过表达钙周期蛋白S100A6对子宫内膜异位症在位内膜间质细胞生物学行为的影响

目的 探讨过表达钙周期蛋白S100A6对子宫内膜异位症(EMs)在位子宫内膜间质细胞生物学行为的影响.方法 体外培养EMs在位子宫内膜间质细胞,将慢病毒载体和表达S100A6的重组慢病毒Lv-S100A6分别处理在位内膜间质细胞,设对照组,用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖,Transwell观察细胞迁移,流式细胞仪观察细胞凋亡.结果 Lv-S100A6组细胞的增殖活性明显高于干预组以及对照组(P＜0.05).Lv-S100A6组细胞的迁移数明显高于干预组以及对照组(P＜0.05).Lv-S100A6组细胞凋亡率为2.99％,明显低于对照组的13.48％和干预组的14.40％ (P＜0.05).结论 通过上调细胞中S100A6的表达水平能增加EMs在位子宫内膜间质细胞的增殖能力,促进细胞的迁移并抑制细胞的凋亡.     

Dysregulated cell mechanical properties of endometrial stromal cells from endometriosis patients

Endometriosis, diagnosed with ectopically implanted endometrial stromal cells (ESC) and epithelial cells to a location outside the uterine cavity, seriously threaten the quality of life and reproductive ability of women, yet the mechanisms and the pathophysiology of the disease remain unclear. Specially, the functional changes of ESC during endometriosis progression need in-depth investigation. In this study, we characterized mechanical properties of normal ESC (NESC) from healthy women and eutopic ESC (EuESC) and ectopic ESC (EcESC) from endometriosis patients. We found the collagen lattice contractile ability of EuESC was significantly stronger than that of NESC, and the cell mobility of EuESC and EcESC was significantly greater than that of NESC. Furthermore, the expression of F-actin and vinculin in NESC, EuESC and EcESC cells progressively increased, and the Rho GTPase activity, of which RhoA exhibited the highest activity, in the three cells gradually increased. Collectively, these results suggest that the mechanical characteristics of NESC, EuESC and EcESC cells exhibited progressive abnormalities. Therefore, the biomechanics of endometrial stromal cells may be a potent target for intervention in patients with endometriosis.     

In vitro apoptosis effects of GnRHII on endometrial stromal cells from patients with endometriosis

Purpose: To study the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone II (GnRHII) on the cell apoptosis of ectopic, eutopic and normal endometrial stromal cells cultured in vitro from endometriosis patients, and to provide theoretical basis for exploring new treatments for endometriosis (EMs). Methods: Ectopic, eutopic and normal endometrial stromal cells were isolated, cultured and identified in vitro, then treated with different concentrations of GnRHII (0, 10^-10 M, 10^-8 M and 10^-6 M). Cell apoptosis was detected by Hoechst staining and flow cytometry. Results: GnRHII increased apoptosis in ectopic, eutopic and normal stromal cells in a dosage-dependent manner (P<0.05), and apoptosis of ectopic stroma cells was significantly higher than that of eutopic and normal cells (P<0.05); apoptosis in eutopic and normal cells had no different (P>0.05). Conclusion: GnRHII can significantly induce apoptosis in ectopic, eutopic and normal endometrial stromal cells from patients with endometriosis, especially to the ectopic.     

Apoptosis in endometrial glandular and stromal cells in women with and without endometriosis

BACKGROUND: The aetiology of endometriosis is unknown. Ectopic dissemination of the endometrial cells gives origin to endometriotic lesions, but occurs in women with and without endometriosis. It has been suggested that increased ectopic cell survival facilitates their implantation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate endometrial apoptosis in women with endometriosis according to: (i) cyclic changes, (ii) glandular and stromal contribution, and (iii) stage of the disease. METHODS: The subjects were women undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy and endometrial biopsies for suspected endometriosis. Spontaneous apoptosis was evaluated using TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay. Apoptotic cells per 10 mm(2) (apoptotic index) in an area of 10-50 mm(2) in 5 microm endometrial tissue sections were counted and location of these cells was recorded. RESULTS: The apoptotic index in glandular epithelium was lower in endometriosis than controls (26.0 +/- 5.5 versus 51.2 +/- 9.7, P = 0.03) but not in the stroma (36.3 +/- 6.4 versus 48.4 +/- 11.3, NS). In controls, apoptosis was highest during the late secretory/menstrual and early proliferative phases and cyclic variability was apparent. In endometriosis, this cyclic variability was lost. There was a trend toward decreased apoptosis with increasing stage of the disease, but the differences lacked statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous apoptosis is decreased in the endometrial glands in women with endometriosis, especially during late secretory/menstrual and early proliferative phases of the cycle. This may indicate increased viability of endometrial cells shed during menses, facilitating their ectopic survival and implantation.     

Follicular fluid of women with endometriosis stimulates the proliferation of endometrial stromal cells

The peritoneal environment in endometriosis is known to have growth- promoting effects on endometrial cells. To investigate whether follicular fluid, a contributor to the peritoneal fluid, stimulates endometrial cell proliferation, we incubated endometrial stromal cells in culture with various dilutions of follicular fluid obtained from women with or without endometriosis undergoing oocyte retrieval for in- vitro fertilization. Cell proliferation assays were performed using follicular fluid from 28 women (without endometriosis, n = 13; with endometriosis, n = 15) in eight different endometrial stromal cell culture set-ups. Cell proliferation was assessed by a colorimetric method. Maximum cell proliferation was detected when endometrial cells were incubated with 50% dilution of follicular fluid for 48 h. Follicular fluid from women with endometriosis induced significantly higher cell proliferation than follicular fluid from women without endometriosis (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that follicular fluid contents may contribute to the growth-promoting factors in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis.      

Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the eutopic endometrial tissue of women with endometriosis

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is a disease where endometrial tissue implants in ectopic locations. Remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a prerequisite for the implantation of this tissue to be possible. METHODS: In this study, we detected immunoreactive matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) throughout endometrial tissue and identified von Willebrand factor (vWF)-positive endothelial cells, CD45-positive leukocytes, CD3-positive T lymphocytes and CD68-positive macrophages as cells expressing MMP-9 in the stroma. RESULTS: We found an increased expression of MMP-9 in the uterine endometrial tissue of women with endometriosis, as assessed by zymography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (P < 0.05). However, RT-PCR did not show a statistically significant increase in MMP-9 mRNA expression in these tissues (P = 0.14). There was no significant difference between women with and without endometriosis in the expression of tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP)-1, a known natural inhibitor of the pro- and active forms of MMP-9, whether tested by ELISA or by RT-PCR (P = 0.46 and 0.37, respectively). Interestingly, the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 expression was significantly higher in women with endometriosis than in normal women both at the protein and the mRNA levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings make plausible the involvement of MMP-9/TIMP-1 imbalance in the invasiveness of the endometrial tissue of patients with endometriosis and the ectopic development of the disease.     

Morphoproteomic profile of mTOR, Ras/Raf kinase/ERK, and NF-kappaB pathways in human gastric adenocarcinoma

Preclinical studies using human gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) cell lines have shown that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin, can inhibit tumor growth and that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) of the Ras/Raf kinase/ERK pathway is related to chemoresistance and apoptosis. We examined the state of activation of components of mTOR, Ras/Raf kinase/ERK, and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signal transduction pathways, as well as cell cycle protein analyte correlates in GAC cases. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue microarray blocks containing samples from 210 cases of GAC were examined. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect the following antigens: S100P, upstream stimulator of ERK, and NF-kappaB pathways; phosphorylated (p)-mTOR (Ser 2448), p-ERK-1/2 (Thr 202/Tyr 204), and one of their common down-stream effectors, p-p70S6K(Thr 389); p-NF-kappaBp65(Ser 536); and cell cycle associated proteins, Ki-67, and S phase kinase-associated protein (Skp)2. Immunoreactivity (0 to 4+) of protein expression and compartmentalization were assessed by bright-field microscopy. The majority of cases showed positive (1+ to 4+) cytoplasmic/plasmalemmal p-mTOR (88%), and moderate-strong (2+ to 4+) nuclear p-p70S6K (93%) and nuclear S100P (81%) expression. A subset of cases exhibited moderate-strong nuclear p-ERK-1/2 (15%) and p-NF-kappaBp65 (36%) expression. The majority of cases showed concomitant moderate-strong (2+ to 4+) nuclear Ki-67 (71%) and Skp2 (68%). Nuclear expression levels of p-ERK-1/2 and p-NF-kappaBp65, of p-p70S6K and p-NF-kappaB, and of Ki-67 and Skp2, respectively, showed significant linear correlations in GAC (p <0.001). Additionally, there were statistically significant differences in the mean expression levels of p-ERK-1/2 and p-NF-kappaBp65 in diffuse vs intestinal types of GAC, with higher levels of both in the diffuse type ( p = 0.001 and p <0.0001, respectively). In summary, morphoproteomic analysis reveals constitutive activation of mTOR and to some extent, Ras/Raf kinase and NF-kappaB pathways in GAC, as evidenced by increased cytoplasmic p-mTOR, nuclear translocation of p-p70S6K and p-ERK-1/2 phosphorylated at putative sites of activation (Ser 2448, Thr 389, and Thr 202/Tyr 204, respectively), as well as correlative expression of cell cycle analytes, Ki-67, and Skp2. These results suggest that a prospective study is warranted to evaluate the use of morphoproteomic profiling of individual patients with GAC in order to design combinatorial treatment strategies that target the mTOR, Ras/Raf kinase/ERK, and/or NF-kappaB pathways.     

Increased leptin expression in endometriosis cells is associated with endometrial stromal cell proliferation and leptin gene up-regulation

Endometriosis is a polygenic disease with complex, multifactorial aetiologies affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age. Leptin is the product of the ob gene, which is related to reproductive function and immunological alteration. The angiogenic and mitogenic action of leptin may influence the formation of endometriosis. This study was aimed at determining whether leptin and leptin receptor expression differs in eutopic and ectopic endometria collected from laparoscopy and at investigating the pathophysiological role of leptin in the development of endometriosis. Leptin mRNA was undetectable in seven out of 14 eutopic endometria and only a minute amount was detected in the remaining samples. In contrast, there was a marked increase in leptin mRNA and protein expression in ectopic endometriotic lesions of patients with endometriosis (P < 0.05). Receptors for leptin were immunologically stained in eutopic endometrium as well as in ectopic endometriotic implants. However, the levels of mRNA for the long and total forms of leptin receptors were suppressed in association with the severity of endometriosis (P < 0.05). Administration of leptin stimulated its own mRNA expression in ectopic endometriotic stromal cells but decreased steady-state concentrations of mRNA encoding for leptin receptor (n = 6). In addition, leptin significantly enhanced both eutopic and ectopic endometrial stromal cell proliferation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the differential distribution of mRNA for leptin and its receptor suggests an important autocrine and paracrine role for leptin in human endometriosis. The mitogenic and auto-augmentation effects of leptin may further contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis.     

人IL-1RⅡ基因腺病毒载体的构建及在子宫内膜异位症细胞中的表达

目的：利用AdEasy XL系统，构建并鉴定IL-1RⅡ基因重组腺病毒载体，并在子宫内膜异位症（EM）细胞中表达。方法-PCR扩增含有IL-1RⅡ全长cDNA的片段，亚克隆到pShuttle—CMV穿梭质粒，经酶切和测序验证无误后，再经电转化与pAdEasy-1质粒在大肠杆菌BJ5183中进行同源重组产生腺病毒载体质粒。经过抗性筛选、酶切鉴定以及再次测序验证无误后得到阳性的重组质粒，经PacⅠ酶切线性化再在293细胞中进行包装扩增，用ELISA检测IL-1RⅡ蛋白的表达。利用Adeasy XL系统的对照载体pShuttle-CMV-LacZ同上操作作为对照。收集的重组腺病毒感染原代培养的EM基质细胞，并以免疫组化法鉴定IL-1RⅡ表达。结果：测序证实连接后IL-1RⅡ序列完全正确；抗性筛选及酶切鉴定均表明重组腺病毒载体构建成功；pShuttle-CMV-LacZ转染293细胞3d后x-gal染色阳性，回收病毒可以重复感染293细胞，ELISA鉴定表达IL-1RⅡ可溶性蛋白，证明病毒包装成功。重组的腺病毒感染EM基质细胞后，免疫组化法证实IL-1RⅡ表达。结论：成功地构建了IL-1RⅡ基因重组腺病毒载体，并且在EM基质细胞中表达，为进一步研究IL-1RⅡ基因在EM中的作用乃至生物治疗都奠定了基础。     

Targets of p56(lck) activity in immature thymoblasts: stimulation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway

Previous studies suggest that p56(lck) activity influences thymocyte development at a stage prior to TCR alphabeta expression. Transgenic mice that express high levels of p56(lck) activity during thymopoiesis develop thymic lymphomas consisting of cells with immature surface phenotypes. We have utilized cell lines derived from lck-induced thymic tumors to define biochemical pathways regulated by p56(lck) activity in immature thymocytes. Here we report that components of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway are constitutively activated in these lck-transformed immature thymoblasts. p56(lck) utilizes Shc and Grb2 adaptors to mediate activation of p21(ras) in the thymoblast lines by promoting tyrosine phosphorylation of the Shc protein and constitutive interaction between Shc and Grb2. The putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor p95(vav) is also maintained in constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated form as a result of elevated Lck activity. One target of activated Ras, the Raf-1 kinase, is hyperphosphorylated and downstream targets of activated Raf- 1, Erk1 and Erk2, are hyperphosphorylated and activated in Lck- transformed thymocytes. Forskolin treatment reverses Raf-1 hyperphosphorylation in the cells and inhibits proliferation by blocking G1/S transition. In contrast, conventional protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors block proliferation by arresting Lck thymoblasts at G2/M. Lck-mediated stimulation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway is also required to maintain cell viability by preventing programmed cell death. In summary, p56(lck) activity stimulates G1/S transition in immature thymoblasts and maintains cell viability via transduction of constitutive activation signals downstream to components of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway.      

未知酪氨酸激酶对骨髓瘤细胞中IL—6诱导Ras／MAPK／NF—IL—6途径活化的调节作用

目的 研究两条主要的IL-6信号转导途径-JAK/STAT和Ras/MAPK/NFG-IL-6在人骨髓瘤细胞系KM-3中的诱导活化情况和调控机制。方法 首先分别采用凝胶阻滞电泳（EMSA）和免疫沉淀（IP）方法检测参与 IL-6信号转导功能的转录因子（STAT3、NF-IL-6）和蛋白激酶（JAK1、MAPK）在KM-3细胞中的诱导活化情况。然后采用特异性酢氨酸蛋白激酶 抑制剂Genistein作用于KM-3细胞,观察酢氨酸磷酸化作用对KM-3细胞中IL-6信号转导功能的影响。结果 IL-6刺激后,KM-3细胞中只出现了Ras/MAPK/NF-IL-6信号转导途径的诱导激活,而JAK/STAT途径则不参与IL-6在KM-3细胞中的信号转导功能。Gwenistein的作用可明显抑制Ras/MAPK/NF-IL-6途径的活化。结论 一种目前尚无法确定的非JAK1酪氨酸蛋白激酶可参与并调节Ras/MAPK/NF-IL-6信号转导途径在KM-3细胞中的诱导活化。     

Expression of aminopeptidase N and neutral endopeptidase on the endometrial stromal cells in endometriosis and adenomyosis.

Indirect immunofluorescence staining revealed that endometrial stromal cells (ESC) in the ectopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis or adenomyosis expressed aminopeptidase N/cluster of differentiation (CD) 13 antigen and neutral endopeptidase/CD10 antigen, both of which are expressed on ESC in the normal endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. Thus, ESC in the ectopic endometrium resembled ESC in the normal endometrium not only morphologically but also antigenically. Both peptidase antigens may be useful markers for the histological diagnosis of endometriosis and adenomyosis.     

Involvement of the MAPK and RhoA/ROCK pathways in PGE2-mediated CCR7-dependent monocyte migration

Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) induces the expression of C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) on human monocytes, thereby enabling their subsequent migration in response to CCL19 and CCL21, the natural ligands for CCR7. To date, important mediators of PGE(2)-mediated monocyte migration remain unknown. In this study, we explored the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases and the RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway in CCR7-dependent monocyte migration in the presence of PGE(2). Our results indicate that CCL19 binding to CCR7 promotes the activation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase and leads to monocyte migration. Moreover, the RhoA/ROCK pathway was essential for PGE(2)-mediated CCR7-dependent monocyte migration.     

雌激素对子宫内膜异位症在位内膜间质细胞巨噬细胞移动抑制因子表达的调控作用*

 目的： 探讨雌激素对子宫内膜异位症在位内膜间质细胞巨噬细胞移动抑制因子（MIF）表达的调控作用及其意义。方法: 用免疫组化鉴定子宫内膜间质细胞,RT-PCR及蛋白免疫印迹法测定MIF mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果: 子宫内膜间质细胞经雌激素作用后分泌MIF mRNA及蛋白水平明显增高。子宫内膜异位症组MIF 上调水平明显高于正常组。结论: 子宫内膜异位症内膜间质细胞中MIF的表达对雌激素的刺激呈现超敏状态,子宫内膜间质细胞内MIF表达升高,可能促进子宫内膜异位症的发生发展。     

Expression of focal adhesion kinase in endometrial stromal cells of women with endometriosis was adjusted by ovarian steroid hormones

The aim of our study is to investigate the effects of ovarian steroid hormones on focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression in ESCs and whether there is alteration in women with endometriosis. FAK expression was assessed by western blotting analysis. Elevated expression of FAK was seen in the cultured ESCs treated with estrogen (P < 0.05). Expression of FAK protein was not changed in ESCs after treated by progesterone or treated by estrogen and progesterone. The level of up-regulation by estrogen in endometriosis is significantly higher than that from women without endometriosis (P < 0.05). FAK expression in endometrial stromal cells from endometriosis was more sensitive to estrogen, which might contribute to the pathogenesis and progress of endometriosis.