经皮椎体成形和经皮椎体后凸成形治疗国人胸腰椎压缩性骨折疗效及安全性的Meta分析

背景：经皮椎体成形和经皮椎体后凸成形治疗胸腰椎压缩性骨折在国内外均积累了相当多的临床经验,但尚缺乏循证医学方面的依据。目的：采用Meta分析评价经皮椎体成形和经皮椎体后凸成形治疗胸腰椎压缩性骨折的疗效以及安全性。方法：搜集国内应用经皮椎体成形和经皮椎体后凸成形对比治疗胸腰椎压缩性骨折的文献,并追查已纳入文献的参考文献。由至少两位系统评价员做独立文献筛查、质量评价和资料提取,并交叉核对,不同意见请第三者裁决。使用统计软件RevMan 5.0完成Meta分析。结果与结论：经筛选,最后纳入7篇文献进行Meta分析,包括受试患者398例,其基线情况一致,具有可比性。5篇文献的随访时间为6周,2篇为4周。结果提示,经皮椎体成形和经皮椎体后凸成形均是治疗国人胸腰椎压缩性骨折的有效方法,且在改善目测类比评分方面差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);在改善Cobb角及治疗后骨水泥渗漏发生率方面,经皮椎体后凸成形均优于经皮椎体成形(P < 0.001,P=0.05)。因纳入文献和样本量有限,建议进行大样本、长期随访的高质量临床试验,提供更佳循证证据。     

球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折

随着人口的老龄化,骨质疏松症的发生率日渐增加。椎体压缩性骨折是骨质疏松症的主要并发症之一,由此引起难以忍受的背痛病例也呈上升趋势。服用药物、佩戴支具等姑息治疗效果不确切,且长期卧床会导致骨质进一步丢失,形成恶性循环;传统外科手术治疗创伤大,老年患者往往难以接受。1984年Galibert首先采用X线透视下,经皮穿刺椎体内注射骨水泥治疗侵袭性血管瘤取得满意效果。1994年Reiley在此基础上设计了通过球囊扩张来纠正后凸畸形的技术,     

单侧与双侧入路脊柱行后凸成形治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的Meta分析

背景：椎体后凸成形明显改善了骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的治疗过程,但临床上对于单侧入路还是双侧入路还存在一定争议。 目的：对比单侧与双侧入路脊柱后凸成形治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效。 方法：全面收集椎体单侧与双侧入路脊柱后凸成形治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的随机对照研究,由两个研究者独立评价文献,并采集数据,在严格文献质量评价的基础上,进行Meta系统评价。 结果与结论：共纳入5篇文献,241例患者。在止痛及骨水泥渗漏方面,两种脊柱入路差异无显著性意义(P=0.99,P=0.56);在改善后凸角度方面,双侧入路优于单侧入路(P=0.05);在手术时间方面,单侧入路优于双侧入路(P < 0.000 01)。表明单侧入路与双侧入路均能明显减轻疼痛,二者差异无显著性意义;二者骨水泥渗漏率差异无显著性意义;双侧入路可更好地改善脊柱后凸角度,但手术时间较长;鉴于纳入的文献质量不高,结论尚需更多设计严谨的随机对照研究加以证实。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗严重骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

目的 探讨经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗严重骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的疗效。方法 2014年1月至2015年1月应用经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗严重骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折42例,分析手术前后Cobb's角、疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数及骨折椎体高度变化。结果 术后椎体三柱高度显著大于术前（P<0.05）,而术后Cobb's角、VAS评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数均显著低于术前（P<0.05）。结论 经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗严重骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折,可以明显改善患者疼痛症状,恢复椎体高度,矫正后凸角度,有着较好的疗效。     

椎体后凸成形后相邻椎体生物力学的有限元分析

背景：椎体后凸成形后相邻椎体新发骨折的发生率为2.4%~23%,并且6个月内2/3骨折发生于邻近椎体,其原因是骨质疏松的发展,还是骨水泥强化的结果,目前存有争论。 目的: 应用脊柱有限元分析方法分析生理载荷作用下,椎体后凸成形后相邻椎体终板的应力变化与相邻椎体新发骨折的相关性。 方法: 收集老年骨质疏松女性胸腰椎CT扫描资料,利用一系列计算机辅助设计软件构造相对应的T12-L1-L2骨质疏松性椎体的三维有限元模型。模拟L1椎体为楔形压缩骨折椎体(前缘高度较正常降低60%),模拟经皮椎体后凸成形模型,复位骨折椎体(L1椎体高度较正常降低10%,代表骨折椎体复位),在L1椎体内置入2个对称的圆柱体PMMA骨水泥块共约4 mL。分析轴向压缩、前屈和后伸3种加载状态下正常椎体、手术前后相邻椎体的应力变化情况。 结果与结论:与正常椎体比较,L1压缩性骨折模型和椎体后凸成形后模型相邻椎体终板最大应力值分别增高76%和27%;椎体后凸成形模型后部结构的应力水平较正常椎体平均增加13.2%,其中椎弓根增加4.5%,峡部增加6.15%和关节点增加25.6%。与 L1椎体压缩性骨折模型相比,L1椎体后凸成形后椎弓根、峡部和关节突应力均有所降低。结果说明椎体后凸成形后,T12椎体下位终板和L2椎体上位终板的应力值在各种状态下均较正常椎体增加,应力增加可能导致终板骨折可能性增加,进而导致相邻椎体骨折的风险性增加,这一观点尚需进一步研究的支持。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折与血管瘤

目的总结经皮椎体成形术治疗疼痛性椎体压缩性骨折和症状性椎体血管瘤的临床经验,评估其治疗疗效。方法回顾性分析35例疼痛性椎体压缩性骨折和7例症状性椎体血管瘤的椎体成形术治疗,其中腰椎30例,胸椎10例,颈椎2例,40例采用单侧或双侧椎弓根入路,2例颈椎血管瘤采用颈椎前外侧入路。注射13%～20%的骨水泥,使骨水泥在椎体内分布、铸形。结果42例治疗都获得成功,注射骨水泥0.5～7mL。42例随访3～15个月,33例患者术后3个月疼痛完全缓解,7例明显缓解,2例有所缓解。42例疼痛评分和自理生活能力评分术后均显著下降(P<0.01)。无复发迹象。结论采用经皮椎体成形术治疗疼痛性椎体压缩性骨折及症状性椎体血管瘤是一种微创、安全、有效的治疗手段。     

骨水泥注入椎体后壁破损型骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折椎体成形12例

中山市人民医院骨科于2005-01/2008-09应用CT引导下椎体成形治疗椎体后壁破损型骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者12例,男4例,女8例,骨折部位T10~L5,其中单椎体骨折8例,两椎体骨折3例,三椎体骨折1例,椎体均压缩1/2以上。手术均顺利完成,无椎管内骨水泥渗漏,平均手术时间45 min。提示在CT引导下对椎体后壁破损型骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折行椎体成形术可有效降低骨水泥的渗漏率,提高安全性。     

经皮椎体后凸成形治疗中骨水泥渗漏对椎体高度恢复的影响

摘要 背景：将经皮椎体后凸成形通过球囊加压扩张在椎体内形成周围有相对致密松质骨的空腔,可有效降低骨水泥渗漏率,同时扩张的球囊有助于塌陷椎体的复位,矫正脊柱后凸畸形。 目的：回顾性分析手法复位后将经皮椎体后凸成形注入骨水泥治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折渗漏情况及对椎体高度恢复的影响。 方法：选择2008-02/2010-06华北石油总医院骨科行经皮椎体后凸成形治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者31例,41椎体。平均年龄69(53~82)岁。并于术前手法按压使腰部过伸复位。观察患者术后疼痛缓解、椎体高度恢复以及骨水泥渗漏情况。 结果与结论: 所有患者术后随访8~13(11.0±1.6)个月。患者视觉模拟疼痛评分由术前6.7±1.9下降至术后1.3±1.2,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。椎体高度由术前(15.7±5.2) mm恢复至(20.2±4.5) mm,椎体高度显著恢复(P < 0.05)。发生骨水泥渗漏3例,均无明显临床症状。说明术前手法复位后经皮椎体后凸成形将骨水泥注入骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折可以显著恢复椎体高度,止痛效果良好且无严重渗漏发生。 关键词：经皮椎体后凸成形;骨质疏松;骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折;骨水泥;生物材料 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.42.038     

球囊扩张椎体后凸成形注入骨水泥治疗骨质疏松性脊柱骨折58例

背景：探讨球囊扩张椎体后凸成形注入骨水泥治疗骨质疏松性脊柱骨折的疗效。 方法：采用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形治疗老年人骨质疏松性单节段椎体压缩性骨折58例,58个椎体。病变位于T6~L4椎体,以T10~L2胸腰段发生多见。所有患者均采用局麻方法,患者俯卧于脊柱外科手术架上,在C臂透视下行单侧或双侧椎弓根穿刺,注入骨水泥。 结果：发生骨水泥渗漏8例,骨水泥沿后纵韧带渗漏至邻近椎体后缘1例,椎体外边缘6例,皮下1例,但患者没有临床症状。治疗后脊柱 X射线片显示椎体高度有所恢复,脊柱后凸畸形改善。所有患者疼痛明显缓解,疼痛缓解率100%,视觉模拟评分、后凸角度、活动能力评分治疗前与治疗后6个月比较,差异有显著性意义(P < 0. 05),治疗后6个月与随访结束时比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0. 05)。 结论：球囊扩张椎体后凸成形注入骨水泥治疗能够明显缓解骨质疏松性脊柱骨折导致的疼痛,并可以部分恢复椎体高度和脊柱后凸畸形,有利于改善脊柱的功能,提高患者的生活质量。 关键词：球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术;骨质疏松;胸腰椎骨折 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2009.47.040     

椎体后凸成形对邻近节段力学影响的有限元分析

背景：椎体后凸成形术自应用临床以来取得了令人鼓舞的临床效果,但是术后邻近椎体发生骨折时有报道。从生物力学角度来分析邻近椎体发生骨折的可能原因具有重要价值。 目的：以有限元方法观察椎体后凸成形术对相邻椎体生物力学的影响,分析相邻椎体继发骨折的原因。 方法：利用MIMICS软件对1例T12压缩骨折椎体后凸成形术前后的CT图片进行预处理,后导入ABAQUS软件中建立T10~L2的三维有限元模型,设置0.3,1.0 ,4.0 MPa三种轴向载荷进行生物力学分析,观察不同载荷下模型整体及各部分的Von Mises应力,重点评价椎体后凸成形术对骨折相邻椎体生物力学的影响。 结果与结论：成功建立了椎体后凸成形术前后的三维有限元模型,当轴向压力以0.3,1.0,4.0 MPa增加后,椎间盘、软骨终板和椎体整体的应力也成比例增加。椎体后凸成形术后脊柱胸腰段各部位的应力开始重新分布,增强椎体(T12)的相邻椎间盘(T11~12、T12~L1)及相邻终板(T11下终板、L1上终板)的应力增强区域增加;T12相邻椎体(T11,L1)所受最大应力明显增加,但远端椎体(T10,L2)的最大应力明显减少。提示椎体后凸成形术后引起上下相邻椎体继发骨折可能与术后生物力学行为的改变有关。     

Percutaneous vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures

Percutaneous vertebroplasty is an innovative and successful approach to the treatment of painful osteoporotic compression fractures refractory to medical therapy. We encourage all neuroradiologists to take an active interest in bringing this exciting technology to their patients and their practices.     

A meta-analysis of balloon kyphoplasty compared to percutaneous vertebroplasty for treating osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures

A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of balloon kyphoplasty (KP) compared to percutaneous vertebroplasty (VP) in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF). Ten studies, encompassing 783 patients, met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the results of the meta-analysis indicated that there were significant differences between the two groups in the long-term kyphosis angle (mean difference [MD] = –2.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = –4.66 to –0.61; p = 0.01), the anterior height of the vertebral body (MD = 3.67, 95% CI = 1.40 to 5.94; p = 0.002), and the cement leakage rates (risk ratio [RR] = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.95; p = 0.02). However, there were no significant differences in the short-term visual analog scale (VAS) scores (MD = –0.57, 95% CI –1.33 to 0.20; p = 0.15), the long-term VAS scores (MD = –0.99, 95% CI = –2.29 to 0.31; p = 0.14), the short-term Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores (MD = –6.54, 95% CI = –14.57 to 1.48; p = 0.11), the long-term ODI scores (MD = –2.01, 95% CI = –11.75 to 7.73; p = 0.69), the operation time (MD = 4.47, 95% CI = –0.22 to 9.17; p = 0.06), the short-term kyphosis angle (MD = –2.25, 95% CI = –5.14 to 0.65; p = 0.13), or the adjacent-level fracture rates (RR = 1.52, 95% CI = 0.76 to 3.03; p = 0.24). This meta-analysis demonstrates that KP and VP are both safe and effective surgical procedures for treating OVCF. Compared with VP, KP can significantly relieve a long-term kyphosis angle, improve the height of the vertebral body, and reduce the incidence of bone cement leakage. However, because of the limitations of this meta-analysis, a large randomized controlled trial is required to confirm our findings.     

球囊扩张椎体成形与椎弓根钉置入内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的效果对比

背景：由于爆裂骨折后椎体后壁不完整,失去了对灌注骨水泥的阻挡保护,胸腰椎爆裂骨折因此成为椎体成形的相对禁忌证。然而在临床过程中常会遇到爆裂骨折患者伴有严重的内科疾病而不能耐受常规的切开复位内固定,此时微创椎体成形可能是患者的惟一选择。目前关于胸腰椎爆裂骨折采用微创椎体成形和椎弓根钉内固定治疗的对比研究还不多。 目的：对比观察采用椎弓根钉置入内固定和微创椎体成形治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的效果。 方法：北京大学第一医院骨科2005-09/2008-10纳入27例胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者,其中12例开展微创椎体成形治疗,15例采用椎弓根钉内固定治疗。对比观察两组病例的手术时间、治疗后疼痛缓解情况、术中及治疗后不良事件。 结果与结论：椎弓根钉置入内固定组手术时间平均55 min,固定后5~7 d疼痛缓解,疼痛缓解率平均为69.3%,无神经根损伤。球囊扩张椎体成形组手术时间平均37 min,治疗后第1日疼痛即出现缓解,疼缓解率平均为86.2%,有3例骨水泥渗漏,但均无神经症状。提示胸腰椎爆裂骨折采用椎弓根钉置入内固定和微创球囊扩张椎体成形均可达到缓解疼痛稳定骨折的目的,采用椎弓根钉内置入固定手术时间长,创伤大;而微创椎体成形术的创伤小、手术时间短,但有一定的骨水泥渗漏危险。虽然胸腰椎爆裂骨折是椎体成形的相对禁忌证,但通过合理使用微创椎体成形术技术,可减少骨水泥的渗漏,从而为爆裂骨折的治疗提供一个新的选择。     

单侧穿刺经皮椎体注入骨水泥后凸成形治疗多椎体骨质疏松性压缩骨折

背景：经皮椎体成形和经皮椎体后凸成形是一种治疗骨质疏松症所致椎体压缩性骨折的新方法,目前已经在各大医院广泛开展,但是在临床上很多病例有多个椎体的骨折,采用经典的手术方法操作次数多,增加手术风险,射线暴露量大,医疗费用高。 目的：观察单侧穿刺经皮椎体后凸成形治疗老年多椎体骨质疏松压缩骨折的疗效。 方法：选择2007-06/2009-06巢湖市第一人民医院骨二科和皖南医学院附属弋矶山医院骨一科收治的多椎体骨质疏松压缩骨折患者12例(29椎),根据治疗前MRI信号改变判断疼痛性椎体并进行选择性单侧穿刺球囊扩张后凸成形的治疗。根据目测类比评分评价手术前后疼痛变化,观察治疗后症状改善、骨折复位情况及有无并发症发生。 结果与结论：12例穿刺均顺利完成,48 h内疼痛缓解,平均随访14个月。治疗后目测类比评分较治疗前降低(P < 0.01)。椎体前缘、中部、后缘平均高度治疗前低于治疗后,至末次随访椎体复位后前缘、中部、后缘平均高度未见明显丢失(P > 0.05)。治疗前穿刺侧与对侧椎体高度差距有显著性意义(P < 0.01),治疗后两侧差距无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。治疗前后同侧相比差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。提示对多椎体压缩骨折采用选择性单侧穿刺后凸成形治疗,临床效果满意,能够缩短治疗时间、减少并发症、射线暴露和治疗费用,适于老年多椎体骨质疏松压缩骨折的治疗。 关键词：骨质疏松;脊柱;压缩骨折;后凸成形;骨水泥 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.25.025     

Combined open decompressive laminectomy and vertebroplasty for treatment of thoracolumbar fractures retrospective review of 41 cases

Background

Vertebral compression fractures are common, and can occur concomitantly in patients with symptomatic degenerative stenosis. Less commonly, complicated vertebral body fractures may involve retropulsion of bone into the spinal canal, resulting in stenosis with myelopathy and/or radiculopathy. Decompression of the neural elements can lead to destabilization and progressive kyphotic deformity. Laminectomy combined with open vertebroplasty provides a way to decompress the neural elements and stabilize the anterior columns in patients who cannot tolerate extended surgical time or complications associated with instrumentation and fusion. The authors describe the combination of decompressive laminectomy and open transpedicular vertebroplasty as a means to decompress neural elements and simultaneously stabilize the anterior vertebral column.

Methods

Forty-one patients with a total of 51 thoracolumbar fractures were included in this retrospective case review. A decompressive laminectomy was performed first, followed by vertebroplasty using an open transpedicular approach. For subjective assessment of outcome, the patients were assessed using the Oswestry Low Back Disability Questionnaire and additional questions pertaining to the patient's condition.

Results

Out of 51 fractures, there were 15 burst fractures and 36 compression fractures. Fracture levels ranged from T12 to S1. The average follow-up period was 27 months (range, 0.5–60 months). The mean post-operative Oswestry score was 16 (range, 0–39), and all patients except for one were subjectively pleased with the results of the procedure and said they would recommend it to others. All patients were able to return to all routine activities of daily living.

Conclusions

The authors’ cases indicate combining open decompressive laminectomies with vertebroplasty can be an effective treatment for patients with complicated thoracic and lumbar fractures without involving bone fusion or spinal instrumentation and with good long-term outcomes.     

Comparison of unilateral and bilateral puncture percutaneous kyphoplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures

Objectives:To compare the clinical efficacy of unilateral and bilateral puncture PKP in the treatment of OVCFs and explored whether there is a difference in the efficacy of unilateral and bilateral puncture PKP after surgery.Methods:A total of 98 patients with OVCFs treated by PKP from August 2016 to June 2018 were selected. There were 62 cases in the unilateral puncture group and 36 cases in the bilateral puncture group. The operation time, the amount of bone cement injection, the height of the anterior edge of the vertebral body and the visual analog scale (Visual Analog Scale, VAS) scores before and after the operation were analyzed, and whether the differences between the 2 groups were statistically significant was analyzed.Results:All patients were followed up completely. The operation time and the number of X-ray fluoroscopies of the unilateral puncture group were significantly reduced compared to those of the bilateral group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). In terms of the bone cement injection volume, the average injection volume of the bilateral group was greater than that of the unilateral group, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05); the postoperative VAS scores of the 2 groups of patients were significantly improved, and the difference was statistically significant compared with that before surgery (p<0.05) but that of the unilateral group was not statistically significant compared with that of the bilateral group (p>0.05). The height of the anterior edge of the vertebral body in both groups was significantly improved compared with that before the operation, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).Conclusion:Unilateral and bilateral puncture PKP can achieve good clinical efficacy in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, but unilateral PKP has the advantages of short operation time and low X-ray exposure.

Osteoporosis (OP) is caused by a decrease in bone mass for a variety of reasons, especially a decrease in the amount of cancellous bone in the vertebral body and damage to the microstructure of bone tissue, bone mineral composition and bone matrix per unit volume. Osteoporosis is one of the diseases with high morbidity and mortality in the world and has become an important disease that endangers the health of middle-aged and elderly people.¹ Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) are one of the major complications of osteoporosis, which often cause stubborn waist and back aches. Severe thoracolumbar osteoporotic vertebral body compression fractures may lead to cardiopulmonary and other multisystem dysfunctions, seriously affecting the patient’s quality of life.²For the treatment of OVCFs, the current recommendations are conservative treatment and surgical treatment. Conservative treatment may cause various complications due to long-term bed rest, including bedsores, delayed fracture healing, deformity healing or nonunion, respiratory and urinary tract infections, and lower extremity venous thrombosis, which can threaten the life of the patient.^3,4 Therefore, patients with OVCFs who have early out-of-bed activity requirements and surgical indications are more likely to undergo surgical treatment.The traditional surgical treatment for OVCFs is posterior laminectomy and decompression pedicle screw internal fixation, but due to the higher degree of osteoporosis in older patients, the long-term screw internal fixation effect is poor, and surgical trauma has a greater impact on patients; thus, the long-term efficacy is not ideal.⁵ In recent years, with the improvement of minimally invasive spine technology, percutaneous vertebralplasty (PVP) and percutaneous balloon dilatation kyphoplasty (Percutaneous kyphoplasty, PKP) have achieved satisfactory results in the treatment of OVCF. Compared with PVP, PKP uses a balloon or other expansion system to expand the compressed vertebral body to form a relatively low-pressure vertebral body space, followed by low-pressure injection of bone cement, which can better correct kyphosis and reduce the penetration of bone cement leakage.^6,7The PKP surgical puncture consists of a bilateral pedicle approach or a unilateral pedicle approach. While the advantages of the transdermal bilateral pedicle approach include better diffusion of bone cement and reduced risk of puncture, there are shortcomings, such as long operation time, large radiation exposure and high hospitalization costs.⁸ At present, there is no unified conclusion as to which PKP approach is better for use to treat OVCFs. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to clarify the difference between unilateral and bilateral PKP in the treatment of OVCFs.The OVCFs are one of the common diseases that cause lumbago and kyphosis in the elderly. At present, PKP is one of the common methods for the treatment of OVCFs. Bilateral puncture of the pedicle approach is the classic operation method of PKP, but some scholars believe that unilateral puncture bone cement injection can achieve the same surgical effect. This record-based case–control study retrospectively analyzed patients with OVCFs treated in our hospital from August 2016 to June 2018, performed an in-depth analysis and comparison of the unilateral and bilateral PKP treatment of OVCFs, and provided a reference for the clinical approach to PKP treatment of OVCFs.