经蝶显微手术治疗老年垂体腺瘤19例报告

目的：报告19例老年垂体腺瘤的经蝶显微手术治疗,探讨老年垂体腺瘤的临床特点及治疗原则。方法：分析19例老年垂体腺瘤的临床及影像学特征,显微手术疗法、手术结果、术后并发症及治疗。结果：肿瘤全切12例,次全切5例,大部分切除2例,无手术死亡,无严重并发症;手术效果满意,临床症状改善90％;在平均3年随访中,2例临床症状复发。结论：老年垂体腺瘤经蝶入路显微手术切除是一种安全有效的方法。     

内镜下经蝶入路垂体腺瘤显微切除术

目的　采用内镜下经蝶入路垂体腺瘤显微切除术治疗垂体腺瘤并就相关问题进行探讨。方法　用直径 4mm的 0°、3 0°硬性鼻内镜及配套摄像系统 ,经蝶手术器械配合手术显微镜切除垂体腺瘤 12例。结果　本组病例全切肿瘤 9例 ,次全切肿瘤3例。术后一过性视力减退和嗅觉丧失各 1例 ,术后 7例内分泌指标恢复正常或接近正常 ;术后无其他任何并发症。结论　内镜下经蝶入路垂体腺瘤显微切除术具有视野大、创伤小、切除肿瘤多等优点 ,是一种安全而有效的理想手术方式     

经蝶显微手术治疗老年垂体腺瘤19例报告

目的 :报告 19例老年垂体腺瘤的经蝶显微手术治疗 ,探讨老年垂体腺瘤的临床特点及治疗原则。方法 :分析 19例老年垂体腺瘤的临床及影像学特征 ,显微手术疗法、手术结果、术后并发症及治疗。结果 :肿瘤全切 12例 ,次全切 5例 ,大部分切除 2例 ,无手术死亡 ,无严重并发症 ;手术效果满意 ,临床症状改善 90 % ;在平均 3年随访中 ,2例临床症状复发。结论 :老年垂体腺瘤经蝶入路显微手术切除是一种安全有效的方法     

垂体腺瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨外科治疗垂体腺瘤显微手术方法的选择。方法对CT或MRI证实的65例垂体腺瘤，采用经蝶入路或经翼点入路两种手术方法，在显微镜下切除肿瘤。结果经蝶手术44例，全切除29例，次全切除15例；无1例死亡。经翼点入路显微手术21例，全切除13例，次全切5例，部分切除3例；死亡1例(死于多器官功能衰竭)。结论采用显微外科技术，针对肿瘤的特点选择不同的手术入路是提高垂体腺瘤全切率、降低死亡率的关键。     

导航下经蝶显微手术切除垂体微腺瘤

目的研究神经导航技术在经蝶显微切除垂体微腺瘤手术中的应用.方法在25例垂体微腺瘤经蝶手术中应用神经导航系统指导手术入路﹑肿瘤方位﹑切除范围.结果 25例垂体微腺瘤均达到镜下全切除,并通过术后MRI得到证实,且无严重手术并发症.结论在经蝶显微切除垂体微腺瘤手术中应用神经导航有利于全切病灶,降低手术并发症.     

大及巨大垂体腺瘤经蝶术中影像定位与手术疗效的关系

目的　研究垂体大及巨大腺瘤经蝶入路显微手术治疗中应用影像定位与手术疗效的关系。方法　1987年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 2月经蝶入路显微切除的 2 4 5例大及巨大垂体腺瘤 ,术中应用C 臂X光机或Zeiss自动调焦平衡架显微镜内、外影像导航系统 ,在经蝶入路及切除肿瘤过程中进行影像定位 ,术后对患者进行长期连续随访 ,以探讨术中影像定位与手术疗效的关系。结果　 2 4 5例患者术后脑脊液漏 2 8例 ,占 11 4 % ;暂时性尿崩 2 6例 ,占10 6 % ;垂体功能低下 10例 ,占 4 1% ,全部病例无死亡。随访 176例患者 ,影像复查全切除 96例 ,全切率 5 4 5 % ,术后 1年以上肿瘤复发 2 1例 ,复发率 11 9%。结论　在大及巨大垂体腺瘤经蝶入路显微手术中应用影像定位有助于提高手术全切率 ,减少手术并发症及肿瘤复发率。     

经蝶辅助内窥镜切除大型垂体腺瘤

目的：介绍和评价1993年至2002年内经蝶入路显微外科辅助内窥镜切除138例大型垂体腺瘤的手术操作技术及经验。方法：138例大型垂体腺瘤，男性66例，女性72例。手术采用经蝶显微外科辅助内窥镜。结果：本组全切肿瘤109例，占78.9％。结论：经蝶显微手术仍是一种较为实用手术，显微外科辅助内窥镜可提高大型垂体腺瘤的全切率。     

翼点入路显微切除侵袭型垂体腺瘤

目的 总结经颅翼点人路显微切除侵袭型垂体腺瘤的经验，争取尽可能对肿瘤全切，减少并发症。方法 2000年至2004年采用Yasargil翼点入路在显微镜下切除侵袭型垂体腺瘤57例，全部属于Hardy分级Ⅲ级以上的侵袭型垂体腺瘤，术中注意充分利用鞍区周围的各个自然解剖间隙，应用良好的显微技术切除向各个方向侵袭生长的肿瘤。结果 全组病例无死亡，无与手术相关的新的神经功能障碍，获得显微镜下全切49例，占86％，次全切8例。结论 侵袭型垂体腺瘤的显微手术在绝大多数情况下可以经翼点入路完成，熟练掌握规范的手术入路和局部显微解剖以及良好的显微外科技巧是保证手术疗效的根本。     

扩大双侧额下联合经蝶入路显微切除巨大型垂体腺瘤

目的探讨扩大双侧额下联合经蝶入路显微手术切除巨大型垂体腺瘤的临床疗效。方法采用扩大双侧额下入路并联合硬膜外经蝶窦显微手术切除13例巨大型垂体腺瘤,对侵入蝶窦内及中上斜坡区的肿瘤,由硬膜外剥离暴露并磨除蝶骨平台切除肿瘤。结果13例巨大型垂体腺瘤全切除6例,近全切除5例,大部分切除2例,无重残及死亡病例。结论经该入路行显微手术能有效地提高巨大型垂体腺瘤的全切除率。     

显微外科治疗大及巨大垂体腺瘤手术入路的探讨

目的 探讨显微外科治疗大及巨大垂体腺瘤手术方法的选择。方法 对CT或MRI证实的56例大及巨大垂体腺瘤，采用经蝶入路或经颅入路两种手术方法，在显微镜下切除肿瘤。结果 经蝶手术18例，全切除12例，次全切除6例，无一例死亡。经颅采用翼点或经额入路显微手术治疗38例，经额手术25例，全切除22例，次全切2例，部分切除1例，其中1例死亡．原因不明；经翼点13例，全切除10例，次全切2例，部分切除1例，无一例死亡。结论 采用显微外科技术，针对肿瘤的特点选择不同的手术入路是提高垂体腺瘤全切率、降低死亡率的关键。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.