腹腔镜下腹膜阴道成形术8例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜下腹膜阴道成形术的疗效. 方法采用腹腔镜下腹膜阴道成形术治疗先天性无阴道8例. 结果 8例手术均顺利完成.手术时间40～90 min,平均50 min.术中出血量50～150 ml,平均80 ml.全部病例随访7～29个月,平均12.5月,外阴形态自然,阴道壁光滑、湿润、柔软、弹性好,长度均达10 cm,无牵拉不适感,性生活满意,无并发症发生. 结论腹腔镜下腹膜阴道成形术疗效满意,创伤小,恢复快,并发症少.     

改良Vechitti阴道成形与腹膜阴道成形术的对比研究

目的 对比于腹腔镜下采用改良Vechitti阴道成形与腹膜阴道成形术的临床效果.方法 2005年1月至2011年3月,对43例患者于腹腔镜下分别行改良Vechitti阴道成形(改良Vechitti组,n=26)和腹膜阴道成形术(腹膜组,n=17),并分析比较了2组患者的手术用时、术中出血量,以及术后阴道长度和成形阴道的性状.结果 改良Vechitti组26例均取得成功,仅1例于术后1个月模型脱出,经更换小一号模型逐渐扩张3d后再换回原大模型,结果预后良好.腹膜组17例均取得成功,无并发症发生.2组患者成形之阴道均宽敞,黏膜呈粉红色,有皱壁、润滑、弹性好,外阴外观也无改变,性生活均满意.改良Vechitti组的手术用时、术中出血量均较腹膜组少,但成形的阴道长度为(7.8±0.4) cm,明显短于腹膜组的(8.8±0.6) cm(t =6.45,P＜0.01).结论 腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术手术操作相对复杂,手术时间长,但成形后的阴道长,阴道性状更接近正常女性,远期疗效也较好.     

改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术与腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术的对比研究

目的 探讨改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术与腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2011年6月-2013年6月我院60例先天性无阴道的临床资料,其中40例行改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术（腹膜组,n=40）,20例行腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术（回肠组,n=20）,对比2种术式的围手术期情况及术后疗效.结果 60例手术均成功.腹膜组手术时间（107.6±23.4）min明显短于回肠组（175.3±35.7）min（t=-8 819,P=0.000）;腹膜组术中出血量（23.2±1.8）ml显著少于回肠组（56.5±3.9）ml（t=-45.438,P=0.000）;腹膜组手术费用（4360±252）元明显少于回肠组（10 210±430）元（t=-66.471,P=0.000）;腹膜组术后住院时间（8.3±1.1）d明显短于回肠组（9.2±1.6）d（t=-2.557,P=0.013）;腹膜组无术后并发症,回肠组术后出现1例不全肠梗阻,保守治疗后痊愈,2组并发症发生率无统计学差异（Fisher＇s检验,P=0.333）.腹膜组人工阴道长度（7.5±2.1）cm与回肠组（8.5±3.4）cm无统计学差异（t=-1.405,P=0.165）.术后随访：2组人工阴道均可容2指,阴道壁黏膜粉红,弹性良好.腹膜组：3例人工阴道顶端出现肉芽组织,经切除、换药后愈合;阴道分泌物正常,1例已婚术后性生活满意,8例术后结婚,性生活满意.回肠组：阴道分泌物较多,无色水样液或黏液,无异味,但总量呈减少趋势,3个月后基本稳定;6例术后结婚,性生活基本满意.腹膜组9例性生活启动者女性性功能指数量表（female sexual function index,FSFI）总分（26.73±0.93）分,与回肠组6例性生活启动者FSFI总分（26.19±1.24）分比较无统计学差异（t=0.961,P=0.354）.结论 改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术与腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术均是满意可行的手术方式,但改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术手术时间短、术中出血量少、手术费用低,值得推广应用.     

腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术与乙状结肠阴道成形术的对比研究

目的比较腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术与乙状结肠阴道成形术的疗效. 方法 1998年3月～2003年4月对29例先天性无阴道采用腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术14例(腹膜阴道成形术组),乙状结肠阴道成形术15例(乙状结肠阴道成形术组). 结果腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术组1例失败,改乙状结肠阴道成形术,2组无手术并发症及术后病率.腹膜阴道成形术组手术时间(118.9±19.0) min 明显短于乙状结肠阴道成形术组(202.0±18.6)min (t=-11.674,P=0.000);术中出血量(36.2±12.6)ml明显少于乙状结肠阴道成形术组(105.3±46.3)ml (t=-5.205,P=0.000);2组手术术后阴道情况基本相同,但乙状结肠阴道成形术组阴道长度(10.8±1.1)cm长于腹膜阴道成形术组(9.0±0.8)cm(t=-4.882,P=0.000);乙状结肠阴道成形术组3例阴道分泌物偏多,4例有异味;2组性生活满意程度基本相同. 结论腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术与乙状结肠阴道成形术疗效相似,但手术创伤小于乙状结肠阴道成形术.     

腹腔镜辅助下腹膜法阴道成形术

目的 探讨应用1972年Rothman首创并经过改进的一种更加微创、符合生理、满足患者生理要求的阴道再造手术方法.方法 于会阴部造穴,在腹腔镜辅助下应用腹膜再造阴道衬里,关闭盆底腹膜、切开远端的腹膜以形成顶端为盲端的阴道.结果 2005年3月至2006年9月,将该方法用于诊断为先天性无阴道的患者10例.年龄最大32岁,最小19岁.手术平均用时2.34 h.平均住院20.5 d.随访3～12个月,无手术并发症,性生活满意.结论 腹腔镜辅助下带蒂腹膜代阴道黏膜的阴道成形术是一种较为理想的阴道再造术术式.     

腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术73例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术治疗先天性无阴道的价值.方法 2001年7月～2005年11月对73例先天性无阴道在腹腔镜监视下,于尿道、膀胱与直肠间隙间形成阴道“隧道“,利用腹膜推进器将盆底腹膜经“隧道“推至前庭创口,并缝合固定,腹腔镜下关闭盆腔内腹膜,在“隧道“内填入凡士林纱条,数日后取出,术后定期扩张阴道.结果 腹腔镜下完成手术70例,中转开腹结肠代阴道成形术1例,中转开腹回肠代阴道成形术1例,腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术1例.手术时间50～160min,平均65min;术中出血量20～100ml,平均50ml.术后住院15～20d,平均16d.70例术后随访1～24个月,平均13个月,66例腹膜阴道成形术阴道深＞9cm,4例阴道深度为8cm,均可容阴道窥器插入,阴道黏膜粉红色、湿润,弹性良好;已婚或有性生活44例,其中43例性生活满意,1例诉阴道较浅(8cm).结论 腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术具有操作简便、创伤小、康复快的优点,术后阴道外观与功能等同正常女性外生殖器及阴道,值得推广.     

腹腔镜下腹膜代阴道成形术2例报告

目的：探讨腹腔镜下腹膜代阴道成形术的方法及临床效果。方法：为2例先天性无阴道处女膜闭锁患者行腹腔镜下腹膜代阴道成形术。结果：2例手术均获成功,术后腹部美观无疤痕,阴道弹性好,已婚者性生活满意。结论：腹腔镜下腹膜代阴道成形术是一种值得推广的微创手术。     

腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术治疗雄激素不敏感综合征

目的 探讨腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术治疗雄激素不敏感综合征的手术方法及治疗效果。方法 2006年5月至2011年3月,在深圳市第五人民医院对5例雄激素不敏感综合征患者行腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术,并对其手术情况及手术效果进行分析。结果 5例腹膜阴道成形术均在腹腔镜下完成,无中转开腹病例,1例改行腹腔镜下回肠代阴道成形术,4例术中同时行隐睾切除术,平均手术时间60 min,平均术中出血量20 ml,无直肠膀胱尿道损伤。术后21 ～ 28 d阴道长度8～10 cm,平均9 cm,宽度可容2～3指;术后6个月人工阴道黏膜光滑、红润,柔软度及弹性符合解剖结构及生理要求,其中2例有满意性生活。结论 腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术可用于社会性别为女性的雄激素不敏感综合征的治疗,可同时切除双侧隐睾,术后须心理指导及长期服用雌激素。     

改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术8例临床分析

目的探讨改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术治疗先天无阴道的方法和效果。方法选取2011-03—2016-08间在无锡虹桥医院接受治疗的8例先天无阴道患者。均在腹腔镜监视下,利用腹腔镜冲洗器管和拨棒共同推进盆底腹膜至前庭黏膜"阴道外口"处。在会阴部将腹膜与前庭黏膜缝合,完成腹膜阴道成形。回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 8例患者均成功完成腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术。术后随访12个月,再造阴道长8~10 cm,可放置窥阴器。阴道黏膜呈粉红色、湿润。其柔软度、弹性基本符合正常解剖结构。8例患者均获得正常性生活,其中7例未婚者已结婚。结论腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术操作简单、安全、创伤小,且腹壁无明显瘢痕。成形的"阴道壁"黏膜完整、光滑、弹性好,患者性生活满意,是一种较理想的阴道成形术式。     

腹腔镜下乙状结肠联合直肠代阴道成形术的临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜下乙状结肠联合直肠代阴道成形术的手术疗效。方法回顾性分析25例行腹腔镜下乙状结肠联合直肠代阴道成形术患者（腹腔镜组）的临床资料,并与同期行开腹乙状结肠代阴道手术的16例患者（开腹组）进行比较。结果与开腹组相比,腹腔镜组病例手术时间更短、术中出血量更少、术后排气更快、术后住院时间更短（均P〈0．05）。开腹组围手术期并发症发生率为25％（4／16）．而腹腔镜组无一例出现围手术期并发症,术后1年．腹腔镜组患者性生活满意率为77．3％（17／22）,明显高于开腹组的40．0％（6／15,P〈0．05）。结论腹腔镜下乙状结肠联合直肠代阴道成形术除了具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少等优点,更能获得较为满意的性生活质量。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.