 5 32 μg·h/ml和 5 2 79± 5 38μg·h/ml,AUC0 -inf分别为 5 5 36±5 2 3μg·h/ml和 5 5 41± 5 43μg·h/ml;试验制剂中羟氨苄青霉素的相对生物利用度 (F) :F (AUC(0 -Tn) )为10 0 2 0 % ,F(AUC(0 -inf) )为 99 97%。试验制剂和参比制剂中克拉维酸钾的Tmax分别为 0 92± 0 2 4h和 0 94±0 2 8h ,Cmax 分别为 2 2 7± 0 34 μg/ml和 2 2 6± 0 32 μg/ml,AUC0 -Tn 分别为 4 74± 0 85 μg·h/ml和 4 71±0 77μg·h/ml,AUC0 -inf分别为 4 92± 0 86 μg·h/ml和 4 89± 0 77μg·h/ml,试验制剂中克拉维酸钾的相对生物利用度 (F) :F(AUC(0 -Tn) )为 10 0 46 %、F(AUC(0 -inf) )为 10 0 5 7%。 结论 　两种制剂的     

甲砜霉素胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:进行试验制剂甲砜霉素胶囊与参比制剂市售甲砜霉素胶囊生物等效性研究。方法:男性健康志愿者20名,随机分为2组,分别交叉单剂服用试验制剂或参比制剂甲砜霉素胶囊500mg,采用高效液相色谱法测定甲砜霉素经时血药浓度,计算药动学参数,评价2制剂的生物等效性。结果:试验制剂和参比制剂主要药动学参数t1/2为(3.7±s0.5)h和(3.1±0.6)h,tmax为(2.0±0.3)h和(2.0±0.3)h,cmax为(2.3±0.6)mg·L-1和(2.3±0.5)mg·L-1,AUC0～12为(9.0±1.4)mg·h·L-1和(9.0±1.6)mg·h·L-1,AUC0～∞为(9.8±1.8)mg·h·L-1和(9.8±1.6)mg·h·L-1。试验制剂甲砜霉素胶囊相对生物利用度(F)为(101±6)%。结论:甲砜霉素胶囊试验制剂和参比制剂为生物等效制剂。     

3种伊曲康唑胶囊的人体相对生物利用度

目的 :比较 3种市售伊曲康唑胶囊的生物等效性 ,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法 :15名健康男性受试者 ,随机分为3组 ,采用 3制剂、3周期的拉丁方设计 ,单剂量口服 2 0 0mg伊曲康唑后 ,采用HPLC法测定血浆药物浓度。cmax,tmax采用实测值 ,AUC用梯形法计算 ,并用双单侧t检验评价 3种制剂之间的生物等效性。结果 :口服制剂A ,B和参比制剂后的cmax分别为(197± 92 ) ,(2 16± 76 ) ,(2 72± 10 9) μg·L-1;tmax分别为 (4 17± 1 2 5 ) ,(4 2 7± 1 16 ) ,(4 0 0± 1 0 7)h ;T1/2 为 (2 5 2± 4 9) ,(2 4 6±5 5 ) ,(2 4 9± 3 9)h ;AUC0→ 72h分别为 (32 31± 1195 ) ,(30 38± 980 ) ,(4 2 97± 12 99) μg·h·L-1。制剂A ,B相对参比制剂的生物利用度分别为 (75 2 1± 9 18) %和 (71 72± 14 2 1) %。结论 :制剂A ,B与参比制剂的AUC ,cmax,均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;双单侧t检验结果显示A ,B制剂和参比制剂生物不等效     

复方布洛芬软胶囊的人体药动学和生物等效性

目的:研究复方布洛芬软胶囊的人体药动学和生物等效性。方法:采用随机交叉试验设计,20名健康男性受试者分别单剂量口服布洛芬软胶囊(布洛芬400 mg,参比制剂)和对乙酰氨基酚片(对乙酰氨基酚500 mg,参比制剂)与复方布洛芬软胶囊(布洛芬400 mg和对乙酰氨基酚325 mg,受试制剂), LC-MS／MS法和HPLC-UV法测定血浆中布洛芬和对乙酰氨基酚的浓度。结果:参比制剂和受试制剂布洛芬的cmax分别为(42±s 9)和(41±10)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(0．6±0．2)和(0．5±0．3)h;t1／2分别为(2．0±0．3)和(2．1±0．3)h;AUC0～12分别为(126±24)和(131±25)mg·h·L-1。对乙酰氨基酚的cmax分别为(7．5±1．2)和(4．6±0．9)mg·L-1;tmax分别为(0．8±0．5)和(0．8±0．4)h;t1/2分别为(2．8±0．6)和(3.0±0．7)h;AUC0～12分别为(27±6)和(17±4)mg·h·L-1。受试制剂布洛芬的相对生物利用度为(105±12)％,经剂量校正后,受试制剂对乙酰氨基酚的相对生物利用度为(96±12)％。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.