除皱术中以颞浅动脉额支定位面神经颞支的解剖学基础

目的探讨以颞浅动脉额支定位面神经颞支解剖学依据.方法选用防腐固定1 0例(20侧)新鲜标本5例(10侧),解剖观察颞浅动脉额支的走行分布及其与颞支的毗邻关系.结果①56.7%的颞支及其终末分支均走行在颞浅动脉额支下方的颞浅筋膜深面.②43.3%的颞支1～2终末分支可在眶上缘水平以上与颞浅动脉额支平行或交叉走行在其深面,终止于额结节下方.③颞支在颧弓上缘与颞浅动脉起始部的距离为(0.7±0.3)cm,走行过程中逐级发出分支分布于眼轮匝肌外侧部,最后呈网状分布于额结节下方的眼轮匝肌与额肌交汇处,支配眼轮匝肌、额肌、皱眉肌.结论以颞浅动脉额支、颧弓和经过额结节的矢状线所围成的三角形可简便直观地定位颞支的分布,在除皱术中具有实际的应用意义.     

跟外侧神经的形态特点及其临床意义

目的:为临床选择跟外侧神经作为受区皮神经重建足跟感觉提供解剖依据.方法:20个成人尸体下肢标本,解剖显露腓肠内侧皮神经与腓肠外侧皮神经的会合部位至各支跟外侧神经的终末支;观察各支跟外侧神经的来源、发出部位、形态、走行、分支与分布情况;测量各支跟外侧神经自腓肠神经主干发出平面至外踝尖水平面的垂直距离及其起始部的外径.结果:大部分腓肠内、外侧皮神经于外踝尖平面上8.9 cm会合成腓肠神经主干,于其后外侧部发出跟外侧神经1～3支;其中跟外侧神经第1支分别于外踝尖平面至其卜方7.2 cm发出,跟外侧神经发出后均垂直于足底平面向下走行,终支分布于足跟负重区外侧部皮肤;跟外侧神经及其分支多为类似圆柱形态;跟外侧神经有1～3支、直径分别为(1.62±0.45)mm、(1.11±0.37)mm和(0.85±0.39)mm.结论:跟外侧神经第1支解剖恒定,较为粗大,起始部离足跟外侧缘有一定距离,具备重建跟外侧感觉所要求的皮神经解剖学特点.     

跨血管区反流耳颞部皮瓣应用解剖学

目的:明确耳颞部颞浅动脉系统与额部及眼眶区周围血管系统之间的交通吻合情况,为临床跨血管区反流耳颞部岛状皮瓣的应用提供解剖学基础.方法:15具福尔马林保存的成人尸体头面部进行肉眼解剖;5具新鲜成人头部标本制作血管铸型,观察颞浅动脉额支与眶上及滑车上动脉的相互交通吻合状况以及颞浅动脉分支与眼轮匝肌营养血管之间的吻合情况.结果:眶上及滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支走行基本恒定,且三者存在众多吻合,吻合支集中区域为上界距眶上缘(4.9±0.4)cm,下界为眶上缘水平,上界内侧距离前正中线(1.0±0.2)cm,外侧距离前正中线(4.5±0.4)cm;下界内侧距离前正中线(1.4±0.2)cm,外侧(2.3±0.5)cm;颞浅动脉分支—颧眶动脉以3种分支类型与面动脉的终末支—内眦动脉在眼轮匝肌内形成稳定的交通吻合.结论:颞浅动脉额支与滑车上动脉存在吻合支集中区域;眶上动脉与颞浅动脉额支在眉外侧存在位置恒定吻合点.以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞区皮瓣实际上是以颧眶动脉远端和眼睑动脉弓为蒂的跨区反流轴型皮瓣.     

腰椎后外侧部血供的应用解剖学研究及临床意义

目的：探讨腰椎后外侧入路摘除极外侧椎间盘突出手术中减少血管损伤的方法。方法：对30侧经动脉灌注乳胶的成人尸体标本进行局部解剖研究，解剖观测椎间孔前缘以后的腰动脉各级分支的起源、走行、外径及与出口神经的关系。结果：腰动脉从椎间孔前缘向外后内发出分支。在椎间孔外区，后支主干及其分支与出口腰神经前支的关系密切，血管呈“树叉”状从外侧将神经包绕。结论：紧贴腰椎峡部外缘，将后支血管及其分支推向外侧，是显露腰神经前支与极外侧型突出椎间盘的最安全、快捷的方法。     

肘前内侧血管神经间隙入路的临床解剖学

目的　对肘前内侧血管神经等相关结构进行解剖研究,为肘关节相关手术提供更佳的手术入路。 方法　 福尔马林防腐动脉灌注红色乳胶成人尸体上肢标本20侧,按层次解剖,从肱桡肌及旋前圆肌间隙进入,通过正中神经与肱、尺动脉之间的血管神经间隙,显露肘前侧解剖结构。观察肱动脉、桡动脉和尺动脉向内、外侧的分支,测量分支到桡、尺动脉分叉处的距离,分支管径;观察正中神经及分支走行情况,测量神经与血管伴行无相互交叉分支距离。 结果　血管神经无互相交叉分支伴行长度平均为6.04 cm,两者之间无重要分支相交叉,易于向两侧分开,能够清楚地提供肘关节相应部位的暴露。动脉向内侧分支较向外侧分支少且细,易于向外侧牵拉。神经肌支,基本上向内侧发出,以极小的锐角从主干发出,几乎与主干平行,易于向内侧牵拉。 结论　肘前内侧血管神经间隙入路,可保护血管神经,能清楚显露肘关节前侧解剖结构,易于操作。     

眶上动脉蒂反流轴型耳颞皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为临床各型额部皮瓣特别是跨血管系统反流轴型皮瓣的应用提供解剖学基础。方法:15具福尔马林保存的成人尸体头面部进行肉眼解剖,观察眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支的位置、口径、走行和相互吻合状况及其与周围组织的关系;5具新鲜成人头部标本制作血管铸型。结果:眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支走行基本恒定,且三者存在众多吻合,吻合支集中区域为上界距眶上缘(4.9±0.4)cm,下界为眶上缘水平,上界内侧距离前正中线(1.0±0.2)cm,外侧距离前正中线(4.5±0.4)cm;下界内侧距离前正中线(1.4±0.2)cm,外侧(2.3±0.5)cm。结论:额部有眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支供血,吻合支丰富且吻合区域较恒定,故可制成多种类型的跨血管的反流式皮瓣,增大血管蒂旋转的角度和长度以及灵活性。     

异常肌皮神经与正中神经外内侧交通一例

<正>笔者在解剖1具老年男性尸体时发现肌皮神经从臂丛外侧束发出后沿肱二头肌内侧走行,主干先发出细小分支至喙肱肌,然后发出一较大分支,再由其发出细小分支至肱二头肌和肱肌后,延续为前臂外侧皮神经外侧根,最后该肌皮神经在发出一交通支加入正中神经后,终末支发出一细小分支至肱肌后延续为前臂内侧皮神经内侧根。此种变异罕见,现报道如下。肌皮神经从臂丛外侧束发出,起始处横径为5.6 mm,先经     

眶上动脉蒂反流轴型耳颞皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：明确额部各供血血管系统之间的吻合情况,为临床各型额部皮瓣特别是跨血管系统反流轴型皮瓣的应用提供解剖学基础。方法：成人尸体头面部肉眼解剖,观察眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支的口径、走行和吻合状况等;成人头部标本制作血管铸型。结果：眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支走行基本恒定,且三者存在众多吻合,吻合支集中区域上距眶上缘(4．9±0．4)cm,下为眶上缘水平,内侧距离前正中线1．0～1．4cm,外侧距离前正中线4．5～2．3cm。结论：额部有眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支供血,吻合支丰富且吻合区域较恒定,故可制成多种类型的跨血管的反流式皮瓣。     

鼻成形术中额颞部血管的应用解剖学研究

目的：为解决临床上额部皮瓣修复鼻缺损时常出现的血运障碍，全鼻再造时的衬里缺损以及应用耳廓复合组织修复鼻翼缺损时面积受限等问题。方法：对２９例（５８例）尸体额、鼻和颞部血管进行解剖。结果：滑车上动脉由两侧向内上行走，滑车上动脉的分支、眶上动脉的浅支、颞浅动脉额支的额眶支相互吻合成网前额动脉吻合网。颞浅动脉主干及顶支发出２～３支耳支分布至耳轮。结论：额部皮瓣应设计在旁正中的滑车上动脉血管走行轴线上；可同时用两侧额部皮瓣行全鼻缺损的修复；亦可经前额动脉吻合网、颞浅动脉及其分支，设计出带蒂的大面积耳廓复合组织岛状瓣修复大面积鼻翼缺损或半鼻缺损     

桡神经肱骨肌管段血供的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的:明确桡神经在肱骨肌管内血供的解剖学特征,为临床肱骨干骨折伴桡神经损伤手术提供解剖学基础.方法:对15例(30侧)经锁骨下动脉灌注乳胶-氧化铅的成人上肢新鲜标本进行巨微解剖,观测桡神经营养血管在肱骨肌管内段的走行、分布及其发出点到肱骨外上髁的距离和到达神经外膜的长度.结果:桡神经在肱骨肌管段的营养血管主要来自前外侧的桡侧副动脉和后内侧的中副动脉.桡侧副动脉在距肱骨外上髁(9.67±0.52)cm处发出分支,行于桡神经的背侧,到神经外膜长(1.26±0.17)cm.中副动脉在距肱骨外上髁(16.52±0.65)cm处发出第1分支,到神经外膜长(1.52±0.21)cm;在距肱骨外上髁(13.47±0.62)cm处发出第2分支,到神经外膜长(0.56±0.16)cm.两支均行于桡神经的腹侧,各营养支均有吻合.结论:桡神经在肱骨肌管段营养血管丰富且相互吻合.肱骨肌管中上段手术时要注意保护后内侧的中副动脉分支,下段手术时要注意保护前外侧的桡副动脉分支.     

带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：提供带腓浅神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的形态学依据。方法：在３２侧成人下肢标本上,观测了腓浅神经及其营养血管、周围皮肤的血供情况。结果：腓浅神经（皮下段）近侧的血供为腓浅动脉深支的皮动脉、第１支肌间隔动脉,起始处外径分别为０．８ｍｍ、１．１ｍｍ;第１支肌间隔动脉穿出深筋膜前长为１．８ｃｍ。远侧则为腓动脉穿支之升支、降支的皮支和足背动脉皮支,起始处外径分别为０．９ｍｍ、０．７ｍｍ和０．８ｍｍ,穿出深筋膜前长分别为１．２ｃｍ、０．７ｃｍ和０．８ｃｍ。其神经支在神经干内或旁彼此吻合,构成纵向链式血管网,并借分支与皮肤、皮下及筋膜血管网沟通。结论：可设计带皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣,顺行或逆行转位修复邻近部位软组织缺损     

Anatomical Consideration of the Anterior and Lateral Cutaneous Nerves in the Scalp

To better understand the anatomic location of scalp nerves involved in various neurosurgical procedures, including awake surgery and neuropathic pain control, a total of 30 anterolateral scalp cutaneous nerves were examined in Korean adult cadavers. The dissection was performed from the distal to the proximal aspects of the nerve. Considering the external bony landmarks, each reference point was defined for all measurements. The supraorbital nerve arose from the supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen 29 mm lateral to the midline (range, 25-33 mm) and 5 mm below the supraorbital upper margin (range, 4-6 mm). The supratrochlear nerve exited from the orbital rim 16 mm lateral to the midline (range, 12-21 mm) and 7 mm below the supraorbital upper margin (range, 6-9 mm). The zygomaticotemporal nerve pierced the deep temporalis fascia 10 mm posterior to the frontozygomatic suture (range, 7-13 mm) and 22 mm above the upper margin of the zygomatic arch (range, 15-27 mm). In addition, three types of zygomaticotemporal nerve branches were found. Considering the superficial temporal artery, the auriculotemporal nerve was mostly located superficial or posterior to the artery (80%). There were no significant differences between the right and left sides or based on gender (P>0.05). These data can be applied to many neurosurgical diagnostic or therapeutic procedures related to anterolateral scalp cutaneous nerve.     

The deep axillary artery

An aberrant axillary artery running deep to the brachial plexus during its course was observed. The brachial plexus in this case was formed by the fourth cervical nerve to the first thoracic nerve and the radial nerve received a small nerve bundle (accessory radial nerve root) from the posterior aspect of the lower trunk. The axillary artery passed between the lateral and the medial cords of the brachial plexus, the same as for an ordinary axillary artery. In addition, it passed between their posterior divisions, forming the posterior cord, and further ran between the radial nerve root and the accessory radial nerve root from deep to superficial. This axillary artery was recognized as the deep axillary artery, the same as the axillary artery we have reported previously. It was thought that the branches to the subscapularis and serratus anterior muscles, nutrient branch to the radial nerve root and the subscapular artery played important roles in its formation.     

Unique variation in the course of maxillary artery in infratemporal fossa: a case report

Maxillary artery is one of the key contents of the infratemporal fossa. Mandibular nerve and its branches form a clinically important relation of maxillary artery in this region. A comprehensive knowledge of variations of maxillary artery in the fossa is of special relevance in oral maxillofacial surgeries, management of epistaxis, intractable neuralgias or headaches. We found a unique variation of maxillary artery, presenting bilaterally, in relation to branches of mandibular nerve. During routine dissection in a 55-year-old male cadaver, maxillary artery was seen passing deep to lateral pterygoid muscle and crossed through the nerve loop formed between two roots of auriculotemporal nerve and posterior division of mandibular nerve. Further course of maxillary artery was medial to the posterior division of mandibular nerve. Maxillary artery gave its middle meningeal artery branch as it traversed through the nerve loop. A tortuous course taken by maxillary artery can lead to its entrapment causing headaches or nerve irritation presenting with neuralgia.     

The terminal insertional segments and communications of the vertebral nerve in the human cervical region

Twenty-four cadavers (48 sides) were used to clarify the terminal insertional segment and communications of the vertebral nerve in the cervical region under a surgical microscope. After displacing the prevertebral muscles (longus colli and longus capitis) laterally, the ventral parts of the transverse foramen of vertebrae (from C2 to C6) were removed, and the insertional segment and communicates of the vertebral nerve surrounding the vertebral artery were observed. The results showed: (1) the vertebral nerve ascended along the ventral or mediodorsal vertebral artery and terminated mainly at C3 (22/36 sides) but not terminated at C4 or C5 only; (2) the superficial communicates from the cervical sympathetic trunk ran in a proximal and distal direction when the fibers entered the anterior branches of the cervical nerves. The fibers running to the proximal direction communicated with the vertebral nerve in the part of transverse foramen; (3) motor and/or sensory rami supplying the prevertebral muscles, corpus vertebrae and intervertebral discs could pass through an "arched-shaped" fiber bundle on the ventral surface of the vertebral artery. In conclusion, the vertebral nerve and the fibers surrounding the vertebral artery could be considered as a stable deep pathway of cervical sympathetic nerves. The deep pathway (vertebral nerve and its branches) with the superficial pathways (cervical sympathetic trunk and its branches) formed a sympathetic nervous "plexus" in the cervical region. This sympathetic nervous "plexus" may be involved in the effects of cervical ganglionic blockade.     

Anatomic landmarks of the buccal branches of the facial nerve

The aim of this study was to classify the buccal branches of the facial nerve in relation to the parotid duct and its relevance to surgical procedures such as rhytidectomy and parotid gland surgery. In this study, 30 cadaver heads (60 specimens) were dissected. The vertical and horizontal relationships between the buccal branches of the facial nerve and tragus, and parotid duct were recorded and analyzed. The buccal branches of the facial nerve were classified into four types: Type I: a single buccal branch of the facial nerve at the point of emergence from the parotid gland and inferior to the parotid duct. Type II: a single buccal branch of the facial nerve at the point of emergence from the parotid gland and superior to the parotid duct. Type III: buccal and other branches of the facial nerve formed a plexus. Type IV: two branches of buccal branch; one superior and one inferior to the duct at the point of emergence from the parotid gland. The buccal branches of the facial nerve are very vulnerable to surgical injury because of its location in the midface. For this reason, the surgeons who are willing to operate on this area should have a true knowledge about the anatomy of these branches.     

眶内眼神经的断层解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：为影像检查和眶内手术提供断层解剖学资料。方法：应用50侧成人头颅湿标本制成0．5mm的火棉胶连续切片，对额神经、鼻睫神经、泪腺神经的位置、走行和毗邻进行观测。结果：眼神经的分支额神经、鼻睫神经和泪腺神经均经眶上裂人眶。额神经发出滑车上神经和眶上神经内外支，鼻睫神经与眼动脉伴行，泪腺神经在外直肌上方前行。结论：火棉胶连续切片能够准确显示眶内眼神经的分支、走行，对影像诊断和避免手术损伤均有重要参考价值。     

Anatomical study of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves: A new classification and application to understanding some migraine headaches

The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve. This nerve gives rise to two terminal branches, the supraorbital (SON) and supratrochlear nerves (STN). To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports describing the detailed proximal course of these nerves while inside the orbit. Therefore, the goal of this study was to clarify the anatomy of the SON and STN inside and at their exit from the orbit. Twenty sides from ten fresh-frozen cadavers were used in this study. Intra and extra orbital dissections were performed to observe the course of the SON and STN. Additionally, measurements of the nerves were made at these locations. The course of the SON and STN inside the orbit was classified into three groups depending on the STN branching pattern from the SON. The group without any branch from the SON and STN inside the orbit was the most common. The exit points of these nerves were via the supraorbital notch, foramen, or neither a notch nor foramen. A distinct fibrous band was consistently found tethering the nerve except in specimens with nerves traversing a bony foramen. The mean diameters of the SON and STN were 1.3 ± 0.2 and 0.7 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. The results of this study further our knowledge of the course and morphology of the SON and STN and might be useful for better understanding and potentially treating some forms of migraine headache due to SON or STN compression/entrapment. Clin. Anat. 33:332–337, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Clinically relevant landmarks of the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve: A three‐dimensional study

The frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve (FTN) is vulnerable during craniofacial surgeries due to its superficial course and variable distribution. Surface landmarks that correlate with the underlying course of the FTN can assist in surgical planning. Estimates of the course of FTN commonly rely on Pitanguy's line (PL), which utilizes variable soft‐tissue landmarks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate palpable surface landmarks to predict the course and distribution of FTN using 3D modeling. Fifteen half‐heads were used. In five formalin‐embalmed specimens, surface topography was obtained using a FARO® scanner and landmarks corresponding to PL, porion, supraorbital notch, frontozygomatic and zygomaticotemporal sutures, and supraorbitomeatal line (SOML) and infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) were demarcated/digitized using a Microscribe? digitizer. A preauricular flap was raised, and branches of FTN were isolated and digitized. The data were reconstructed into 3D models (Geomagic®/Maya®) to quantify landmarks. In 10 Thiel‐embalmed specimens, four independent raters identified/palpated and pinned the frontozygomatic and zygomaticotemporal sutures and PL. Data were collected and analyzed using the same protocol as in the first part of the study. Landmarking of PL was inconsistent between raters and not representative of FTN distribution. The easily identifiable surface landmarks defined in this study, a line 12 mm anterior to the porion along the SOML and IOML and a line joining the zygomaticotemporal and frontozygomatic sutures, comprehensively captured the distribution of FTN. The raters found a mean of 21 ± 2 branches between the lines out of a total of 22 ± 2 branches. These landmarks may be used clinically to avoid injury to FTN. Clin. Anat. 25:858–865, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.