甲磺司特合成工艺改进

:目的 研究平喘药甲磺司特的合成工艺。方法 以丙烯酸甲酯为原料,经加成、水解和氯代反应得到3-甲硫基丙酰氯;以对硝基苯酚为原料,经成醚、开环及还原反应制得4-(3-乙氧基-2-羟基丙氧基)苯胺,中间体3-甲硫基丙酰氯与4-(3-乙氧基-2-羟基丙氧基)苯胺的酰化产物经对甲苯磺酸甲酯甲基化,制得目标产物甲磺司特。结果与结论 目标化合物的结构经核磁共振氢谱、元素分析、红外光谱、质谱等确证。简化后的合成工艺,总收率由文献报道的4.5％提高到9.97％(以对硝基苯酚计),该合成路线操作简单,更适合工业化生产。     

三氯生的合成

目的 合成三氯生，并进行工艺改进。方法 以对二氯苯和2，4-二氯苯酚为原料制得2，4，4′-三氯-2′-硝基二苯醚，再经还原、重氮化和水解制得三氯生。结果 经四步反应制得三氯生，反应总收率45．83％。产物结构经红外光谱、核磁共振谱及质谱确证。结论 原料易得，工艺简单，适合工业化生产。     

Pelitinib的合成

2-氨基-5-硝基苯酚经乙酰化、醚化及还原反应得3-乙氧基-4-乙酰胺基苯胺,与2-氰基-3-乙氧基丙烯酸乙酯反应后闭环,经三氯氧磷氯代后与3-氯-4-氟苯胺反应得3-氰基-4-(3-氯-4-氟苯胺基)-6-乙酰胺基-7-乙氧基喹啉,去乙酰保护基后与4-N,N-二甲胺基巴豆酰氯经酰化反应制得抗肿瘤药pelitinib,总收率约5％.     

Ⅲ类抗心律失常药多非利特的合成

目的合成多非利特并改进合成工艺.方法以对硝基苯酚为起始原料,经取代、还原、甲磺酰化等反应制得4-(β-溴乙氧基)甲磺酰苯胺(5);以对氨基苯乙醇为起始原料,经甲磺酰化、甲氨化等反应制得4-[β-(甲氨基)乙基]甲磺酰苯胺(8),再与5经取代反应制得多非利特.结果所得产物经元素分析、紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振谱及质谱等确证了结构.结论此路线是可行的.     

来那度胺的合成

N-苄氧羰基-L-谷氨酰胺经酯化和氢化脱保护制得中间体L-谷氨酰胺甲酯(4),另用2-甲基-3-硝基苯甲酸(5)经酯化和溴化制得另一中间体2-溴甲基-3-硝基苯甲酸甲酯(7).4与7经缩合、氢化还原、分子内环合制得来那度胺,总收率约33%(以5计).     

盐酸决奈达隆的合成

对硝基苯酚经氯甲基化、与三苯膦成鏻鎓盐、酯化、Wittig反应、付一克反应及脱甲基得到2-正丁基-3-(4-羟基苯甲酰基)-5-硝基苯并呋喃,再与N-(3-氯丙基)二正丁胺经醚化、催化氢化、甲磺酰化得到决奈达隆,最后与盐酸成盐制得盐酸决奈达隆,总收率约28%.     

瑞替加滨的合成工艺改进

目的改进抗癫痫药瑞替加滨的合成工艺。方法以对硝基苯胺(2)为起始原料,首先与氯甲酸乙酯反应得到N-(4-硝基苯基)氨基甲酸乙酯(3),3经还原、氨基保护、硝化、脱保护制得N-(2-硝基-4-氨基苯基)氨基甲酸乙酯(6),6与对氟苯甲醛反应生成N-[2-硝基-4-(4-氟苯基亚甲基氨基)苯基]氨基甲酸乙酯(7),7不经分离直接以NaBH4还原制得N-[2-硝基-4-(4-氟苯基甲基氨基)苯基]氨基甲酸乙酯(8),最后8经三氯化铁/水合肼还原制得抗癫痫药物瑞替加滨。结果与结论目标化合物的结构经IR、1H-NMR、13C-NMR和HRMS(ESI)谱确证。改进后的工艺操作简单,反应选择性高,成本低,利于工业化生产,总收率为62%(以对硝基苯胺计)。     

异黄酮衍生物的合成Ⅱ.7-氯和6-氯-7-甲氧基-3′-(N,N-二乙胺甲基)-4′-羟基异黄酮的合成

合成了7-氯和-6-氯-7-甲氧基-3′-(N,N-二乙胺甲基)-4′-羟基异黄酮(1478和1481)。它们的合成是由间-氯苯酚或3-羟基-4-氯苯酚与对-硝基苯乙酰氯反应,制得取代的脱氧安息香。它们与原甲酸乙酯环合得到取代的-4′-硝基异黄酮,再将化合物中的硝基用锌粉还原成氨基,再经重氮化和水解,得到取代的-4′-羟基异黄酮。它们经Mannich反应,最后制得7-氯和6-氯-7-甲氧基-3′-(N,N-二乙胺甲基)-4′-羟基异黄酮。它们耐氧作用不如已合成的7-甲氧基-3′-(N,N-二烷胺甲基)-4′-羟基异黄酮。     

来那度胺的合成

N-(叔丁氧羰基)-L-谷氨酰胺(2)经分子内环合、脱保护得中间体3-氨基-2,6-哌啶二酮三氟乙酸盐(4);另用2-甲基-3-硝基苯甲酸甲酯(5)经溴化制得另一中间体2-溴甲基-3-硝基苯甲酸甲酯(6).4与6经缩合、还原制得来那度胺,总收率约33%(以5计).     

抗肿瘤药Pomalidomide的合成

N-(叔丁氧羰基)-L-谷氨酰胺(2)经闭环、脱保护制得3-氨基-2,6-哌啶二酮三氟乙酸盐(4).另用3-硝基邻苯二甲酸(5)脱水制得3-硝基邻苯二甲酸酐(6).4和6经缩合、铁粉/浓盐酸还原制得免疫调节剂类抗肿瘤药3-氨基-N-(2,6-二氧代-3-哌啶基)-邻苯二甲酰亚胺,以5计总收率约35%.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.