头颈部岛状肌皮瓣和皮瓣的改良设计及临床应用

目的　探讨制作单一血管为蒂的头颈部局部带蒂肌皮瓣或皮瓣的安全性。方法　解剖学观察20例胸肩峰动脉分支,观察最远入肌点走行特征。通过术前超声观察和术中透视法观察定位最远入肌点,在最远入肌点上方1～2 cm断离肌肉,形成单纯动静脉血管为蒂的胸大肌岛状肌肌皮瓣。利用同样的技术方法,设计岛状的胸锁乳突肌、下位斜方肌的岛状肌皮瓣。结果　解剖学观察胸肩峰动脉分支分为单支型12.5%（5/40）,双支型67.5%（27/40）,多支型20%（8/40）。术前超声定位胸大肌皮瓣的最远入肌点成功率为29.1%（14/48）,DSA成功显影乳内动脉穿支66.7%（12/18）,共完成胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣48例,乳内动脉岛状皮瓣12例,颏瓣18例,下位斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣4例,胸锁乳突肌岛状肌皮瓣4例,颈横血管岛状皮瓣3例,胸肩峰动脉穿支的岛状皮瓣3例。失败2例,1例为胸大肌肌皮瓣的岛状设计中电刀误伤胸肩峰动脉胸肌支;1例为颈横血管浅支,术中修复扁桃体癌咽侧壁缺损。3例胸大肌部分坏死,清理完坏死组织,换药后痊愈。结论　在头颈部设计单一血管为蒂的岛状肌皮瓣（皮瓣）的改良设计安全可行,在受区皮瓣容易塑形固定,供区不仅外形美观且功能保全。     

胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣修复颈咽部软组织缺损

目的胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣（thoracoacromial artery perforator,TAAP）是近年来应用于颈部和咽部组织缺损的新技术,本文分析使用TAAP修复颈咽部缺损的经验。方法回顾分析2013年5月~2017年4月诊治20例TAAP修复咽瘘、咽部黏膜缺损和颈部皮肤缺损。本组患者年龄48~68岁,平均年龄53岁。下咽癌切除+全喉切除10例,保留喉功能的下咽癌切除7例,颈部皮肤缺损3例。咽部黏膜缺损4.5 cm×3 cm~6.5 cm×5 cm,颈部皮肤缺损5.5 cm×4 cm~8 cm×6 cm,皮瓣大小6 cm×4 cm~8 cm×6 cm。结果18例术后皮瓣成活,供区直接拉拢缝合,没有出现皮瓣坏死,其中15例行下咽黏膜修复的患者,术后2~5周恢复经口进食并行术后放疗,剂量60~67 Gy。另2例术中发现穿支血运障碍,更换成颏下皮瓣修复下咽缺损。随访3~36个月,1例术后14个月出现胸段食管癌,1例术后18个月出现纵膈淋巴结转移,均予以放化疗, 1例术后1年出现颈部淋巴结转移复发予以化疗,余病例无复发。结论胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣因为邻近颈部、血管相对恒定、皮瓣薄适用于修复咽部黏膜和颈段食管缺损;胸肩峰动脉为血管蒂的一蒂双岛的TAAP和胸大肌皮瓣同时修复复杂的颈部皮肤和咽部黏膜缺损。胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣的穿支细小,穿越锁骨下隧道时穿支区域和血管蒂不能扭曲,发现皮瓣血运异常应及时更换其他修复方法。     

头颈局部皮瓣岛状设计的策略和临床应用

头颈肿瘤外科切除后的重建修复经历了快速发展的过程,从早期选择轴型皮瓣局部重建,到后期游离皮瓣重建。皮瓣的“血管供应单元”（angiosome）概念提出后,穿支皮瓣应运而生。无论是局部还是游离穿支皮瓣制作,都已从肥厚蒂部的传统轴型皮瓣过渡到岛状轴型穿支皮瓣。岛状皮瓣设计遵循“点-线-面”的设计方法,即先利用超声等各种手段先确定穿支皮瓣的从源动脉穿出点,再确定轴型血管的走行,最终确定皮瓣切取的面积、形态和方位。在头颈部局部皮瓣的修复重建中,胸大肌的岛状设计不仅供区胸大肌功能得到最大限度保留,受区皮瓣容易塑形,且术后并发症明显减少。岛状设计可以运用到头颈部其他局部皮瓣的改良设计,如内乳穿支、颏瓣、锁骨上瓣、胸肩峰动脉穿支、下位斜方肌穿支等。本文对头颈局部岛状皮瓣概念、设计理论、设计技巧及临床应用做一阐述。     

头颈外科

930005胸大肌肌皮瓣的血管解剖学研究/李晓明一尹中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志一1992,27 (增刊)一5一7 通过尸体解剖测量、选择性动脉造影和前列腺素E:血管内灌注法,对胸大肌肌皮瓣(文内简作PMMF)的血管解剖学进行了研究。发现74 .47写的胸肩峰动脉发自腋动脉第二段,其胸肌支起始处的最小外径为o.22mm,最大外径为4.00mm,平均外径为2.olmm。后者与胸大肌本身还发出皮肤穿支供应胸大肌表面皮肤的血液。胸外侧动脉也是胸大肌肌皮瓣血供的重要来源。在某些情况下胸肩峰动脉可以发生异常或病理性闭塞。根据本研究结果,作者对胸大肌肌皮瓣手术提出了一些…     

介绍一种双面皮瓣——用于咽和颈段食管重建的改进胸大肌皮瓣

改进的胸大肌皮瓣是于共腹面再加植断层厚皮,造成双面皮瓣,作为重建咽和颈段食管之用。该肌皮瓣的血供来自胸肩峰动脉的胸支,亦有来自胸外侧动脉和胸最上动脉,并可直接从腋动脉分出。该动脉干锁骨的外侧和中间的1/3处穿过筋膜,在胸小肌的上缘,走向胸大肌的腹面,供应胸肌和乳房,并与乳房内动脉的肋间支和胸外侧动脉吻合。胸前、外侧神经来自第五、六、七颈神经臂丛的外侧索,其行径与供应胸大肌的动静脉平行。取肌皮瓣的方法是于一周前,先在前胸壁定出胸支动脉的走向,依缺陷的大小于胸大肌处作新月形切口,形成岛状肌蒂,仔细保留血供,并于其腹面再加植断层厚皮造成双面皮瓣,复回原处,保存一周。保存的优点是保证移植皮瓣的存     

下咽癌切除后胸锁乳突肌皮瓣咽修补术

为探讨简便易行、损伤小的下咽成形方法,选择下咽侧后壁癌或梨状窝外侧壁肿瘤,用患侧单、双蒂胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修补咽、舌根缺损.结果:梨状窝癌T3 N1M03例,肿瘤切除后采用胸舌骨肌筋膜修补患侧室带、声带缺损,双蒂胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修补外侧壁缺损.吞咽功能正常,2例拔除套管,1例带小管呼吸.T4 N1 M01例采用单蒂胸锁乳突皮瓣修补咽侧壁及舌根,术后轻度误咽,呼吸、发音功能正常.提示用胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修补咽侧壁缺损效果良好.     

用胸大肌肌皮瓣作一期舌底重建

对舌底癌手术治疗不仅要根治癌并要修复口咽部功能。80～90％病人初诊时肿瘤已是3或4期,约75％已有颈部转移。常先放疗再作广泛切除,并作部分下颌骨切除和颈廓清术,有的需将喉切除。Bakamjian和Littlewood(1964)曾强调一期修复口咽衬里来防止随口咽切除后的唾液流溢、舌运动受限和发音障碍等问题。通常用局部带蒂皮瓣,但缺点是需分期手术。用肌皮瓣一期重建是一明显进步。已有胸锁乳突肌瓣、斜方肌瓣、背阔肌瓣和胸大肌瓣等相继在头颈重建手术呻成功地应用。本文描述用胸大肌岛状皮瓣于舌底一期重建手术。胸大肌是一扇形肌,起自宽阔的胸锁部,向侧方集中成三层肌腱附着于肱骨干上端。它有三处起点:——锁骨、胸肋和外斜肌腱膜。它的血液供应主要来自胸肩峰动脉的四个终末支之一;胸支,经其穿通支供应上盖之皮肤;还来自胸外、内侧动脉,给胸大肌肌皮瓣提供充足的血液     

改良血管蒂胸锁乳突肌岛状瓣修复下咽部缺损

目的 探讨应用改良血管蒂胸锁乳突肌岛状瓣修复下咽癌切除术后缺损的效果.方法 2003年12月至2010年9月应用以甲状腺上动脉胸锁乳突肌支为血管蒂,以中下段胸锁乳突肌胸骨头为主的改良胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣一期修复12例梨状窝鳞癌术后缺损患者,年龄47 ～ 72岁,中位年龄59岁,均未接受过术前放疗;肿瘤分期参照2002年UICC分期:T2NOM0 5例,T3N1 M0 5例,T4N1M0 2例.结果 2例原发T4期患者肿瘤侵犯甲状软骨板及患侧甲状腺,未保留喉功能;2例T3期患者侵犯梨状窝前壁,患侧声带固定,1例侵及杓区,均未保留喉功能;3例T3和5例T2期患者保留喉功能.12例肌皮瓣全部成活.随访7 ～88个月,中位数30个月.4例患者术后15～ 32个月死于肿瘤复发和远处转移,8例生存至今,其中4例已生存5年以上.结论 利用显微外科精细解剖血管化蒂部的岛状胸锁乳突肌皮瓣具有成活率高且制作容易,创伤小等优点,是修复下咽部缺损的良好修复方式之一.     

舌肌瓣修复喉切除术的下咽部狭窄

梨状窝或环后癌,术后发生下咽部狭窄者,据报告可达48～72％,原发于喉内者也有10～30％,与术前后放疗无肯定关系。轻者(1～2cm长)定期扩张可收效。狭窄长者则有赖手术解决,以往有报道采用胸大肌肌皮瓣、中厚皮片及颊部岛状粘膜修复者。作者1983年曾报道用舌根肌粘膜瓣一期修复防止下     

利用胸大肌皮瓣进行头颈部手术重建

作者按Ariyan术式采用胸大肌皮瓣于头颈部肿瘤手术的器官重建。方法:沿胸大肌外侧或其内数厘米作切口,切开筋膜,以手指分离,掀起肌肉,沿胸部切口内缘放牵开器,常可触得或直接看到神经血管束,作内下或内侧切口,必要时切断结扎胸肩峰动脉和静脉的近端内外侧支以进一步游离该肌皮瓣。还可将胸大肌外侧肌腱部分切断,或在与锁骨下动静脉交界处进一步游离血管神经束以增加肌皮瓣的长度,但切勿损伤血管。游离胸壁内外侧皮肤,一期缝合供皮区创面。共报道9例:1例喉咽切除及颈清扫术后的颈部皮肤缺损,1例腮腺肿块、颧骨切除及颈清扫术后的颊部与颈上部缺损,1例因颈部脓肿及     

Experience with the modified pectoralis major myocutaneous flap.

Results of 75 reconstructions with a modified pectoralis major myocutaneous flap are described in patients with advanced (stages III and IV) head and neck tumors between 1982 and 1986. The course of the supplying thoracoacromial artery was determined with angiographic studies and was found to follow the middle clavicular line in most cases. The pectoralis major muscle was mobilized up to its acromial attachment, which made the bridging of considerable distances possible between the site of the removed tumor and the donor site. The bulk of the pedicle was reduced at the same time without endangering the safety of the blood supply of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. The flaps were viable in the 70 evaluable patients. Partial necroses were observed in three cases. Postoperative fistulas were encountered in 13 patients (surgical closure was necessary in three). Reconstruction with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap is a safe and versatile procedure, yielding good clinical and functional results in patients with advanced head and neck tumors.     

Pectoralis major muscle flap in head and neck reconstruction

Pectoralis major muscle flaps have rarely been used on their own for head and neck reconstruction. Some of the problems experienced with myocutaneous flaps can be avoided by the judicious use of muscle flaps. These include suture line separation, excessive bulk, hair growth from the flap, and alteration of breast position. In contrast to the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, the pectoralis major muscle flap is light and pliable. When it is employed for reconstruction in the oral cavity, oropharynx, or hypopharynx, it can be covered by a "quilted" skin graft or used on its own. We believe that pectoralis major muscle flaps provide a valuable alternative to the more bulky myocutaneous flaps in head and neck reconstruction.     

Reconstruction of the hypopharynx with U-shaped pectoralis major myocutaneous flap after total pharyngo-laryngectomy

Resection of the whole circumference of the pharynx and esophagus is usually reconstructed with gastric pull-up, jejunum free graft or free forearm flap. The aim of this study was to assess the use of pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for closure of total pharyngeal defect. In 11 patients with hypopharynx and larynx cancer, total pharyngo-laryngectomy and excision of the cervical part of the esophagus and neck dissections were performed; the defects were closed with pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps. The skin island was sutured to prevertebral muscles, forming a letter U shape. Good healing was obtained in six patients, and five patients developed fistula that closed spontaneously within 3–4 weeks. The use of U-shaped pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, suturing it to prevertebral muscles, gives good functional results, and it is a simple and time-saving second choice method of reconstruction of the pharynx after total pharyngo-laryngectomy.     

Immediate pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Use of a quilted skin-grafted pectoralis major muscle flap

Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction continues to be a problem in the management of cancer involving the hypopharynx. In our experience, the use of deltopectoral and pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps for total reconstruction has been disappointing. We report four cases of immediate near-total reconstruction using a quilted , skin-grafted pectoralis major muscle flap. All cases had received full dosage preoperative irradiation. A thin-walled pharynx was created that has allowed early development of a good esophageal voice. There has been no stricture formation. All patients have experienced no difficulty in establishing a good oral intake.     

The pectoralis myocutaneous flap for salvage of necrotic wounds

The authors have utilized six pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps in attempts to salvage extensive necrotic wounds of the pharynx and neck. The flap was employed in the following situations: massive necrosis of the entire neck skin with both carotid artery systems exposed, radiation necrosis of the neck skin with exposure of carotid artery, dehiscence of gastric pull-up from pharynx with resultant carotid exposure, failed trapezius flap in a radionecrotic oral cavity, and two cases of pharyngocutaneous fistula with extensive soft tissue necrosis. These flaps achieved healing in all cases. One death occurred 3 weeks following complete cutaneous healing secondary to a ruptured carotid pseudoaneurysm. One flap underwent total skin loss but the entirety of the muscle survived and the fistula was successfully closed with the back of the muscle being subsequently skin grafted. One case of dehiscence of the flap from oral mucosa resulted in a minor exposure of mandible with limited osteoradionecrosis controlled by topical means. This flap has performed extremely well in these precarious and difficult situations that previously may not have been salvageable. It has also been effective in abbreviating the required hospitalization and wound care. We conclude that the pectoralis myocutaneous flap should be the primary choice for the management of extensive postsurgical wound necrosis.     

Two modifications of pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF)

Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap is the most commonly used versatile flap in head and neck reconstructive surgery. The use of entirely tubed pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for reconstruction of the hypopharynx following total laryngectomy and total pharyngectomy has a disadvantage of bulkiness of the flap and poor postoperative deglutition. One-stage reconstruction of the entire hypopharynx utilizing a combination of pectoralis major myocutaneous flap and dermal graft minimizes bulkiness, thus achieving satisfactory to excellent functional results. The operation has been performed on four patients with excellent deglutition. The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap is utilized to reconstruct the anterior and lateral walls of the hypopharynx, the dermal graft for the posterior wall as far superior as the vault of the nasopharynx. The operative procedure is described. Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap usually provides enough length to reach the distant site of the surgical defect. On occasion, however, additional length is desirable to avoid tension along the suture line. This becomes apparent when a random portion of elevated pectoralis major myocutaneous flap presents questionable viability which may require further trimming. Resection of the medial half of the clavicle can provide additional length of this flap by 2 cm to 2.5 cm.     

Surgical techniques and results of lateral thoracic cutaneous, myocutaneous, and conjoint flaps for head and neck reconstruction

BACKGROUND: This paper aims at presentation of our surgical techniques and results of the lateral thoracic (LT) flaps for head and neck reconstructions. METHOD: There were seven LT cutaneous, seven LT myocutaneous, and two LT conjoint myocutaneous flaps for reconstruction of head and neck mucosal or cutaneous defects. RESULTS: The largest flap size was 22 cm x 13 cm. All donor sites were closed primarily. The highest point of reconstruction was in the nasopharynx internally and zygoma externally. All flaps survived without major complication. CONCLUSIONS: The LT flap has the versatility of cutaneous, myocutaneous, and conjoint flaps with pectoralis major or latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps to reconstruct large surgical defects. It has a large, reliable surface area, a long pedicle to reach nasopharynx and zygoma, and has less bulky muscle to facilitate tubular reconstruction of circumferential pharyngeal defect, one-stage operation, esthetic hidden donor site scar in axillary region, and minimal donor site morbidity. It is an additional reliable pedicle flap in our armamentarium for reconstruction of both cutaneous and mucosal defects in the head and neck region.     

Preliminary results in using the myocutaneous pectoralis major flap

The modified pectoralis major myocutaneous paddle flap has been used in 75 cases since 1982 for the closure of major defects of the oral cavity, oro- and hypopharynx and neck. Although almost all of the patients had a stage IV tumour, we had good aesthetic and functional results. There was no total flap necrosis. Three cases of partial necrosis underwent spontaneous healing. The details of the operative techniques are compared with other reconstructive methods, and the advantage of the pectoralis major flap is discussed.     

喉全切除后气管造瘘口复发癌缺损外科修复比较

目的探索喉全切除后气管造瘘口复发癌缺损外科修复的治疗效果。方法对18例喉全切除后气管造瘘口复发癌实施外科治疗。其中Ⅰ型7例,颈部单纯切口,胸大肌肌皮瓣修复颈部皮肤气管造瘘口缺损;Ⅱ型6例,颈肢或胸联合切口,前臂皮瓣或胸大肌肌皮瓣(游离前臂皮瓣5例,胸大肌肌皮瓣1例)修复部分喉咽切除;Ⅲ型3例,颈腹联合切口,游离空肠修复全喉咽、颈段食管;Ⅳ型2例,颈胸腹联合切口,胃上拉修复全喉咽、全食管。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型的颈部皮肤气管造瘘口缺损均用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复。结果颈部缺损胸大肌肌皮瓣均成活;咽瘘4例(其中游离空肠1例,前臂皮瓣2例,胃上拉咽瘘出血1例);全部病例术后均能进食;随访6～74个月,3例出现不同程度吞咽梗阻。结论喉全切除后气管造瘘口复发癌外科治疗缺损,修复选择应根据原发肿瘤治疗的经过及气管造瘘口复发癌侵及范围来确定修复方法。