脑出血患者急性期血小板活化的临床意义

目的探讨脑出血(ICH)急性期血小板活化的临床意义。方法33例行微创手术的ICH患者,术前经头颅CT测量血肿周围脑水肿带的大小,术中留取血肿液及静脉血,用流式细胞术(FCM)检测其血小板表面糖蛋白P-选择素(CD62p)和血小板膜凝血酶敏感蛋白(TSP)的表达,并与所测水肿带大小进行相关性分析。结果CD62p、TSP在ICH组的表达显著高于健康对照组,ICH组血肿液中其表达量显著高于静脉血中的表达;血肿液中血小板CD62p、TSP的表达与血肿周围脑水肿程度呈显著正相关(r=0.4781,r=0.5183,均P<0.005);静脉血中血小板CD62p、TSP表达量与血肿周围脑水肿程度呈显著正相关(r=0.4058,r=0.4193,均P<0.05),前者比后者相关性更为显著。结论ICH急性期血小板活化,活化的血小板可能参与了血肿周围脑水肿的形成。     

脑出血后白细胞浸润与血小板CD62p、CD42b表达关系的临床研究

目的 研究脑出血患者血肿周围脑组织的白细胞浸润及其与血小板CD62p、CD42b表达的关系。方法 37例行微创手术的脑出血患者，手术前用流式细胞术(FCM)检测血小板CD62p、CD42b的表达，手术过程中取引流出的血肿周围脑组织进行HE染色，观察白细胞浸润，并对两者进行相关性分析。结果 脑出血后4h，血肿周围已出现白细胞浸润，脑出血后48—72h白细胞浸润达到高峰；白细胞浸润与血小板CD62p的表达呈正相关性(rCD62p＝0．74，P＜0．01)，与血小板CD42b的表达呈负相关性(rCD42b＝-0．51，P＜0．01)。结论 脑出血后血小板活化，活化的血小板可能参与了血肿周围的白细胞浸润。     

脑出血患者血小板CD42b、CD62p的表达及临床意义

目的研究脑出血急性期血小板表面糖蛋白CD42b、CD62p的表达及其与血肿周围脑水肿形成的关系。方法20例中等量脑出血患者,利用流式细胞仪(FCM)测定其血小板CD42b和CD62p的表达,并根据头颅CT测量血肿周围脑水肿带的大小,对两者进行相关性分析。结果与正常健康人比较,脑出血急性期血小板CD42b的表达减少,CD62p的表达增加;血小板CD42b、CD62p表达量与血肿周围脑水肿带的大小有相关性(rCD42b=-0.489,P<0.05;rCD62p=0.646,P<0.01)。结论脑出血急性期血小板活化,活化的血小板可能参与了血肿周围脑水肿形成这一病理损伤过程。     

脑出血患者血小板CD62p、CD42b表达及血浆血栓素B2、6-酮前列腺素-F1a和血管性假血友病因子水平的变化及其意义

目的 研究脑出血患者血小板CD62p、CD42b表达及血浆血栓素B2(TXB2)、6-酮前列腺素-F1a(6-keto-PGF1a)和血管性假血友病因子(vWF)水平的变化及其意义.方法 对46例高血压脑出血患者(脑出血组)发病后＜3 d、1周、2周及20例高血压患者(对照组),用流式细胞仪检测血小板CD62p、CD42b表达,酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆TXB2、6-keto-PGF1a和vWF的水平,并分析脑出血患者血小板CD62p、CD42b表达与血浆vWF水平的相关性.结果 在发病后＜3 d、1周及2周,脑出血组血小板CD62p表达和血浆TXB2、vWF水平及TXB2/6-keto-PGF1a(T/K)比值均明显高于对照组(均P＜0.01).血小板CD42b表达和血浆6-keto-PGF1a水平均明显低于对照组(均P＜0.01).脑出血患者血小板CD62p表达与血浆vWF水平呈正相关(r=0.56,P＜0.01),血小板CD42b表达与血浆vWF水平呈负相关(r=-0.60,P＜0.01).结论 脑出血患者出现血小板CD62p表达和血浆TXB2、vWF水平升高,血小板CD42b表达和血浆6-keto-PGF1a水平降低.提示脑出血后有明显血管内皮功能障碍及血小板活化.     

急性脑梗死患者血小板表达血小板内皮细胞黏附分子-1、P选择素的改变及其意义

目的观察急性脑梗死(AC I)患者血小板表达血小板内皮细胞黏附分子-1(CD31)、P选择素(CD62p)的改变及其意义。方法采用全血流式细胞术测定53例AC I患者发病48 h内血小板CD31、CD62p的表达水平,并与有脑梗死易患因素组及健康对照组比较。结果AC I组血小板表达CD31、CD62p[(90.91±15.39)%,(7.00±2.96)%]明显高于易患因素组和健康对照组(均P<0.001);AC I组中合并高血压或糖尿病患者血小板CD62p表达高于无高血压和糖尿病的患者(均P<0.01);血小板CD31、CD62p的表达与脑梗死体积正相关(r=0.39,P<0.05;r=0.63,P<0.01)。结论AC I发病后血小板表达CD31、CD62p显著增高,其表达程度与脑梗死体积以及是否合并高血压或糖尿病有关。     

氯吡格雷联合奥扎格雷钠治疗急性缺血性卒中疗效评价

研究背景抗血小板治疗已经成为缺血性卒中的常规治疗方法,目前对其作用的肯定主要源于临床应用,迄今尚无一项能够准确评价其有效性的实验室指标。有研究证实,血小板活化程度与动脉粥样硬化和缺血性卒中相关,尤其是血小板α颗粒膜糖蛋白CD62p和溶酶体膜糖蛋白CD63均为血小板活化的重要指标。本研究旨在通过观察急性缺血性卒中患者血小板膜表面CD62p和CD63表达变化,探讨以血小板活化程度反映氯吡格雷(75 mg)、奥扎格雷钠(80 mg)与阿司匹林(0.15 g)的疗效差异。方法采用流式细胞术检测急性缺血性卒中患者氯吡格雷(75 mg)联合奥扎格雷钠(80 mg,联合治疗组)及阿司匹林单药(阿司匹林组)治疗前后血小板CD62p和CD63阳性表达率,美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评价神经功能改善程度。结果与正常对照组相比,治疗前急性缺血性卒中组患者血小板CD62p和CD63阳性表达率升高(P=0.001,0.032);治疗后CD62p和CD63阳性表达率、NIHSS评分逐步下降(均P=0.000)。与治疗前相比,治疗后联合治疗组和阿司匹林组患者血小板CD62p和CD63阳性表达率、NIHSS评分逐步下降(均P=0.000),但组间差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。CD62p和CD63阳性表达率在不同观察时间点与治疗分组之间不存在交互作用(F=1.403,P=0.250;F=2.830,P=0.063),但NIHSS评分在不同观察时间点与治疗分组之间存在交互作用(F=4.518,P=0.013)。结论抗血小板药物治疗急性缺血性卒中有效,但氯吡格雷与奥扎格雷钠联合治疗之疗效与阿司匹林单药治疗并无差异。缺血性卒中急性期测定血小板CD62p阳性表达率可以用于评价抗血小板药物的疗效,但CD63表达的临床价值尚待进一步研究。     

急性缺血性脑血管病患者血小板TSP、CD36表达改变及其临床意义

目的 :探讨血小板表面凝血酶敏感蛋白 (TSP)、CD3 6表达改变与急性缺血性脑血管病关系。方法 :应用流式细胞术测定 10 9例脑缺血患者发病 48h内血小板TSP和CD3 6。结果 :(1)脑血栓形成和腔隙性脑梗死患者TSP明显较健康对照组增高。脑血栓形成者CD3 6增高。 (2 )TSP与不包括脑栓塞的脑梗死容积呈正相关 ,TSP与CD3 6、CD62p呈正相关。结论 :TSP可作为血小板活化指标 ,在脑血栓形成和腔隙性脑梗死中明显增高     

脑梗死患者血浆ICAM-1、CD62p、CD63的动态变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨脑梗死患者血浆细胞间黏附分子（ICAM-1）、血小板表面P选择素（CD62p）、溶酶体颗粒糖蛋白53（CD63）的动态变化及其临床意义。方法 用流式细胞仪观察60例脑梗死患者发病3d、7d、14d外周血中ICAM-1、CD621，CD63的变化，并与20名健康者进行比较。结果 脑梗死3d、7d上述3项指标明显高于14d及正常对照组（均P〈0．05），而3d与7d间则差异不显著（P〉0．05）；ICAM-1与CD62p、CD63间无相关关系（r=0．1385、0．1632，均P〉0.05）；CD62p与CD63呈显著正相关（r=0.746，P〈0．05）；3项指标与临床神经功能缺损程度评分无相关性（r=0.1462、0.2145、0．368，均P〉0．05）。结论 脑梗死后ICAM-1表达增强，介导了粒细胞与脑血管内皮发细胞间的黏附，同时血小板表面CD62p、CD63表达增强，反映了血小板的活化程度与功能状态，评介导了血小板与中性粒细胞及内皮细胞间的黏附，促进了脑梗死的发生和发展，加重了脑组织的损伤。     

脑血肿周围细胞间黏附分子-1 mRNA表达及白细胞浸润的实验研究

目的　探讨大鼠脑血肿周围细胞间黏附分子 1(ICAM 1)mRNA表达及白细胞浸润情况 ,明确脑血肿周围是否存在急性炎性反应。方法　胶原酶Ⅶ型脑立体定向注射制作脑出血模型 ,应用逆转录聚合酶链(RT PCR)技术检测ICAM 1mRNA表达 ;通过测定髓过氧化物酶 (MPO)活性来检测中性粒细胞的浸润情况。结果　脑出血后 6hICAM 1mRNA表达开始增加 (P <0 0 5 ) ,2 4h达高峰 (P <0 0 1) ,然后逐渐减退。脑出血后 2 4hMPO活性明显增加 (P <0 0 5 ) ,4 8h达高峰 (P <0 0 1) ,然后逐渐减退。结论　脑血肿周围存在明显的炎性反应 ,它可能参与了脑出血后周围组织的继发性损伤     

脑梗死患者血细胞间黏附分子、血小板P选择素的改变

目的　观察脑梗死患者血中性粒细胞表面细胞间黏附分子 (CD5 4 )、血小板P选择素 (CD6 2p)的变化及其临床意义。方法　用流式细胞仪测定 5 0例脑梗死患者和 2 0例健康人血中CD5 4、CD6 2p的表达水平。结果　脑梗死组CD5 4的阳性表达率为 (18 34± 8 6 5 ) % ,CD6 2p的阳性表达率为 (6 15± 3 12 ) % ,均显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,伴高血压脑梗死患者的二项指标分别为 (17 5 2± 7 6 8) %和 (10 16± 4 2 7) % ,均显著高于不伴高血压组和正常组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;CD6 2p与收缩压呈显著直线正相关 (r=0 716 ,P <0 0 5 )。结论　脑缺血后CD6 2p、CD5 4表达明显增高 ,但二者之间无相关性 ,提示脑缺血时两种黏附分子有不同的作用机制 ;CD6 2p与收缩压正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,高血压与血小板的活化有关。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。