整形外科中的视觉艺术

整形外科是一门将畸形或缺损的机体器官组织整体或部分修复至正常功能和形态的艺术。但“正常”的美学标准对于人体来讲是一个很宽泛的概念,从丑陋到极其美丽的跨度是非常大的。笔者通过介绍视觉艺术的概念,分析视觉艺术的组成部分,向整形美容外科医师提供视觉艺术的分析方法和工具,以提高实体手术的视觉效应度。像音乐感一样,视觉艺术有很多组成部分,如颜色、维度、一致性、亮度、视觉假象和协调度,尤其是视觉假象经常被利用。这些组成部分的概念,在其他艺术形式（如时装设计、绘画、建筑等）中应用颇为广泛。     

表面肌电介导盆底生物反馈的发展

一、盆底生物反馈的概念及发展 1967年Miller等证明,自律性神经系统的活动如心率、血压、腺体分泌等可通过"学习"条件反射产生双向调节,以后Birk于1973年提出生物反馈疗法及"行为医学"概念,目前生物反馈已应用于许多身心疾病的治疗.盆底生物反馈是这一领域中的特殊分支,采用的反馈方法包括水灌注间接测压系统、固态测压系统及表面肌电系统等,运用视觉或听觉反馈手段促使患者形成正确的排便或排尿方式.     

重视骨科内植物-骨界面的研究

内植物的进步是近代骨科学发展的重要组成部分之一.目前临床常用的骨科内植物材料包括金属、聚合物及自体或异体软组织等,如人工关节、内固定物装置和韧带.     

肩关节的稳定机制与肩关节不稳的评估处理原则

正常肩关节运动时,肱骨头被维持在关节盂和喙肩弓的中央,若关节运动时不能维持肱骨头于中央位,则为肩关节不稳定.肩关节不稳定与关节松弛是不同的概念,一定的关节松弛度是正常肩关节的特性,以允许关节达到完整功能活动度[1].     

度洛西汀与帕罗西汀治疗伴躯体形式疼痛抑郁症的疗效研究

目的 观察度洛西汀与帕罗西汀治疗伴躯体形式疼痛抑郁症的疗效.方法 40例伴有躯体形式疼痛抑郁症患者随机分为度洛西汀组（20例）和帕罗西汀组（20例）,观察8周.用汉密尔顿抑郁量表、汉密尔顿焦虑量表及疼痛视觉模拟评分评定疗效.结果 组内比较显示,度洛西汀组和帕罗西汀组均能有效改善抑郁症状,而组间比较显示,治疗后第1周和第2周,度洛西汀组汉密尔顿抑郁量表、汉密尔顿焦虑量表及疼痛视觉模拟评分均低于帕罗西汀组.结论 对伴有躯体形式疼痛的抑郁症患者,度洛西汀及帕罗西汀均有效,但度洛西汀起效更快.     

应用抗菌药物防治外科感染的指导意见(草案)XIV--手术后抗生素相关性肠炎

抗生素相关性肠炎的概念和命名.肠道是人体最大的细菌库，细菌种群在500以上，总量达1000g，其中许多是条件致病菌。正常状态下，肠道菌群形成一个相互制约的微生态系统，具有相对的稳定性，成为宿主肠道屏障的一个组成部分(生物屏障)。在这个微生态环境里，不同种属的细菌共生，各得其所，细菌和宿主之间也相安无事。当因某种感染性疾病使用抗生素，或外科(尤其腹部外科)围手术期预防性使用抗生素时间过长时(无论是经口或经胃肠外途径)，     

血尿的诊断与治疗

血尿可能是严重泌尿系统疾患的重要线索，如恶性肿瘤，应予以足够重视，详细地进行病因检查，以免延误诊断和治疗。 １ 血尿的诊断 排除假性血尿，如某些食物像辣椒、甜菜和含人造色素的食品等，药物如利福平和苯妥英钠等，血红蛋白和肌红蛋白等，均可使尿液呈淡红色或红色，而易误诊为“血尿”，但尿沉渣镜检时没有红细胞即可鉴别。月经等污染了尿标本或人为的伪造血尿，均可造成血尿假象。排除上述因素后，才可确定为真性血尿。 血尿诊断标准：新鲜清洁中段尿１０ｍｌ，离心沉淀（１５００转／ｍｉｎ，５ ｍｉｎ）取沉渣镜检，如 ＲＢＣ≥…     

髌股关节疼痛患者的胫骨扭转角CT测定

胫骨扭转畸形是个新的概念，其与膝关节骨关节炎的发生密切相关。本文使用ＣＴ测量髌股关节疼痛患者的胫骨扭转角，发现其向外扭转度显著大于正常人群（Ｐ＜０．０５），提示胫骨向外扭转畸形易导致髌骨软骨软化症或髌股关节骨关节炎。同时，本文介绍了使用ＣＴ测量扭转角的要点及特点，证明其是种方便、直观、准确的扭转角测量新方法。胫骨扭转畸形是个新的概念，其与膝关节骨关节炎的发生密切相关。本文使用ＣＴ测量髌股关节疼痛患者的胫骨扭转角，发现其向外扭转度显著大于正常人群（Ｐ＜０．０５），提示胫骨向外扭转畸形易导致髌骨软骨软化症或髌股关节骨关节炎。同时，本文介绍了使用ＣＴ测量扭转角的要点及特点，证明其是种方便、直观、准确的扭转角测量新方法。     

磨痂术在深Ⅱ度烧伤创面早期处理中的应用研究进展

深Ⅱ度烧伤一直是烧伤外科学领域研究与治疗的重点和难点[1].尽早去除坏死组织,可有效减轻烧伤创面过度炎症反应,避免创面加深,促进创面较好愈合,减轻瘢痕形成.临床上,去除深Ⅱ度烧伤坏死组织的方法有多种,如:削痂、酶或中药溶痂、激光或超声物理清创等.近年来,磨痂术在深Ⅱ度烧伤创面中的应用越来越受到重视.本文就磨痂术在烧伤创面早期处理中的应用进展进行综述.     

男性性功能障碍的诊断与心理治疗

性功能障碍是指正常的性兴趣和性反应的持续削弱.一般来说,性功能障碍可能包括对性活动缺乏兴趣或缺乏快感,没有能力体验或控制性欲高潮,或者患有某种防碍顺利性交的生理障碍,如阴茎勃起障碍.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.