Two-step orchiopexy with pelviscopic clip ligation of the spermatic vessels.

Ten boys with nonpalpable testes located in the peritoneal cavity underwent celiopelviscopy and clip ligation of the spermatic vessels with the intent of augmenting vasal collateral blood flow. After intervals in excess of 6 months, 7 patients underwent vas-based orchiopexy following division of the occluded spermatic vessels. Six boys had good results as judged by size of the relocated testes. In 1 boy the testis atrophied. He had undergone previous inguinal-only exploration before referral to us for celiopelviscopy and at stage 2 orchiopexy a silk suture was found on the vas deferens.     

Laparoscopic ligation of internal spermatic vein.

Laparoscopic procedures have long been a standard form of treatment for gynaecological disorders but have only recently shown promise in the evaluation and treatment of urogenital diseases, such as pelvic lymphadenectomy. We performed laparoscopic ligation of the bilateral internal spermatic veins in 15 male pigs. The average operative time was 20 min and operative morbidity was minimal, comprising mild subcutaneous emphysema around the trocars. Engorgement of the spermatic vein proximal to the endoclip site was noted. There was no operative mortality. Laparoscopic ligation of the internal spermatic veins seems to be a feasible method for the treatment of varicoceles, especially bilateral lesions.     

Laparoscopic varicocelectomy: preliminary report of a new technique.

The use of varicocelectomy for the treatment of subfertility seems to be incontrovertible. However, there is a difference of opinion as to the proper surgical method of varicocele ablation. The inguinal and high retroperitoneal approaches are the most commonly accepted methods to date. However, significant postoperative morbidity is common and return to normal activity often is prolonged. Also, bilateral operations are being performed more commonly. These considerations have prompted many to search for alternative techniques. We developed a laparoscopic procedure that is as simple and effective as more traditional methods. In addition, it offers lower morbidity, allows for microscopic dissection with preservation of the spermatic artery and is amenable to bilateral ligation without a second incision. Ten patients 16 to 54 years old underwent laparoscopic ligation of the spermatic veins at the internal inguinal ring. The diagnosis was based on physical examination. Indications for the operation were infertility with a stress sperm pattern in 5 patients, testicular atrophy in 4 and scrotal pain in 1. Four patients underwent bilateral ligation. Preliminary followup showed resolution of the varicocele in all patients and disappearance of pain in the patient treated for this symptom. No morbidity related to this procedure has been encountered and all patients resumed normal activity within 2 days. We believe that this new method is a viable alternative for varicocelectomy.     

Laparoscopic orchiopexy without division of the spermatic vessels

Background: Several surgical procedures have been described for the management of nonpalpable testis. Following a vast experience with a complete laparoscopic two-stage Fowler-Stephens procedure, we report our experience with laparoscopic orchiopexy performed without dividing the spermatic vessels. Methods: Over a 24-month period, 70 boys with nonpalpable testes (72 overall) underwent laparoscopic diagnostic exploration. Twenty patients (27.8%) of this series who showed an intraabdominal testis underwent laparoscopic orchiopexy without sectioning the spermatic vessels. In seven cases, the testis was just proximal to the internal inguinal ring; in 13, it was in the high intraabdominal position. The technique consisted in sectioning the gubernaculum (when present), opening the peritoneum laterally to the spermatic vessels, and mobilizing the testicular vessels and the vas deferens in a retroperitoneal position for 8–10 cm. The testis was then brought down into the scrotum through the internal inguinal ring (11 cases), if this was open, or through a neo-inguinal ring (nine cases) created medially to the epigastric vessels. In every case, we closed the inguinal ring at the end of the operation using one or two detached sutures. Results: Operating time ranged between 40 and 75 min (median, 55). All the testes were successfully brought down into the scrotum. We had only one (5%) intraoperative complication. In the second patient treated with this procedure, there was an iatrogenic rupture of the spermatic vessels due to excessive traction. Conclusion: On the basis of our experience, we believe that laparoscopic orchiopexy without division of the spermatic vessels should be the treatment of choice in the management of nonpalpable testes, because it does not affect normal testicular vascularization and is minimally invasive. A blunt dissection and a delicate manipulation of the testis without excessive traction are the best ways to avoid any kind of complication. Received: 26 April 1999/Accepted: 22 November 1999/Online publication: 8 May 2000     

腹腔镜下高选择性精索静脉高位结扎治疗精索静脉曲张

目的 提高腹腔镜下手术治疗精索静脉曲张水平.方法 2003年7月至2007年10月收治Ⅱ度以上原发性精索静脉曲张患者452例,其中临床随访资料完整337例.左侧285例,双侧52例;曲张Ⅱ度269例,Ⅲ度68例;患侧阴囊坠痛不适238例;婚后不育265例,病程1～13年.其中行腹腔镜下保留精索动脉及淋巴组织的高选择性精索静脉高位结扎术(A组)249例(合并不育197例),行腹腔镜下精索血管集柬结扎术(B组)88例(合并不育68例).统计学分析2组手术时间、术后鞘膜积液、睾丸萎缩、复发等及精液改善和生育情况.结果 337例手术均成功,术后随访2年.2组手术时间分别为(38.0±10.9)min、(19.0±7.5)min,鞘膜积液发生率分别为0.4%(1/249)、11.3%(10/88),睾丸萎缩发生率分别为0.0%(0/249)、3.4%(3/88),术后3个月精液质量提高率分别为77.1%(192/249)、62.5%(55/88),术后2年配偶自然怀孕率分别为56.8%(112/197)、39.7%(27/68),以上指标2组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).2组复发率分别为5.6%(14/249)、4.5%(4/88),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 腹腔镜下高选择性精索静脉高位结扎术术后并发症发生率低,精液质量提高率和术后2年配偶自然怀孕率高,有推广价值.     

腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张

目的 探讨腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张的临床价值.方法 应用腹腔镜技术为63例患者施行双侧精索静脉高位结扎术.结果 63例患者手术均获成功,手术时间(33±9) min,基本无出血,术后2～3 d出院,平均住院2.3 d,随访6个月,曲张静脉均消失,伴男性不育症者精液质量明显改善.结论 腹腔镜精索静脉结扎术效果可靠、对机体干扰轻、并发症少、康复快、复发率低,且可同时施行双侧手术,值得临床推广应用.     

腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张

目的:探讨腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张的临床价值。方法:回顾分析腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张19例患者的临床资料,并评价手术方法的优缺点。结果:19例患者手术均获成功,手术时间20~80m in,基本无出血,术毕拔除导尿管,术后1~4d出院,平均住院2.5d。结论:腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术可避免开腹手术的较大损伤和对输精管的误伤,而且双侧可同时手术治疗;尽管费用稍高,仍不失为一种较好的治疗手段。     

经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下治疗双侧精索静脉曲张临床疗效分析

目的:观察经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下治疗双侧精索静脉曲张高位结扎的疗效。方法:回顾性分析48例经腹膜外途经腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术及32例经腹腔途经腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术患者。比较两组患者术前、术后l、3、6个月的精液质量变化情况,两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、术后胃肠功能恢复时间、术后并发症(皮下血肿、阴囊及皮下气肿、精索静脉曲张复发)以及配偶妊娠率等情况。结果:经腹膜外组和经腹腔组术后精液质量参数均较术前有明显改善(P0.05),但是术后1、3、6个月的精液质量参数比较无统计学差异(P0.05);两组术中出血量、手术时间[(38.27±9.23)min vs(43.46±11.72)min],无明显差异(P0.05),而胃肠道恢复时间经腹膜外途径组[(1.27±0.26)d]明显短于经腹腔途径组[(2.43±0.41)d,P0.05]。术后随访6~18个月,两组皮下血肿、阴囊及皮下气肿、复发率及配偶妊娠率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术具有恢复快、安全有效等优点,具有一定临床推广价值。     

精索血管解剖在经腹股沟下途径显微镜精索静脉结扎术的临床应用

目的 探讨经腹股沟下显微镜精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张的手术技巧及其疗效分析.方法 总结本院自2014年10月至2016年4月应用经腹股沟下途径显微镜下精索静脉结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张64例患者的临床资料.对术中结扎静脉数量、睾丸动脉数量、手术时间、术后并发症发生率、术后复发率、术后精液质量改善情况进行总结分析.结果 单侧手术时间54~80 min,平均62.16 min.术中均有效保留1~2支睾丸动脉.术中发现精索内静脉数量:(8.67±1.27)条;动脉数量(1.18±0.46)条;术后并发症发生率:阴囊水肿3.12%(2/64);术后精液质量改善率87.10%(27/31),临床症状缓解率82.98%(39/47).结论 经腹股沟下途径显微镜精索静脉结扎术手术并发症少,复发率低,有效保留睾丸动脉,有效改善精液治疗,提高致孕率.掌握精索血管的解剖对手术具有很大帮助.     

腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张85例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张的有效性、安全性及价值。方法:回顾分析我院为85例患者行腹腔镜精索静脉高位结扎术的临床资料。结果:85例手术均获成功,平均手术时间32min,基本无出血,术后平均住院3d。随访3～10个月,3例复发,复发率3.5%。结论:腹腔镜下精索静脉高位结扎术治疗精索静脉曲张具有创伤小、康复快、效果好、并发症少等优点,对双侧精索静脉曲张及开放手术后复发的患者尤有临床价值。     

Evaluation of the role of varicocelectomy including external spermatic vein ligation in patients with scrotal pain

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to assess and compare pre- and postoperative scrotal pain in patients with varicocele who underwent varicocelectomy with different approaches. METHODS: The study included 144 consecutive patients with left-sided varicocele who had left scrotal pain for more than 3 months. All patients underwent varicocele ligation using either a subinguinal or inguinal approach with or without external spermatic vein ligation. We asked the patients to complete an 'Assessment Questionnaire for Scrotal Pain' both before and after the surgery. RESULTS: The surgery was successful in 101 (83.4%) of the 121 patients available for follow up. Seventy-four (61.1%) patients reported the complete resolution of pain while 27 patients (22.3%) reported partial resolution. Symptoms worsened in a single case and pain persisted postoperatively in 19 cases (15.7%). There were no statistically significant differences in the characteristics of the pain and grade of varicocele between postoperative groups. A significant difference was observed in postoperative success between patients who had external spermatic vein ligation and those who did not, regardless of the surgical approach (inguinal or subinguinal). All patients who reported complete or partial resolution of pain stated that they would recommend surgery to relatives with the same problem. CONCLUSIONS: Varicocelectomy using either inguinal or subinguinal approaches is an effective and reasonable treatment option in this patient group and should include external spermatic vein ligation for a satisfactory outcome.     

Laparoscopic spermatic vessel ligation in the treatment of varicocele: report of 129 procedures

With the improvement of laparoscopic techniques in the hands of urologists, a minimally invasive therapy can be offered to patients. We report retrospectively our experience in the laparoscopic treatment of varicoceles. A total of 93 patients with 129 varicoceles were treated by a laparoscopic approach, the mean age was 29 years (12-47), with 57 left varicoceles and 36 bilateral varicoceles. Indications for treatment were infertility in 51 patients and pain in 42 cases. The mean duration of the operation was 40 min (25-85) for bilateral varicoceles, and 24 min (15-65) for left varicoceles. All our patients were operated the day of their admission and 52 patients left the hospital 8 h after the intervention. We report 2 incidents with conversion to open surgery in one case. The pregnancy rate after surgery in patients with infertility was 21%, the recurrence rate was 4%. Laparoscopic spermatic vein ligation in the treatment of varicocele is a minimally invasive procedure, simple, fast and is not a contraindication for other procedures in case of recurrence.     

Laparoscopic feeding jejunostomy: also a simple technique

Summary Placement of feeding tubes is a common procedure for general surgeons. While the advent of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy has changed and improved surgical practice, this technique is contraindicated in many circumstances. In some patients placement of feeding tubes in the stomach may be contraindicated due to the risks of aspiration, gastric paresis, or gastric dysmotility. We describe a technique of laparoscopic jejunostomy tube placement which is easy and effective. It is noteworthy that this method may be used in patients who have had previous abdominal operations, and it has the added advantage of a direct peritoneal view of the viscera. We suggest that qualified laparoscopic surgeons learn the technique of laparoscopic jejunostomy.     

Transection of the spermatic vessels (Bevan's technique): an experimental study

Intracanalicular or intra-abdominal undescended testicles often present a difficult surgical problem, due to a vascular pedicle shortening that prohibits scrotal placement with a 1 stage orchiopexy. The division of spermatic vessels to properly place the testis in the scrotum solves the problem of the shortening of the vessels, but raises the question of whether the endocrine function and the potential for fertility are preserved. In the present study transection of spermatic vessels before arterial branch-off was done intra-abdominally in rats. Angiographic, patho-anatomic and hormonal evaluations have been made. Revascularization of the testicular artery through the vasal artery has occurred in all cases. The anastomotic circuit, however, does not always have the same functional value. The spermatogenic alterations suggest that fertility can be impaired in a significant percentage of cases. Spermatogenesis was quantified taking into account the mean tubular diameter and the situation of seminiferous epithelium, expressed as the percentage of tubules containing well-developed spermatogenesis. Plasma testosterone levels are in a low range. However, Leydig cell functional response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation is maintained in every case and so are plasma and pituitary luteinizing hormone levels, suggesting that plasma testosterone levels are high enough to maintain an adequate hormonal activity.     

Description of a novel technique for suture ligation of the renal vessels during robotic nephrectomy

Minimally invasive techniques are frequently used for surgical treatment of suspected malignant renal masses. We previously reported on our experience with robotic nephrectomy and the feasibility of performing suture ligation of the renal vessels using robotic needle drivers. We describe a novel technique for suture ligation of the renal vessels during robotic nephrectomy utilizing the robotic hook and a suture with loops at each end. Our technique for suture ligation of the renal vessels recapitulates the open technique without the need for exchanging the robotic working instruments for robotic needle drivers and without the need for endovascular staplers.     

The impact of internal spermatic artery ligation during laparoscopic varicocelectomy on recurrence rate and short post operative outcome

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively compare the recurrence rate and short postoperative outcome after randomized laparoscopic varix ligation with internal spermatic artery (ISA) preservation versus laparoscopic varix ligation with ISA ligation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with 35 varicocele who required varix ligation for infertility in 13 patients, scrotal pain in 15 patients and scrotal swelling in 2 patients who underwent one of two procedures: laparoscopic varix ligation with ISA prservation (Group A) or laparoscopic varix ligation with ISA ligation (Group B) were postoperatively evaluated for short post operative outcome and underwent percutaneous spermatic venograms to detect recurrence. Fisher's Exact Test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Recurrence through parallel collaterals was noted in 39% and 5.9% in Group A and Group B respectively as demonstrated on percutaneous spermatic venous venography (PSV) (statistically significant p = 0.0408). Preoperative pain completely resolved in all patients in Group B and persisted in 45% in Group A. However, this was not statistically significant (p = 0.088). No testicular atrophy or hydrocele formation was noted in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic varix ligation with ISA ligation has lower recurrence rate than laparoscopic varix ligation without ISA ligation and may provide better varicocele related pain control with no increase in hydrocele or testicular atrophy rate. We recommend ISA ligation routinely during laparoscopic varix ligation.