医学机能学实验教学实践与思考

目的 提高医学机能学实验教学的效果.方法 通过对医学机能学实验教学方面的文献进行收集与整理,然后对医学机能学实验教学中存在的问题进行归纳总结,最后提出解决措施.结果 通过对收集到的资料进行分析,目前医学机能学实验教学中还存在很多问题,这些问题在很大程度上影响了医学机能学实验教学的效果,这需要有关教学工作者必须要进一步加强医学机能学实验教学实践与思考.结论 医学机能学实验教学能够将理论与实际联系在一起,教学方式更加贴近实际,能够有效引导学生积极地自己动手,从实验中学习和巩固理论知识,具有十分明显的教学效果.     

关于机能学科实验教学改革的实践和探讨

本文主要介绍我院机能学实验中心组建后,对机能学科实验教学体系进行改革。新建的机能学实验课程将生理学、药理学和病理生理学的实验课三和为一。在医学本科2000级和2001级的实施情况调查表明,新的教学模式能全面提高实验教学质量,有利于学生综合分析问题的能力和创新能力的培养。     

创新综合性医学机能实验教学的改革

机能实验学作为基础医学教学一门重要学科,其教学改革和探索是一项长期而艰巨的任务。针对目前机能学所出现的生理学、病理生理学、药理学这三门学科融合难的问题,以及以培养具有创新精神和终身学习能力的本科生为目标,四川大学机能学实验室十八年来在整合教学资源和创新实验教学方面积累了丰富的经验,探索出医学机能学实验教学的新模式,提高了学生的基本技能和自主创新能力,为造就出具有科学探索精神、活跃的创新思维能力和熟悉科研技能的全能型人才打下了坚实的基础。     

几种简单教具的制作与应用

高职高专护理专业《人体结构机能学》涉及大体和微细结构及生理机能,有些重点、难点理论仅借助传统的挂图和模型难以讲解和理解,即使运用现代化教学     

机能学实验教学中开展课程思政有效途径的探索

机能学实验是医学生重要的基础实践课程.本文通过分析机能学实验课程思政中存在的问题,针对性地探索该课程开展课程思政的有效途径:提升教师课程思政教育的意识和能力、构建融入思政元素的平时成绩考核方案、用好第二实践课堂,旨在使机能学实验教学真正起到知识传授与价值引领的双重作用,取得了提升教师和学生综合素养的双赢效果.     

推动运动系统理论与实践紧密结合的教改模式

<正>自张汇兰教授(1952在上海体育学院创办了[1]《运动解剖学》专业基础课程以来,以老一辈解剖教师王汝泯、金季春等老教授为杰出代表,创造了以"关节为中心"的运动系统教学方法,突出了运动系统结合体育运动的实际应用,成为上海体育学院解剖教研室教学上最为鲜明的特色被传承下来,延用至今。为提高本科教学质量,运动解剖教研室全体教师在传承前辈创造以"关节为中心"机能教)     

颞下颌关节应用解剖研究

作者对20例(40侧)成人尸体颞下颌关节进行了形态学研究,测量了关节的10项骨性指标,并就关节盘的位置、分部、厚度、分类及其与关节功能的关系,关节囊与韧带的关系,上下关节腔的特征及关节囊后附着的类型进行了分析讨论,为其运动     

PBL教学法在医学机能实验学教学中的应用

改革传统教学以适应创新教育的宗旨,在医学机能实验学的教学中采用以问题为基础的学习(Problem Based Learning,PBL)模式教学法,以全面提高医学机能学的教学质量。     

基于新时代医学人才培养的《机能学实验》课程思政改革探索#

《机能学实验》是基础医学阶段面向全体医学生的实验课程,课程内容整合生理学、病理生理学和药理学基础知识,涵盖动物手术操作和各种生物学实验技术.该课程对医学生的综合能力培养至关重要.结合我校机能学实验教学实际,以习近平总书记在全国高校思想政治工作会议上的重要讲话精神为指导,课程组在原课程体系上进行系统设计,将思政教育元素有机融入《机能学实验》教学全过程,开展探索和实践.     

VMC-100医学虚拟仿真实验中心在机能实验教学中的应用探讨

针对目前机能学实验教学中存在的问题,在机能学实验教学中尝试应用VMC-100医学虚拟仿真实验中心,取得了积极的效果。医学虚拟仿真实验中心能够弥补传统实验教学中的不足,有效提高了机能学的教学质量。构建资源共享、虚实结合的机能学教学新模式,对培养医学生的分析问题能力、自学能力起到了良好的作用。     

Efficacy of Prophylactic Ankle Support: An Experimental Perspective

OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the role of external ankle support on joint kinematics, joint kinetics, sensorimotor function, and functional performance. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE and SPORT Discus databases from 1960-2001 for the key words ankle bracing, ankle support, ankle taping, and ankle prophylaxes. We also used personal libraries based on our own research to complement the existing literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: The effects of external ankle support have been studied on a plethora of dependent measures. Here, we specifically discuss the role of external ankle support on joint kinematics, joint kinetics, sensorimotor function, and functional performance and present a general consensus regarding the overall effects of these prophylactic devices. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: The effects of ankle support on joint kinematics during static joint assessment and on traditional functional-performance measures (ie, agility, sprint speed, vertical jump height) are well understood. However, the potential effects of ankle support on joint kinetics, joint kinematics during dynamic activity (eg, a cutting maneuver), and various sensorimotor measures are not well known. Future research investigating the role of external ankle bracing needs to focus on these areas.     

Biomechanics of running gait

With the recent world-wide upsurge in running, the preponderance of research has been of a physiological nature. This is understandable when the cardiovascular benefits are considered. However, the biomechanical component is also very important, especially when trying to establish the aetiology of various musculoskeletal injuries or the principles underlying successful technique. In this paper, therefore, we are concerned with various biomechanical aspects of sprinting, middle and long distance running, and jogging. The topics covered include: the class of running gait (sprinting, jogging, ascending/descending, load carrying, treadmill); electromyography; joints; kinematics (both linear and angular); kinetics (force place, joint forces and torques, work/energy/power, air resistance); mathematical techniques and models; orthopedic acids; various pathologies; different methods of recording motion; and sports footwear and surfaces. The material should be relevant to both the elite and recreational athlete.     

Patellofemoral joint stress during running in females with and without patellofemoral pain

Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common complaint among female runners. The etiology for PFP is frequently associated with increased patellofemoral joint stress (PFJS) and altered hip and knee joint kinematics during running. However, whether PFJS during running is increased among runners with PFP is unknown. The primary aim of this study was to compare PFJS during running among females with and without PFP. We also compared hip and knee transverse plane kinematics during running due to their potential influence on patellofemoral contact area and PFJS. Three dimensional hip and knee running kinematics and kinetics were obtained from 20 females with PFP and 20 females with no pain. Patellofemoral joint stress during running was estimated using patellofemoral contact area and a sagittal plane patellofemoral joint model previously described. Patellofemoral joint stress, PFJS-time integral, and hip and knee transverse plane kinematics at the time of impact peak and peak ground reaction force were compared between groups using a multivariate analysis of variance. The results show that peak PFJS and PFJS-time integral were similar between groups. Peak knee flexion angle and net knee extension moment were not different between groups. However, females with PFP demonstrated hip internal rotation that was 6° greater (P=0.04) when ground reaction forces were greatest. The extent these results are influenced by compensations for pain is unclear. However, if increased PFJS contributes to the etiology or exacerbation of PFP, interventions to minimize altered transverse plane hip kinematics may be indicated among runners who demonstrate this characteristic.     

Temporomandibular Joint: Disorders,Treatments, and Biomechanics

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex, sensitive, and highly mobile joint. Millions of people suffer from temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in USA alone. The TMD treatment options need to be looked at more fully to assess possible improvement of the available options and introduction of novel techniques. As reconstruction with either partial or total joint prosthesis is the potential treatment option in certain TMD conditions, it is essential to study outcomes of the FDA approved TMJ implants in a controlled comparative manner. Evaluating the kinetics and kinematics of the TMJ enables the understanding of structure and function of normal and diseased TMJ to predict changes due to alterations, and to propose more efficient methods of treatment. Although many researchers have conducted biomechanical analysis of the TMJ, many of the methods have certain limitations. Therefore, a more comprehensive analysis is necessary for better understanding of different movements and resulting forces and stresses in the joint components. This article provides the results of a state-of-the-art investigation of the TMJ anatomy, TMD, treatment options, a review of the FDA approved TMJ prosthetic devices, and the TMJ biomechanics.     

Modelling clavicular and scapular kinematics: from measurement to simulation

Musculoskeletal models are intended to be used to assist in prevention and treatments of musculoskeletal disorders. To capture important aspects of shoulder dysfunction, realistic simulation of clavicular and scapular movements is crucial. The range of motion of these bones is dependent on thoracic, clavicular and scapular anatomy and therefore different for each individual. Typically, patient or subject measurements will therefore not fit on a model that uses a cadaveric morphology. Up till now, this problem was solved by adjusting measured bone rotations such that they fit on the model, but this leads to adjustments of on average 3.98° and, in some cases, even more than 8°. Two novel methods are presented that decrease this discrepancy between experimental data and simulations. For one method, the model is scaled to fit the subject, leading to a 34 % better fit compared to the existing method. In the other method, the set of possible joint rotations is increased by allowing some variation on motion constraints, resulting in a 42 % better fit. This change in kinematics also affected the kinetics: muscle forces of some important scapular stabilizing muscles, as predicted by the Delft Shoulder and Elbow Model, were altered by maximally 17 %. The effect on the glenohumeral joint contact force was however marginal (1.3 %). The methods presented in this paper might lead to more realistic shoulder simulations and can therefore be considered a step towards (clinical) application, especially for applications that involve scapular imbalance.     

An Optimization Algorithm for Human Joint Angle Time-History Generation Using External Force Data

A mathematical model is presented that estimates joint kinematics and kinetics using measured external resultant loads and readily available parameters. The musculo-skeletal system was represented by a planar three degrees of freedom open kinematic chain. Information extraction was limited to the flexion-extension function of ankle, knee, and hip during quasi-planar motor tasks. Starting from plausible first approximation kinematics, other kinematic functions are iteratively generated by an optimization algorithm and corresponding ground reaction loads are calculated through inverse dynamics. Kinematic coordinates are represented using B-splines and modified by manipulating the control points. The iterative procedure stops and provides the final kinematic and kinetic estimates when a similarity criterion between estimated and measured ground reaction components is satisfied. The model structure was elaborated upon and the algorithm parameters optimized for robustness and accuracy using a benchmark motion in a simulation exercise. The maximal root mean square difference over time between estimated and benchmark quantities was approximately 1% of the peak to peak value for ground reaction components and intersegmental couples, and 6% for joint angles.     

Differences in knee joint kinematics and forces after posterior cruciate retaining and stabilized total knee arthroplasty

BackgroundPosterior cruciate ligament (PCL) retaining (CR) and -sacrificing (PS) total knee arthroplasties (TKA) are widely-used to treat osteoarthritis of the knee joint. The PS design substitutes the function of the PCL with a cam-spine mechanism which may produce adverse changes to joint kinematics and kinetics.MethodsCR- and PS-TKA were performed on 11 human knee specimens. Joint kinematics were measured with a dynamic knee simulator and motion tracking equipment. In-situ loads of the PCL and cam-spine were measured with a robotic force sensor system. Partial weight bearing flexions were simulated and external forces were applied.ResultsThe PS-TKA rotated significantly less throughout the whole flexion range compared to the CR-TKA. Femoral roll back was greater in the PS-TKA; however, this was not correlated with lower quadriceps forces. Application of external loads produced significantly different in-situ force profiles between the TKA systems.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that the PS-design significantly alters kinematics of the knee joint. Our data also suggest the cam-spine mechanism may have little influence on high flexion kinematics (such as femoral rollback) with most of the load burden shared by supporting implant and soft-tissue structures.     

Shod landing provides enhanced energy dissipation at the knee joint relative to barefoot landing from different heights

Athletic shoes can directly provide shock absorption at the foot due to its cushioning properties, however it remains unclear how these shoes may affect the level of energy dissipation contributed by the knee joint. This study sought to investigate biomechanical differences, in terms of knee kinematics, kinetics and energetics, between barefoot and shod landing from different heights. Twelve healthy male recreational athletes were recruited and instructed to perform double-leg landing from 0.3-m and 0.6-m heights in barefoot and shod conditions. The shoe model tested was Brooks Maximus II. Markers were placed on the subjects based on the Plug-in Gait Marker Set. Force-plates and motion-capture system were used to capture ground reaction force (GRF) and kinematics data respectively. 2 × 2-ANOVA (barefoot/shod condition × landing height) was performed to examine differences in knee kinematics, kinetics and energetics between barefoot and shod conditions from different landing heights. Peak GRF was not significantly different (p = 0.732–0.824) between barefoot and shod conditions for both landing heights. Knee range-of-motion, flexion angular velocity, external knee flexion moment, and joint power and work were higher during shod landing (p < 0.001 to p = 0.007), compared to barefoot landing for both landing heights. No significant interactions (p = 0.073–0.933) were found between landing height and barefoot/shod condition for the tested parameters. While the increase in landing height can elevate knee energetics independent of barefoot/shod conditions, we have also shown that the shod condition was able to augment the level of energy dissipation contributed by the knee joint, via the knee extensors, regardless of the tested landing heights.     

基于运动学和动力学参数的步态识别研究

为了通过步态进行身份鉴别 ,采用模式识别的方法进行基于步态运动学和动力学参数的步态识别 ,提出了对步态运动学参数中关节角度、动力学参数中地面垂直支反力 (VGRF)进行特征提取的方法。对 14名健康男性受试者的步态进行了识别实验。结果显示 ,基于关节角度的识别准确率 (CCR)为 87.1 (k-近邻法中 k=1)和90 (k=3) ;基于 VGRF的 CCR为 85 .7 (k=1)和 80 (k=3)。另外 ,从多元统计学的角度对实验数据进行分析证明了通过步态进行身份鉴别的可行性。同时 ,主成分分析显示 ,在 VGRF曲线中 ,对步态识别起比较重要作用的是足部接触地面瞬间的部分。     

Comparison of Marker-Based and Stereo Radiography Knee Kinematics in Activities of Daily Living

Movement of the marker positions relative to the body segments obscures in vivo joint level motion. Alternatively, tracking bones from radiography images can provide precise motion of the bones at the knee but is impracticable for measurement of body segment motion. Consequently, researchers have combined marker-based knee flexion with kinematic splines to approximate the translations and rotations of the tibia relative to the femur. Yet, the accuracy of predicting six degree-of-freedom joint kinematics using kinematic splines has not been evaluated. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare knee kinematics measured with a marker-based motion capture system to kinematics acquired with high speed stereo radiography (HSSR) and describe the accuracy of marker-based motion to improve interpretation of results from these methods, and (2) use HSSR to define and evaluate a new set of knee joint kinematic splines based on the in vivo kinematics of a knee extension activity. Simultaneous measurements were recorded from eight healthy subjects using HSSR and marker-based motion capture. The marker positions were applied to three models of the lower extremity to calculate tibiofemoral kinematics and compared to kinematics acquired with HSSR. As demonstrated by normalized RMSE above 1.0, varus–valgus rotation (1.26), medial–lateral (1.26), anterior–posterior (2.03), and superior–inferior translations (4.39) were not accurately measured. Using kinematic splines improved predictions in varus–valgus (0.81) rotation, and medial–lateral (0.73), anterior–posterior (0.69), and superior–inferior (0.49) translations. Using splines to predict tibiofemoral kinematics as a function knee flexion can lead to improved accuracy over marker-based motion capture alone, however this technique was limited in reproducing subject-specific kinematics.