直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫的再思考

直肠淋巴流向的研究从1895年D. Gerota的研究开始,提出了直肠淋巴流向可以分为上、中、下三个方向,经过很多学者的进一步研究修正,现普遍认为侧方淋巴流向可以分为4个方向：1.前方,由膀胱下动脉,前列腺动脉,经闭孔动脉到髂总动脉;2.沿直肠中动脉到髂内动脉;3.沿着骶中动脉和骶外侧动脉到腹主动脉分叉部位;4.沿着直肠下动脉到髂内动脉。侧方淋巴结转移主要发生在低位直肠癌,浸润深度大于肌层者,而转移的侧方淋巴结并不包括在直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术（TME）范围之内。NCCN直肠癌诊疗指南中没有提及侧方淋巴结的概念,日本大肠癌规约则认为有适应证的低位直肠癌应行侧方淋巴结清扫术。西方学者认为直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移是全身疾病,侧方淋巴结清扫难以改善总体临床结局;日本学者则认为是局部疾病,对低位直肠癌规范手术为TME＋侧方淋巴结清扫。西方学者认为术前放化疗可替代侧方淋巴结清扫;东方学者则认为对于术前放化疗不敏感的直肠癌患者,侧方淋巴结清扫术仍不失为一个可供选择的治疗方案。低位直肠癌患者是否应行预防性盆腔侧方淋巴结清扫仍存在争议,但治疗性侧方淋巴结清扫术则是日本的直肠癌规范治疗。不少研究报道了腹腔镜侧方淋巴结清扫术的初步探索结果,认为其是安全有效的,但其与开放手术的远期肿瘤学结果对比仍需多中心随机对照研究验证。     

Indication and Benefit of Pelvic Sidewall Dissection for Rectal Cancer

Purpose This study was designed to clarify indication and benefit of pelvic sidewall dissection for rectal cancer. Methods The retrospective, multicenter study collected the data of rectal cancer patients who underwent surgery between 1991 and 1998 and were prospectively followed. Results Of 1,977 patients with rectal cancers, 930 underwent pelvic sidewall dissection without adjuvant radiotherapy. Positive lateral lymph nodes were found in 129. Multivariate analysis disclosed a significantly increased incidence of positive lateral lymph nodes in female gender, lower rectal cancers, non-well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, tumor size of ≥4 cm and T3-T4. The five-year survival rate for 1,977 patients was 79.7 percent. The survival of patients with positive lateral lymph nodes was significantly worse than that of Stage III patients with negative lateral lymph nodes (45.8 vs. 71.2 percent, P<0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed significantly worse prognosis in male gender, pelvic sidewall dissection, lower rectal cancers, T3-T4, perirectal lymph node metastasis, and positive lateral lymph nodes. During the median follow-up time of 57 months, recurrence developed in 19.7 percent: 17 percent in negative and 58.1 percent in positive lateral lymph nodes (P<0.0001). Local recurrence was found in 8 percent: 6.8 percent in negative and 25.6 percent in positive lateral lymph nodes (P<0.0001). Multivariate analysis disclosed that lower rectal cancers, non-well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, T3-T4, perirectal lymph node metastasis, and positive lateral lymph nodes were significantly associated with an increased local recurrence. Conclusions Positive lateral lymph node was the strongest predictor in both survival and local recurrence. Pelvic sidewall dissection may be indicated for patients with T3-T4 lower rectal cancers because of the greater provability of positive lateral lymph nodes. Study Group for Rectal Cancer Surgery of the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. Presented at the United States-Japan Clinical Trial Summit Meeting, Maui, Hawaii, February 10–13, 2005.     

Prognostic value of lateral lymph node metastasis for advanced low rectal cancer

AIM： To evaluate the risk factors for lateral lymph node metastasis in patients with advanced low rectal cancer, in order to make the effective selection of patients who could benefit from lateral lymph node dissection, as well as the relationship of lateral lymph node metastasis with local recurrence and survival of patients with advanced low rectal cancer. METHODS： A total of 96 consecutive patients who underwent curative surgery with lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy for advanced lower rectal cancer were retrospectively analyzed. The relation of lateral lymph node metastasis with clinicopathologic characteristics, local recurrence and survival of patients was identified. RESULTS： Lateral lymph node metastasis was observed in 14.6% （14/96） of patients with advanced low rectal cancer. Lateral lymph node metastasis was detected in 10 （25.0%） of 40 patients with tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm and in 4 （7.1%） of 56 patients with tumor diameter 〈 5 cm. The difference between the significant （X^2 = 5.973, P = two groups was statistically 0.015）. Lateral lymph node metastasis was more frequent in patients with 4/4 diameter of tumor infiltration （7 of 10 cases, 70.0%）, compared with patients with 3/4, 2/4 and 1/4 diameter of tumor infiltration （3 of 25 cases, 12.0%; 3 of 45 cases, 6.7%; 1 of 16 cases, 6.3%） （X^2 = 27.944, P = 0.0001）. The lateral lymph node metastasis rate was 30.0% （9 of 30 cases）, 9.1% （4 of 44 cases） and 4.5% （1 of 22cases） for poorly, moderately and well-differentiated carcinoma, respectively. The difference between the three groups was statistically significant （X^2 = 8.569, P = 0.014）. Local recurrence was 18.8% （18 of 96 cases）, 64.3% （9 of 14 cases）, and 11.0% （9 of 82 cases） in patients with advanced low rectal cancer, in those with and without lateral lymph node metastasis, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant （X^2 = 22.308, P = 0.0001）. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed significant impr     

Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of rectal well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors

Background  To clarify the oncological outcome of rectal well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (W/D NETs), we examined the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with this neoplasm. Materials and methods  A total of 23 patients who underwent surgical treatment with lymph node dissection for rectal W/D NETs between 1973 and 2007 were reviewed. Results  Median tumor size measured preoperatively was 13 mm (range, 4–25 mm), and the median number of dissected lymph nodes was 16 (range, 1–46). The incidence of lymph node metastasis was 61% (14 of 23 cases). The smallest W/D NETs with lymph node metastasis was 10 mm in diameter. All the patients without lymph node metastasis survived without recurrence. Among 11 patients who had only regional lymph node metastasis, only one developed liver metastasis and died 13 months after initial surgery. Among three patients with lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis, two survived more than 5 years, although two had liver metastasis. Conclusions  Because the incidence of lymph node metastasis is very high in patients with rectal W/D NETs greater than 10 mm in diameter, radical surgery is required. In this series, the outcome of rectal W/D NETs patients with lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis was better than expected.     

直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫中国临床开展的现状

尽管目前东西方对于直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫仍存争议,但中国学术界依据现有的循证医学证据制定了符合中国国情的侧方淋巴结清扫相关共识、指南和规范。相较于日本,国内侧方淋巴结清扫指征把握更加严格,仅当有明确影像学证据疑诊存在侧方淋巴结转移时,才会选择性进行清扫,常规清扫区域也仅限于髂内和闭孔周围。基于全面了解盆腔解剖结构的前提下,以筋膜为导向的两间隙清扫现已成为中国侧方淋巴结清扫的主流方案,该术式在明确清扫边界、保护神经功能、彻底清除侧方淋巴结等方面具有明显优势。未来随着更多的高质量侧方淋巴结清扫研究的进行,将会有更多的证据来规范直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫的临床应用。     

Risk factors of lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis in advanced rectal cancer

Background  To clarify the risk factors of lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) metastasis of rectal cancer, we examined associations between LPLN status and clinicopathological factors including LPLN status diagnosed by computed tomography (CT). Methods  We reviewed a total of 210 patients with advanced rectal cancer, of which the lower margin was located at or below the peritoneal reflection, who underwent preoperative CT with 5-mm-thick sections and lateral pelvic lymph node dissection at the National Cancer Center Hospital between February 1998 and March 2006. Results  Forty-seven patients (22.4%) had LPLN metastasis. Multivariate analysis showed that LPLN status diagnosed by CT, pathological regional lymph node status, tumor location, and tumor differentiation were significant risk factors for LPLN metastasis. Among 45 patients with well-differentiated adenocarcinoma who were LPLN-negative and in whom CT had found no regional lymph node metastasis, none had LPLN metastasis. On the other hand, among 13 patients with moderate or less differentiated lower rectal adenocarcinoma who were LPLN-positive and in whom CT had revealed regional lymph node metastasis, 12 (92.3%) had LPLN metastasis. Conclusions  LPLN status diagnosed by CT, pathological regional LN status, tumor location, and tumor differentiation are significant risk factors for LPLN metastasis. Using these factors, patients can be classified as having a low or high risk of LPLN metastasis.     

达芬奇机器人手术系统在直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫中的应用进展

达芬奇机器人手术系统具有三维高清图像和操作稳定灵活的优势,已广泛应用于直肠癌手术,并成为侧方淋巴结清扫的新方法。本文在介绍机器人手术系统特点的同时,结合本中心的经验对机器人侧方淋巴结清扫的应用现状进行回顾,并对其关键技术进行介绍。目前,机器人侧方淋巴结手术的安全性和有效性已得到肯定,与腹腔镜及开腹手术相比具有潜在优势。相信随着手术设备的进步和高质量临床研究的开展,机器人手术系统将在直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫手术中发挥更重要的作用。     

Evaluation of lateral lymph node dissection with preoperative chemo-radiotherapy for the treatment of advanced middle to lower rectal cancers

Background and aims This study examined rectal cancers with lateral lymph node (LN) metastases and whether lateral lymph node dissection (LLD) with or without preoperative chemo-radiotherapy (XRT) benefits patients with rectal cancer.Patients and methods A total of 452 consecutive cases of curatively resected pT2, pT3, and pT4 middle to lower rectal cancers were retrospectively analyzed. Of these, 265 patients underwent curative LLD and 155 XRT. Data were evaluated with respect to the cumulative percentage of survival.Results Lateral LN metastases were identified in 7.7% of patients. Of the pT3/pT4 extraperitoneal cancer patients 13.5/18.8% had lateral LN metastases. In the treatment of middle rectal cancers and pT2 extraperitoneal cancers LLD either with or without XRT did not improve survival rate. For the treatment of pT3/pT4 extraperitoneal tumors prior to the introduction of total mesorectal excision (TME) in 1994 LLD plus XRT yielded significantly better survival and local control than conventional surgery without LLD or XRT, although LLD alone did not improve either survival or local recurrence rates. Since 1995 TME with or without subsequent LLD has yielded favorable results for the treatment of extraperitoneal tumors.Conclusion For the treatment of middle rectal cancers and pT2 extraperitoneal cancers LLD either with or without XRT does not improve survival rate. For pT3/pT4 extraperitoneal tumors, which are associated with a high incidence of lateral node metastasis, combining treatment modalities such as TME followed by LLD or XRT followed by TME may be considered.This work was partially supported by a grant-in-aid for scientific research from the Japanese Ministry of Education (no. 11671149)An invited commentary on this paper is available at     

吲哚菁绿荧光造影辅助腹腔镜个体化侧方淋巴清扫策略治疗中低位直肠癌五例报告

中低位直肠癌的侧方淋巴结清扫(LLND)是一个热点和难点,东西方的治疗策略也一直有很大的区别.由于LLND存在不确定的肿瘤学效果和并发症高发生率,如何将其变得个体化、简单化,成为近年来的研究热点之一.目前吲哚菁绿(ICG)已经广泛应用于检测各种类型恶性肿瘤中转移性淋巴结,然而国内少有采用吲哚菁绿荧光造影(ICG-FI)...     

Successful resection of metachronous para-aortic,Virchow lymph node and liver metastatic recurrence of rectal cancer

A 66-year-old female presented with the main complaint of defecation trouble and abdominal distention. With diagnosis of rectal cancer, c SS, c N0, c H0, c P0, c M0 c Stage Ⅱ, Hartmann's operation with D3 lymph node dissection was performed and a para-aortic lymph node and a disseminated node near the primary tumor were resected. Histological examination showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, p SS, p N3, p H0, p P1, p M1(para-aortic lymph node, dissemination) f Stage Ⅳ. After the operation, the patient received chemotherapy with FOLFIRI regimen. After 12 cycles of FOLFIRI regimen, computed tomography(CT) detected an 11 mm of liver metastasis in the posteroinferior segment of right hepatic lobe. With diagnosis of liver metastatic recurrence, we performed partial hepatectomy. Histological examination revealed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma as a metastatic rectal cancer with cut end microscopically positive. After the second operation, the patient received chemotherapy with TS1 alone for 2 years. Ten months after the break, CT detected a 20 mm of paraaortic lymph node metastasis and a 10 mm of lymph node metastasis at the hepato-duodenal ligament. With diagnosis of lymph node metastatic recurrences, we performed lymph node dissection. Histological examination revealed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma as metastatic rectal cancer in paraaortic and hepato-duodenal ligament areas. After the third operation, we started chemotherapy with modified FOLFOX6 regimen. After 2 cycles of modified FOLFOX6 regimen, due to the onset of neutropenia and liver dysfunction, we switched to capecitabine aloneand continued it for 6 mo and then stopped. Eleven months after the break, CT detected two swelling 12 mm of lymph nodes at the left supraclavicular region. With diagnosis of Virchow lymph node metastatic recurrence, we started chemotherapy with capecitabine plus bevacizumab regimen. Due to the onset of neutropenia and hand foot syndrome(Grade 3), we managed to continue capecitabine administration with extension of interval period and dose reduction. After 2 years and 2 mo from starting capecitabine plus bevacizumab regimen, Virchow lymph nodes had slowly grown up to 17 mm. Because no recurrence had been detected besides Virchow lymph nodes for this follow up period, considering the side effects and quality of life, surgical resection was selected. We performed left supraclavicular lymph node dissection. Histological examination revealed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma as a metastatic rectal cancer. After the fourth operation, the patient selected follow up without chemotherapy. Now we follow up her without recurrence and keep her quality of life high.     

Distribution of lymph node metastasis in T1 sigmoid colon carcinoma: Should we ligate the inferior mesenteric artery?

In standard oncological sigmoid colectomy, the inferior mesenteric artery is ligated either at its origin or at the level of the left colic artery. However, in patients with early-stage carcinoma, the distribution of metastatic nodes may be limited. The aim of this study was to clarify the prevalence and distribution of lymph node metastasis in T1 sigmoid colon carcinoma and to determine the adequate range of lymph node dissection.

Material and methods

The study included 121 consecutive patients treated for T1 sigmoid colon carcinoma. Clinicopathologic factors associated with nodal metastasis and the distribution of metastatic nodes were analyzed.

Results

Conclusions

Of 121 patients, 12 (10%) had nodal involvement. The depth of invasion and the presence of lymphatic and vascular invasion were significantly associated with nodal metastasis. Of these 12 patients, 11 (92%) had lymph node metastasis confined to pericolic nodes. Nodes along the sigmoidal artery were involved in one patient. There was no involved node along the superior rectal artery or at the root of the inferior mesenteric artery. Lymph node dissection for T1 sigmoid colon carcinoma should be limited to the root of the sigmoidal artery, and the inferior mesenteric artery should be preserved.     

Distribution of metastatic lymph nodes in colorectal cancer by the modified clearing method

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to clarify the distribution of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer. We also examined the relationship between the primary tumor (T) and the regional node (N) categories of the TNM (primary tumor, regional nodes, metastasis) classification. METHOD: Lymph nodes of surgical specimens in 311 consecutive patients with colorectal cancer were studied using the modified clearing method. RESULTS: Lymph node metastasis was seen in 59.2 percent of the total cases. The upward metastasis rate was 30.7 percent. In the longitudinal spread, most of the lymph node metastasis was seen within 10 cm. On the oral side in rectal cancer, there was no metastasis beyond 4 cm. The lateral metastasis rate in rectal cancer was 8.8 percent and in the lower rectum, the rate of cancer within 6 cm from the anal verge or beyond pT3 was much higher. CONCLUSION: In the TNM classification, there was no significant difference between colon and rectal cancer except pT1 with rectal cancer. In the lower rectal cancer within 6 cm from the anal verge or beyond pT3, there is a high risk of lateral metastasis, and lateral lymph node dissection or radiation therapy should be performed.     

Intrapulmonary lymph node (stations 13 and 14) metastasis in peripheral non-small cell lung cancer

It remains unknown whether dissecting the intrapulmonary lymph nodes (stations 13 and 14) when resecting peripheral non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is necessary for accurate tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging. This study investigated intrapulmonary lymph node dissection (stations 13 and 14) on the pathological staging of peripheral NSCLC and the metastatic pattern of the lymph nodes.This retrospective study included patients with primary peripheral NSCLC who underwent radical dissection between January 2013 and December 2015. The clinical data of patients and examination results of intrapulmonary stations 12, 13, and 14 lymph nodes were analyzed.Of 3019 resected lymph nodes in a total of 234 patients (12.9/patient), 263 (8.7%) had metastasis. Ninety-nine patients had lymph node metastasis (42.3%): 40 (17.1%) were N1, 11 (4.7%) were N2, 48 (20.5%) were both N1 and N2, and 135 (57.7%) had no N1 or N2 metastasis. Sixteen (6.8%) patients had metastasis of stations 13 and/or 14. Metastasis in N1 positive patients of stations 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 were 2.7%, 10.5%, 9.8%, 10.4%, and 8.5%, respectively. Missed detection without station 13 and 14 dissection was up to 6.8% (16/234).Dissection of stations 13 and 14 could be helpful for the identification of lymph node metastasis and for the accurate TNM staging of primary NSCLC.     

Lateral lymph node dissection for low rectal cancer: Is it necessary?

Rectal cancer constitutes a major public health issue.Total mesorectal excision has remained the gold standard treatment for mid and low rectal tumors since its introduction in the late 1980s.Removal of all lymph nodes located in the mesorectum has indeed improved pathological and oncological outcomes.However,when cancer spreads to the lateral lymph nodes(located along the iliac and obturator arteries)Western and Japanese practices differ.Where the Western guidelines consider this condition as an advanced form of the disease and use neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy liberally,the Japanese guidelines define it as a local disease and proceed to lateral lymph node dissection with or without neoadjuvant treatment.Herein,we review the current literature regarding both therapeutic strategies,with the aim of contributing to potential improvements in treatment and outcome for patients with low and mid rectal cancer.     

中日韩中低位直肠癌术前放化疗的理念与策略

关于术前放化疗在中低位直肠癌治疗中选择的理念和策略,中日韩三个国家的医生有些不同。中国的指南接近于美国国立综合癌症网络（National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN）指南,建议对于T3和（或）N＋以上的可切除直肠癌患者,推荐术前放化疗;日本大多数医生对可切除的中低位直肠癌并不积极推荐术前放化疗,根据日本指南推荐,对于腹膜返折下局部进展期直肠癌的标准治疗方式为全直肠系膜切除术＋侧方淋巴结清扫术;韩国的结直肠癌临床实践指南对术前放化疗的推荐与中国和美国指南类似,与中国不同的是,源于韩国政府的法定政策,韩国医生针对直肠癌患者术前放化疗开展的更为积极。     

非小细胞肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移特点临床探讨

目的在可切除的非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者手术治疗中,对纵隔淋巴结的清扫范围国内外学者仍有较大争议。本研究目的在于总结NSCLC纵隔淋巴结转移特点,为手术治疗NSCLC时正确处理纵隔淋巴结提供理论依据。方法按Naruke等肺癌淋巴结分布图对168例NSCLC施行肺叶（全肺）切除加同侧纵隔淋巴结系统性廓清术,分析病理证实的纵隔淋巴结转移频度及分布情况。结果手术共清除纵隔淋巴结1143组,平均每例清扫6.8组,病理证实有纵膈淋巴结癌细胞转移（N2）的332组,N2转移率29.0％。最大径≤3cm（T1）肿瘤和最大径〉3cm（T2）肿瘤间淋巴结转移差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。鳞癌、腺癌发生3组或3组以上纵隔淋巴结转移者分别为33.3％、42.4％。N2跳跃式转移发生率为14.3％。结论在上叶癌以上纵隔淋巴结转移居多,中下叶癌则跨区域转移居多。淋巴结转移具有跳跃性、跨区域性和多发性特点。     

The significance of abdominal para‐aortic lymph node metastasis in patients with lower thoracic esophageal cancer

Para‐aortic lymph node (PALN) recurrence is often seen in patients with lower thoracic esophageal cancer treated by esophagectomy with extended lymph node dissection. However, the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with PALN metastasis and the significance of PALN dissection are unknown. A total of 283 patients with lower thoracic esophageal cancer underwent esophagectomy with lymphadenectomy at our hospital between April 1984 and March 2007. Among these 283 patients, 60 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study according to following criteria: (i) clinical T2 to T4 tumor, (ii) no clinical PALN metastasis, and (iii) received PALN dissection. PALN dissection was indicated by a tumor depth of at least T2 and no severe complications. The clinicopathological data, recurrence pattern, and overall survival were compared between patients with PALN and without PALN metastasis. The mean length of surgery was 587 min and the mean blood loss was 1383 mL. The morbidity was 33.3% and mortality was 5% in this series. Sixteen patients (26.7%) had PALN metastasis; these showed significantly more lymph node metastases (15.8 ± 13.2 vs. 3.0 ± 3.2, P < 0.0001) and significantly worse survival rates (53.3% vs. 79.9% at 1 year, 6.7% vs. 62.0% at 3 years, P < 0.0001) than patients without PALN metastasis. The incidence of lymph node recurrence (P < 0.0001) and hematogenous recurrence (P= 0.0487) was also higher in patients with PALN metastasis than in patients without PALN metastasis. Among the 16 patients with PALN metastasis, a univariate analysis revealed total number of metastatic nodes < 8 (P= 0.0325) to be a significant prognostic factor. A multivariate logistic regression analysis of the regional lymph nodes identified the invasion of the lower mediastinal nodes (hazard ratio = 6.120) and retroperitoneal nodes (hazard ratio = 15.167) to be significantly correlated with PALN metastasis. PALN metastasis is suggested to be related to the systemic spread of lymphatic metastasis even in lower thoracic esophageal cancer. PALN dissection for pathological PALN(+) patients should not be performed. It remains to be determined in future prospective studies whether patients without pathological PALN metastasis, but showing PALN micrometastasis, could achieve improved survival with PALN dissection.     

Clinical usefulness of intraoperative sentinel-node biopsy in gastric cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Minimally invasive surgery has been used to improve the quality of life after operation in patients with gastric cancer. Sentinel-lymphnode biopsy can help to limit the extent of lymph node dissection, but the diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness of this technique has not been accurately evaluated in gastric cancer. This study was designed to clarify the role of intraoperative sentinel-node biopsy in patients with gastric cancer. METHODOLOGY: We were conducted to evaluate 1) mapping sentinel nodes according to tumor location 2) comparison sentinel node metastases as assessed by frozen section, permanent section (HE stain) and immunohistochemical diagnoses, and 3) comparison non-sentinel node metastases as assessed by permanent section (HE stain) and immunohistochemical diagnosis. RESULTS: All sentinel nodes were identified in the regional perigastric lymph node group close to the tumor. Four of the 43 sentinel lymph nodes were positive for metastasis. Similar diagnostic results were obtained by the 3 different procedures. Lymph node metastasis was found in 10 (4 sentinel nodes and 6 non-sentinel nodes) of 779 lymph nodes (1.28%) on HE staining. Immunohistochemical studies revealed a similar number of positive sentinel nodes as that obtained on HE staining, but identified metastases in 15 in non-sentinel nodes in 2 patients, as compared with only 6 nodes on HE staining. In one patient, sentinel nodes at No. 1 and No. 3 were negative for metastasis, whereas non-sentinel lymph nodes at NO. 3 were positive for metastasis. The other patient had negative sentinel nodes at No. 3 and No. 4d, but positive non-sentinel nodes at No. 4d. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this small study do not yet provide a firm basis for recommending that sentinel-node biopsy is used to reduce the extent of lymph node dissection.     

纳米碳在腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中应用效果评价

目的评价使用纳米碳在腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中的淋巴清扫效果。 方法选取2016年8月至2017年8月在北京市大兴区人民医院普外科接受腹腔镜直肠癌根治手术的80例直肠癌患者,随机分为纳米碳组与对照组,每组40例。纳米碳组分两个时间点（术前16~18小时及术中）肠镜下于肿瘤下缘及侧壁黏膜下注射纳米碳,每个时间点各20例患者。根据肿瘤不同位置确定手术范围。标本切出后30 min内送至病理科,并由专人协助病理科医师分检淋巴结。 结果纳米碳组检出的淋巴结数明显多于对照组(t=3.32,P<0.05),黑染淋巴结阳性（转移）率明显高于非黑染淋巴结阳性（转移）率（χ²=42.76,P<0.001）,差异均有统计学意义。术前16~18 h组与术中注射组清除淋巴结数目、淋巴结阳性率差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.032,P>0.05）。 结论使用纳米碳可增加腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中淋巴结检出数,经纳米碳示踪出现黑染的淋巴结阳性率更高。术前16~18 h注射纳米碳效果肯定,便于临床工作安排,值得推广应用。