Harmful effects of microwave (2400 MHz) iradiation on rats and subsequent recovery

Threshold values of the power density (PD) and duration of microwave irradiation with a lethal effect of not more than 0.1% were determined in experiments on 2072 rats. The ratio between the rate of development of the harmful effect and recovery is close to an exponential function of PD of microwave irradiation. From earlier observations on mice and those now published, species differencies between mice and rats can be accepted. As regards the time of appearance of equal lethal effects, the half- and whole-recovery periods, and the ratio between the rates of injury and the rate of recovery depending on PD of microwave irradiation, mice are more sensitive than rats.Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 88, No. 7, pp. 29–30, July, 1979.     

Regenerative reactions in rats after microwave irradiation (2400 MHz)

During irradiation of rats by a super high-frequency (shf) field (2400 MHz) within the range of power densities (PD) of between 100 and 800 mW/cm², the relationship between the regenerative effect and the interval between irradiations (if PD is constant) approximates to logistic, whereas the relationship between PD and the interval between irradiation (if the level of regeneration is constant) approximates to linear.Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 170–171, February, 1978.     

Effect of general anesthetics on mice after microwave irradiation

General anesthetics — chloroform, halothane, thiopental sodium, and sodium hydroxybutyrate (500 mg/kg) — lower the survival rate of mice irradiated with microwaves. Under the influence of ether, halothane, hexobarbital, or thiopental sodium, given immediately after irradiation, the time before the animals adopt the side position is reduced by 8–14% and the duration of the period in the side position is increased by 15–48% compared with the control.Vladivostok Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. V. Zakusov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 87, No. 5, pp. 425–427, May, 1979.     

Modified and simplified western blotting protocol: use of intermittent microwave irradiation (IMWI) and 5% skim milk to improve binding specificity

A modified western blotting protocol was developed to increase the binding specificity of antigens and antibodies, using intermittent microwave irradiation (IMWI) with seven antibodies and two cell lines. The method was based on IMWI of the blotting membrane in the immunoblotting step using 5% skim milk as the diluting buffer. For some antibodies against p53, CDK4 and cyclinE, there were no distinct differences between the IMWI(+) and IMWI(-) counterparts; but improvement over the standard protocol was noted in both. For some antibodies, such as the polyclonal antibody against tubulin and the monoclonal antibodies against beta-tubulin, cyclinA and cyclinB1 (which were otherwise difficult to obtain good results with), IMWI was extremely effective, resulting in clear, specifically binding bands and a clean background. Moreover, the times were reduced from 8 to 3 h. Both the IMWI(+) and IMWI(-) protocols can be applied as simple, rapid and highly specific detection techniques for applications with various antigens, reducing background 'noise' to a minimum.     

Fixation of cells in tissue culture by microwave irradiation

Summary A novel method employing in situ microwave fixation for cells cultured in monolayer is described. This method, which avoids the cell loss associated with chemical fixation, is useful for cells intended for immunofluorescence studies, for prefixation of cells for electron microscopy, and for other situations requiring cell fixation.     

Effect of cholinergic agents on survival of mice after acute microwave irradiation

Administration of cholinomimetics (pilocarpine, neostigmine, cytisine) immediately after microwave irradiation (62±5 mW/cm², =12.5 cm, 15–16 min) increased the survival rate of the irradiated mice by 1.2–1.3 times; after administration of cholinolytics fewer of the irradiated mice survived.Vladivostok Medical Institute. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. V. Zakusov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 285–286, March, 1976.     

卵巢辐射损伤对大鼠腰椎骨密度和生物力学的影响

目的探讨大鼠卵巢辐射损伤后腰椎骨密度、微结构和生物力学的改变。方法手术暴露大鼠双侧卵巢并应用50Gy的γ射线局部照射,术后90d取大鼠腰椎,DEXA测定骨密度,扫描电镜显示微结构,并行压缩实验检测腰椎最大载荷。结果与假手术组相比,卵巢辐射组大鼠的腰椎骨密度显著减少(P<0.05),骨微结构破坏,生物力学性能下降(P<0.05)。结论卵巢辐射损可导致大鼠腰椎的骨质疏松样改变。     

电磁辐射对猕猴骨髓中造血细胞损伤效应研究

目的:探讨电磁辐射对猕猴骨髓造血细胞损伤效应。方法:经高场强电磁脉冲源以6×10~4V/m全身辐照5只猕猴,于照前及照后1、3、7、14、28及90d麻醉后,经股骨上端穿刺,抽骨髓分离有核细胞离心涂片,采用光镜(gimsa、AgNOR、feulgen染色),电镜和流式细胞术,观察电磁辐射对猕猴骨髓造血细胞的损伤效应。结果:伤后1～14 d,骨髓中造血细胞进行性减少,尤以各系统幼稚细胞减少为显著。形态结构欠佳,增生不活跃。伤后7～14d,凋亡的造血细胞明显增加,表现为核染色质浓缩、边移、核固缩。造血细胞中DNA含量和核仁组成区相关蛋白进行性减少。伤后28d～3m,骨髓中造血细胞数量、形态、DNA含量和核仁组成区相关蛋白基本恢复至正常状态。结论:电磁辐射可使猕猴骨髓造血细胞发生凋亡的形态改变;并使其增殖能力降低。     

微波固定组织对超微结构影响的电镜观察

目的：观察微波照射固定对组织细胞器结构的影响，方法：将大鼠肝组织分别浸泡在生理盐水、０．２５％戊二醛、２．５％戊二醛、５戊二醛液体中，按不同时间进行微波照射固定后，常规制片，电镜观察。结果：ＭＩ时间≤２０ｓ，液体的温度≤２５℃，肝细胞内各有形成分均有一煊膨胀。ＭＩ时间≥６０ｓ，液体的温度≥４５℃时，肝细胞内各有形成分不同程度破坏，其中戊二醛各组较生理盐水组严重，且戊二醛组中，戊二醛浓度越高，对细胞     

髓鞘碱性蛋白介导神经元新生修复放射性脑损伤实验研究

目的探讨髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)免疫颅脑照射动物可否修复放射性脑损伤所致学习记忆能力下降。方法30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,空白组、单纯照射组、照射加MBP免疫组,照射采用直线加速器,6MV-X线全脑照射,单次照射7 Gy,Morris水迷宫行为学检测,并进行免疫荧光组织化学及激光共聚焦显微技术计数新生神经元(BrdU+/DCX+)数量。结果照射加MBP免疫组Morris水迷宫行为学检测及新生神经元计数接近于空白组,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);单纯照射组Morris水迷宫行为学检测及新生神经元计数明显少于空白组及照射+MBP免疫组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论髓鞘碱性蛋白可促进颅脑照射动物模型海马区神经元新生,可改善学习及记忆能力。     

Rapid immunoperoxidase staining of lymphocyte antigens using microwave irradiation

The innovative application of microwave irradiation in the immunoperoxidase staining of a wide range of labile lymphocyte antigens is described. Fifteen second irradiation at 320 watts produced excellent adherence of the frozen sections to the glass slides without loss of surface antigen staining. This brief procedure eliminated the need for much longer periods of freeze drying or drying at 4 degrees C. Microwave irradiation was also used to accelerate the incubation of the primary antibody. Thirty seconds of irradiation at 320 watts produced specific antigen staining of an intensity which was as good as that obtained with much longer durations of incubations at room temperature. Cytomorphologic preservation was also good and background staining was minimal.     

微波固定对琥珀酸脱氢酶细胞化学影响的电镜观察

对浸泡在四种不同液体（生理盐水、０．２５％戊二醛、２．５％戊二醛、５％戊二醛）中的鼠肝组织进行微波照射固定，并按琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）常规孵育、制片、电镜观察。结果表明：四个组都皮照射时间增加，液体温度不断高，肝细胞内一粒体ＳＤＨ酶活性由强膛减弱，定位趋于稳定；其中生理盐水组ＳＤＨ酶活性存最好，且以微波４０ｓ时，ＳＤＨ酶活性及定位最佳，超微结构清晰。     

Flk-1+间充质干细胞和SP细胞参与肠道损伤修复的比较

目的 比较骨髓来源Flk-1 间充质干细胞和肠道上皮来源的SP细胞生物学特征及参与肠道放射性损伤修复的潜能及机制.方法 流式细胞仪分析免疫表型;在肠道放射性损伤小鼠模型中,观察移植细胞的分布、分化及各组受体鼠照射后组织病理学改变及长期纤维化情况.结果 这两个干细胞亚群的免疫学表型存在很大的差异;在肠道放射性损伤模型中均能够快速归巢到损伤的肠道局部,参与肠道上皮细胞的损伤修复,减轻照射后引起的纤维化胶原沉积.SP细胞移植后主要分布在肠道上皮,而Flk-1 间充质干细胞除了分布在肠道上皮外,还参与肠道间质的修复.结论 骨髓来源Flk-1 间充质干细胞和肠道上皮来源的SP细胞都能有效的参与肠道放射性损伤修复,但修复机制上有差异.     

Effect of x-ray irradiation on healing of experimental wounds at high altitudes

Experiments on sexually mature rabbits showed that combined irradiation (with a total dose of 500 R, or more, especially local irradiation in a dose of 2000 R) given in one of the first two phases (especially phase I) of adaptation to high altitudes (3379 and 3640 m above sea level), leads to more severe morphological changes in the tissues and to longer delay in the healing of perforating wounds of the pinna than in the plains (820 m above sea level).Department of Topographical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, Tadjik Medical Institute, Dushanbe. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. P. Avtsyn.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 82, No. 10, pp. 1261–1263, October, 1976.     

微波辐照诱导内质网应激致心肌微血管内皮细胞损伤

目的探讨微波辐照致心肌微血管内皮细胞损伤与内质网应激之间的关系。方法取培养3~4代心肌微血管内皮细胞随机分为对照组和辐照各组。1.分别采用10mW/cm2,30mW/cm2、50mW/cm2微波辐射心肌微血管内皮细胞,辐照时间均为6min。于照射后24h收集细胞。2.细胞被暴露于30mW/cm2微波6 min,继续培养1 h、3 h或24 h之后,内皮细胞被收集,对照组于24 h结束实验。以膜联蛋白V-碘化丙啶双染法检测细胞凋亡;鬼笔环肽染色法观察微血管内皮细胞骨架的变化,评价微血管内皮细胞的损伤情况;免疫印迹法检测内质网应激分子钙网蛋白(CRT)、葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)和CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)的蛋白表达,评价微波辐照是否引起微血管内皮细胞内质网应激。结果内皮细胞凋亡率的量效研究发现,微波辐照之后,10mW/cm2、30mW/cm2、50mW/cm2照射组的细胞凋亡率分别为(2.34±0.15)%、(2.72±0.96)%、(2.62±0.34)%,与对照组(0.88±0.32)%比较差异显著(P0.05)。时效研究则发现,30mW/cm2照射后1h、3h和24h细胞凋亡率分别为(1.12±0.15)%,(1.49±0.54)%和(1.85±0.45)%。与对照组(1.10%±0.28)%比较,照射后1h组差异不显著(P0.05),照射后3h组和24h组差异显著(P0.05);内质网应激分子的检测发现,30mW组CRT、GRP78、CHOP的蛋白表达分别较对照组升高124%,76%,256%。50mW组CHOP的蛋白表达分别较对照组升高52%,189%。与对照组相比,30mW组CRT、GRP78、CHOP GRP78、及50mW组GRP78、CHOP表达差异显著(P0.05)。10mW组CRT、GRP78、CHOP及50mW组CRT蛋白表达与对照组相比差异无显著性(P0.05)。对照组内皮细胞表现出很少的肌动蛋白纤维。内皮细胞暴露于微波引起的丝状肌动蛋白应力纤维数量的急剧增加。最大应力纤维的形成发生在内皮细胞受到照射后3h或照射功率为30mW。结论微波辐照可诱导严重内质网应激反应,造成大鼠心肌微血管内皮细胞损伤。     

Freshly prepared immune complexes with intermittent microwave irradiation result in rapid and high-quality immunostaining

We have previously reported that intermittent microwave irradiation shortened the primary or secondary antibody incubation time to 10 min in a special moist chamber. To achieve precise immunostaining within 1h, we attempted to generate a novel procedure, "freshly prepared immune complex with intermittent microwave irradiation (f-IC-M)". The advantage of this immunostaining procedure lies in a one-step incubation instead of primary and then secondary antibody application. In this study, we employed five primary antibodies to examine the efficiency and quality of this procedure. As expected, every primary antibody examined brought about precise immunostaining within 45 min for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections, and within 15 min for frozen sections. In addition, this procedure is able to generate double-immunoenzymatic staining with different enzyme-labeled primary antibodies if desired. As any combination of primary and secondary antibodies is possible by this one-step application, f-IC-M increases the efficiency of immunostaining without losing quality. Therefore, this procedure is able to rapidly provide diagnostic information to the pathologists.     

Some biological effects of microwave irradiation

Morphological analysis and morphometry using immunoperoxidase methods showed that microwave (MW) radiation with a white noise type spectrum and radiation power density close to that emitted by the object stimulated proliferation of human fibroblastsin vitro. This effect is realized via stimulation of DNA synthesis. MV irradiation with the same parameters increased adhesive capacity of human blood neutrophils. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 127, No. 5, pp. 516–518, May, 1999     

The effects of microwave radiation from mobile telephones on humans and animals

This article presents a brief review of current mobile telecommunications systems, which represent a source of microwave pollution of the environment. It has been shown that the biological effects of radiation from cellular telephones involve the time factor for the real effects on the body. Results of studies of the biological effects of low-intensity modulated microwave irradiation, including that from cellular telephones, lead to the conclusion that irradiation does not have pathological effects on the body, but does induce the usual non-specific adaptive reactions. It is only in conditions of serious derangements of the immune system and prolonged exposure with cumulative effects that cancerogenic effects can occur in the body; as in other examples of external influences on the body, this is mediated by disruption of the balance between cellular repair systems and damage, the latter being favored. Several methods for studying low-intensity microwave irradiation are presented; these can be used for investigating its influence on psychophysiological functions in humans. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni. I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 84, No. 11, pp. 1293–1302, November, 1999.