小儿尿路感染单中心临床和细菌耐药分析

目的探讨尿路感染(UTI)患儿临床特点、病原菌分布及耐药情况,以期合理指导临床治疗。方法以2010年1月至2013年12月上海交通大学附属儿童医院明确诊断UTI住院患儿264例为研究对象,对其临床资料、中段尿培养、药敏结果辅助检查及治疗情况进行回顾性分析。结果 UTI患儿中位年龄10个月,且以1岁的婴儿多见,为146例(55.30%)。264例中男多于女(1.095∶1),其中单纯性UTI 83例,余181例合并各种复杂因素。合并复杂因素中感染因素居首位(28.18%),其次为肾积水(17.13%)、膀胱输尿管反流(VUR,14.92%)、其他泌尿系统畸形(9.39%)等。尿培养共培养出病原菌138株,以大肠埃希菌(63.04%)和肺炎克雷伯杆菌(10.14%)等革兰阴性细菌为主,革兰阳性菌中以粪肠球菌(4.35%)为主。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)率:大肠埃希菌产酶率为68.97%(60/87),肺炎克雷伯杆菌高达78.57%(11/14)。药敏结果:细菌对头孢菌素类耐药率较高,如大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌对头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟和头孢他啶的耐药率达60%以上;而对碳氢酶烯类敏感率高,达85%以上,但发现了对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药菌株。泌尿系超声检查264例,异常44例(16.67%)。56例行MCU检查,发现27例存在VUR(男20例、女7例),年龄3个月至8岁。264例经治疗后UTI症状均好转,其中92例肾积水、VUR等泌尿系统畸形转至泌尿外科门诊随访。结论对小年龄UTI患儿应加强泌尿系超声和同位素等检查排除有无肾积水、VUR等泌尿系统畸形,男性患儿还应排除隐匿阴茎。鉴于本中心UTI患儿高耐药率和高产酶率现象,需进一步研究其耐药机制。     

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目的调查温州育英儿童医院小儿下呼吸道感染的病原菌及其耐药性。方法对2003-01—2004-12温州医学院附属育英儿童医院呼吸病区1763例下呼吸道感染患儿的痰液标本经分离培养,做菌株鉴定和药敏试验。结果共分离培养出病原菌715株,总阳性率为40·6%。其中革兰阴性菌448株,占62·7%;革兰阳性菌148株,占20·7%;真菌119株,占16·6%。革兰阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌为主。肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的百分率分别为49·3%和46·5%,较敏感的抗生素为亚胺培南、丁胺卡那霉素、环丙沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦;除铜绿假单胞菌对复方新诺明的耐药率为100%外,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对各种抗生素的耐药性均较低。革兰阳性菌中以肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主。肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率达到71·1%,对环丙沙星和万古霉素敏感,耐药率为0。金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)占18·0%(9/50),对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星和万古霉素敏感。结论温州地区小儿下呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主要病原菌。对抗生素的耐药性较强,临床上应注意对这些菌株的检测,积极防治。     

重症监护病房儿童腹腔感染相关脓毒症临床分离菌及耐药性分析

目的分析重症监护病房(ICU)儿童腹腔感染(IAI)相关脓毒症临床分离菌分布及耐药性, 为儿童IAI经验性抗感染治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年12月浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院收治的116例病原菌培养阳性的ICU IAI相关脓毒症患儿的病例资料, 按照不同的发病年份、发病地点、原发疾病, 进行临床分离菌及耐药性分析。结果共收集ICU儿童IAI相关脓毒症病原菌186株, 革兰阳性菌、革兰阴性菌以及真菌的占比分别为53.2%、40.9%、5.9%;屎肠球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、粪肠球菌是居前4位的分离菌, 占所有分离菌株的57.0%;革兰阳性菌常见屎肠球菌(19.9%)、粪肠球菌(10.2%);革兰阴性菌多见大肠埃希菌(13.4%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(13.4%);真菌以白色念珠菌(3.8%)为主。61例感染性疾病患儿培养出革兰阳性菌57株, 主要为屎肠球菌(28株);革兰阴性菌53株, 以肺炎克雷伯菌(21株)为主;40例消化道畸形患儿培养出革兰阳性菌32株, 粪肠球菌(6株)最常见;革兰阴性菌14株, 主要为大肠埃希菌(6株);13例消化系统恶性肿瘤患儿培养出革...     

单中心血液肿瘤患儿合并感染病原菌分布及耐药性病例系列报告

目的 回顾性分析血液肿瘤患儿感染病原菌的分布情况及药敏结果,为合理抗感染治疗提供依据。方法 菌株来源为2016年1月1日至2017年6月30日首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院(我院)血液肿瘤中心因怀疑感染而送检、病原培养阳性且排除污染和定植的标本,分析病原菌的构成和耐药情况。药敏试验采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法,按照2014年美国临床实验室标准化委员会标准进行结果判定。结果 2 095例次病原学培养阳性标本中共分离到病原菌2 188株,革兰阴性菌1 053株(48.1%)、革兰阳性菌837株(38.3%)、真菌298株(13.6%)。革兰阴性菌中以肺炎克雷伯杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌和大肠埃希菌为主要致病菌。革兰阳性菌以凝固酶阳性表皮葡萄球菌、人葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌多见。药敏情况:①耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌占革兰阳性菌的41.6%(348/837),以表皮葡萄球菌(84.9%,169/199)和人葡萄球菌(90.8%,129/142)为主,未检测到万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加环素耐药菌株。②超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBL)阳性菌占革兰阴性菌的31.9%(336/1 053),以肺炎克雷伯杆菌(63.8%,134/210)和大肠埃希菌(92.8%,90/97)为主;碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌占革兰阴性菌的23.6%(248/1 053),以肺炎克雷伯杆菌(63.8%,134/210)、大肠埃希杆菌(51.5%,50/97)和阴沟肠杆菌(34.5%,38/110)为主;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率均接近或超过50%,但对替加环素的耐药率为0.9%~13.4%,对阿米卡星的耐药率为10.0%~26.8%。③多重耐药、广泛耐药和全耐药鲍曼不动杆菌占全部鲍曼不动杆菌的32.6%(28/86)。鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类的耐药率为52.3%~58.1%,对多黏菌素的耐药率为1.2%。结论 血液肿瘤患儿合并感染以革兰阴性菌为主,耐药菌及条件致病菌检出率有增长趋势。     

儿科重症监护室细菌感染流行菌及其耐药性

目的研究我院儿科重症监护室(PICU)临床病原菌的变迁及其对常用抗生素的耐药性,指导临床合理选用抗生素。方法统计分析自1999年来对PICU临床分离细菌的监测,对2153例患儿采集标本1684例次,标本主要来源于呼吸道、脓液、尿、便和各种体液等。结果467例患儿细菌分离阳性,共分离病原体526株,其中革兰阳性菌100株(19·0%),主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌等;革兰阴性菌355株(67·5%),主要为克雷伯菌属、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肠杆菌、阴沟杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、黄杆菌等;真菌71株(13·5%)。近年来凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌有增多趋势。细菌耐药性检测结果提示PICU中革兰阴性菌对头孢唑啉敏感率17·9%,对头孢哌酮、头孢三嗪敏感率约50%,头孢他啶敏感率65·4%,头孢吡肟敏感率81·3%。葡萄球菌是阳性菌中主要耐药菌株,其耐甲氧西林发生率>55%,氨基糖苷类和万古霉素敏感率高;革兰阴性菌中主要耐药菌是克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和阴沟杆菌中产超β-内酰胺酶菌,其发生率分别是29·8%、22·2%和21·9%,对喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类抗生素敏感。结论加强耐药性监测,合理使用抗生素十分重要。     

新生儿下呼吸道感染病原学及耐药性检测

目的：调查该院新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）下呼吸道感染的病原菌及其耐药性。方法：对2005年1月至2006年12月该院NICU 1 173例下呼吸道感染新生儿的痰液标本经分离培养,做菌株鉴定和药敏试验。结果：共分离培养出病原菌707株,阳性率为60.3%。其中革兰阴性菌521株,占73.7%;革兰阳性菌106株,占15.0%;真菌80株,占11.3%。革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肠杆菌为主,较敏感的抗生素为亚胺培南、环丙沙星、第四代头孢菌素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、丁胺卡那霉素,肠杆菌的敏感谱与之相似,但敏感率较低。革兰阳性菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌和其他凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(CNS）为主。金黄色葡萄球菌和其他CNS对青霉素的耐药率达到100%,对万古霉素、环丙沙星和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感。结论： 该院NICU下呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主, 大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主要病原菌。     

新生儿重症监护室中泌尿道感染的流行病学和病原学分析

目的 探讨新生儿重症监护室(NICU)中泌尿道感染(UTI)的流行性和病原学特征,为临床合理选用抗生素提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2006年12月间入住圣路易斯华盛顿大学圣路易斯儿童医院NICU的所有新生儿的住院资料.结果 NICU的住院患儿中UTI的发生率为6.5%,最常见的病原菌是革兰阴性菌(63.7%),其中前3位是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌;革兰阳性球菌占24.8%,主要是肠球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS).大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌对氨苄青霉素均高度耐药,而对庆大霉素和头孢吡肟则高度敏感.革兰阴性菌中非大肠埃希菌菌属的耐药性高于大肠埃希菌.革兰阳性菌中,肠球菌对氨苄青霉素和万古霉素完全敏感;CNS对青霉素、苯唑青霉素和头孢唑啉完全耐药,对万古霉素和利福平则100%敏感.结论 NICU中泌尿系统感染的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌最常见.青霉素和氨苄青霉素总体耐药现象严重,已不适合作为一线用药.故有必要在使用抗生素前及时完善病原学检测和药物敏感试验以指导临床合理用药.     

泌尿道感染患儿病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨儿童泌尿道感染的菌群分布及耐药性特点。方法对住院及门诊患儿中段尿培养分离出的555株病原菌进行菌种鉴定及药物敏感试验,并对其结果进行分析。结果在分离的555株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌占80.7%,革兰阳性球菌占17.7%,真菌占1.6%。革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌为主,共检出300株,其中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)208株,产酶率69.3%;41株肺炎克雷伯菌中检出产ESBLs菌32株,占78.1%。革兰阳性菌以肠球菌为主,共检出70株(12.6%),对万古霉素和夫喃妥因的敏感率为100%。结论儿童泌尿道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,细菌耐药严重,临床应重视中段尿细菌培养,合理选用抗生素。     

新生儿社区和院内获得性肺炎的病原学特点及药敏分析

目的探讨新生儿社区获得性肺炎(CAP)和院内获得性肺炎(HAP)的病原分布和药敏情况。方法回顾性分析2010年1月—2014年12月因新生儿肺炎住院且痰培养阳性新生儿的临床资料。结果在3 564例CAP新生儿中共检出病原微生物4 383株,其中细菌3 584株、病毒771、真菌7株及非典型病原体21株。细菌以革兰阴性菌为主,3 045株(85.0%),细菌中排名前三的为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌;病毒以呼吸道合胞病毒为主,693株(89.9%)。在344例HAP新生儿中共检出病原微生物424株,其中细菌402株,真菌17株,呼吸道合胞病毒5株。细菌均为革兰阴性菌,未发现革兰阳性菌,排名前三的为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及鲍曼不动杆菌。CAP与HAP新生儿中革兰阴性菌产ESBLs菌分别为26.9%、46.8%,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05)。CAP、HAP的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌均对阿米卡星、碳青霉烯类高度敏感。HAP的肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物(除阿米卡星、喹诺酮类外)的敏感性普遍低于CAP,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05);HAP的大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物(除阿米卡星、喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类外)的敏感性普遍低于CAP,差异有统计学意义(P?0.05)。此外,还发现耐碳青霉烯类的肠杆菌。结论新生儿肺炎病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中CAP以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及金黄色葡萄球菌为主,HAP以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及鲍曼不动杆菌为主。HAP致病菌的产酶率和耐药性均普遍高于CAP,且有多重耐药趋势。     

1 606例新生儿败血症病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的研究败血症新生儿的病原菌分布及其耐药情况。方法回顾性分析2002年至2012年间收入新生儿重症监护病房的新生儿血培养及其药敏分析结果。结果共28 120份新生儿血培养标本中培养阳性1 606份(5.7%),共培养出病原菌1 665株;其中革兰阳性菌1 336株,以表皮葡萄球菌(902株)及溶血性葡萄球菌(206株)为主;革兰阴性菌235株,以肺炎克雷伯杆菌(108株)及大肠埃希菌(73株)为主。逐年比较,不同菌株的检出率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2012年175株病原菌的药敏结果显示,革兰阳性菌对利奈唑胺、替加环素和万古霉素的敏感率高,对青霉素耐药性达90%以上;革兰阴性菌对阿米卡星及亚胺培南敏感性高,对氨苄西林的耐药性较高。结论表皮葡萄球菌、溶血性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌及大肠埃希菌是新生儿败血症的主要病原菌,且普遍对青霉素耐药。     

原发性肾病综合征并尿路感染124例

目的 探讨原发性肾病综合征(PNS)并尿路感染(UTI)患儿的常见病原菌分布特点及耐药现状,并分析相关影响因素,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2007 - 2011年住院治疗的124例尿培养阳性PNS并UTI患儿的致病菌分布情况,并对常见致病菌进行药敏试验,以观察其对抗生素的敏感性,并分析PNS易并UTI的相关影响因素.结果 无症状UTI的PNS患儿占70.2％.革兰阴性杆菌是PNS并UTI的主要致病菌,占61.6％,其中大肠埃希菌占43.3％;革兰阳性球菌占34.8％,其中粪肠球菌占19.5％;真菌占3.0％.大肠埃希菌对羟苄西林耐药率最高,为88.7％,而对添加了克拉维酸钾的羟氨苄西林耐药率明显降低(34.2％);在头孢菌素类抗生素中,对头孢唑林、头孢曲松、头孢噻吩的耐药率均很高(＞50％),而对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦钠的耐药率明显低于其他头孢类抗生素(P＜0.01);大肠埃希菌对呋喃妥因、亚胺培南的耐药率低(＜10％).粪肠球菌对利福平耐药率高(82.1％),对呋喃妥因、万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐约率低(＜10％).低清蛋白血症、低IgG血症、大量蛋白尿、大剂量糖皮质激素及低密度脂蛋白、脂蛋白(a)升高可能是导致PNS患儿易发生UTI的因素.结论 PNS患儿由于多方面因素易并UTI.无症状UTI的PNS患儿占相当高的比例.大肠埃希菌是其主要致病菌,但肠球菌感染的比例相对增高,这些致病菌耐药性高,且大部分呈多重耐药,故应对此类患儿积极行尿培养检查以指导临床用药.     

Non-Escherichia coli versus Escherichia coli community-acquired urinary tract infections in children hospitalized in a tertiary center: relative frequency, risk factors, antimicrobial resistance and outcome

BACKGROUND: Currently hospitalization for children with urinary tract infections (UTIs) is reserved for severe or complicated cases. Changes may have taken place in the characteristics and causative uropathogens of hospital-treated community-acquired UTI. OBJECTIVES: To study children hospitalized in a tertiary center with community-acquired UTI, compare Escherichia coli and non-E. coli UTI, define predictors for non-E. coli UTI and elucidate the appropriate therapeutic approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective clinical and laboratory study from 2001 through 2002 in a tertiary pediatric medical center. Patients were divided by results of the urine culture into E. coli and non-E. coli UTI groups, which were compared. RESULTS: Of 175 episodes of culture-proved UTI, 70 (40%) were caused by non-E. coli pathogens. Non-E. coli UTI was more commonly found in children who were male (P = 0.005), who had underlying renal abnormalities (P = 0.0085) and who had received antibiotic therapy in the prior month (P = 0.0009). Non-E. coli uropathogens were often resistant to antibiotics usually recommended for initial therapy for UTI, including cephalosporins and aminoglycosides; 19% were initially treated with inappropriate empiric intravenous antibiotics (compared with 2% for E. coli UTI, P = 0.0001), with a longer hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Current treatment routines are often inappropriate for hospitalized children with non-E. coli UTI, which is relatively common in this population. The defined risk factors associated with non-E. coli UTIs and its antimicrobial resistance patterns should be considered to improve empiric antibiotic therapy for these infections.     

儿童泌尿道感染诊治规范

泌尿道感染(UTI)是儿童最常见的感染性疾病之一。儿童UTI的临床症状可不典型,需结合尿沉渣分析与尿细菌学检查诊断,必要时需完善影像学评估有无泌尿系统发育畸形等。一旦诊断UTI需给予敏感抗菌药物治疗,抗菌药物选择应结合患儿一般情况、所在地区耐药发生率、既往用药史、尿细菌学药敏结果综合判断。此外,UTI并膀胱输尿管反流的...     

Risk assessment of renal cortical scarring with urinary tract infection by clinical features and ultrasonography.

AIMS: To address some of the issues in the ongoing debate over the optimal diagnostic imaging following childhood urinary tract infection (UTI), by determining the risk of missing renal cortical scarring which would be detected on a technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) gold standard if ultrasound alone were used, factoring for clinical features (upper or lower tract), UTI recurrence, and age group (infants, preschool, or school age). METHODS: Details of UTI clinical features and recurrence were recorded for 990 children with a proven UTI, and their DMSA and ultrasound results were compared for each kidney. RESULTS: The risks of missing DMSA scarring varied between 0.4% (school age children with solitary lower tract UTI) and 11.1% (infants with recurrent upper tract UTI). CONCLUSIONS: UTI clinical features are important in assessing the need for DMSA imaging. Current UK imaging guidelines are endorsed, although preschool children with solitary lower tract UTI remain a controversial group and more attention needs to focused on children with recurrent UTI.     

儿童泌尿系感染临床管理现状分析

目的初步了解儿童泌尿系感染临床管理现状,为今后制订适于我国实际的临床指南提供参考。方法对自1994年至2003年间入院诊断泌尿系感染(泌感)的患儿病史进行回顾性分析,通过电话回访了解出院后的随诊情况。结果74例入院诊断泌感的患儿,最终仅有20例(27.0%)符合严格的泌尿系感染诊断标准。仅有11例(14.9%)完成多项影像学检查(包括B超及膀胱输尿管反流筛查),膀胱输尿管反流阳性2例。回访成功41例,其中仅13例(31.7%)出院后在门诊定期随诊,8/13例仍有反复泌尿系感染。结论①按照严格的泌尿系感染诊断标准,许多入院时的泌感诊断不能成立,将被纠正;②寻找泌感潜在病因时影像学检查不够充分,这可能是膀胱输尿管反流诊断率相对低(2/20例,10.0%)的原因之一;③泌感患儿随诊率极低,有碍于控制泌感复发。今后确应重视小儿泌尿系感染的严格诊断程序、影像学检查及随诊管理。     

Changing trend in antimicrobial resistance of pediatric uropathogens in Taiwan

Background: There is growing concern regarding antimicrobial resistance worldwide, particularly of Escherichia coli, and the first choice of an antimicrobial agent for empiric treatment of pediatric urinary tract infection (UTI) is not well established. Methods: The medical records from January 1991 to December 2005 for all children under 18 years of age admitted to Tri‐Service General Hospital, Taipei for their first UTI were reviewed. Two study periods, early (1991–2000) and late (2001–2005), were chosen during the 15 year period for evaluating the trend of antimicrobial resistance. Results: Of the 368 isolates, E. coli was the most common pathogen (81.0%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.5%), Enterococcus spp. (6.0%), and Proteus mirabilis (3.5%). Of the 368 isolates, 77.4% were resistant to ampicillin, 44.6% to co‐trimoxazole, 27.2% to cephalothin, 15.0% to gentamicin, and 8.4% to nitrofurantoin. In the early (1991–2000) and late (2001–2005) study periods, 199 isolates (54.1%) and 169 isolates (45.9%), respectively, were compared. The resistance to antimicrobial agents for overall pathogens in the early and late study periods, respectively, was as follows: 68.8% and 88.0% to ampicillin, 48.9% and 46.6% to co‐trimoxazole, 26.8% and 28.9% to cephalothin, 16.2% and 19.8% to gentamicin, and 8.7% and 9.0% to nitrofurantoin. Conclusion: Among commonly used antimicrobial agents for the treatment of pediatric UTI, there is a trend towards increasing resistance to ampicillin and a persistently low resistance rate to gentamicin, cephalosporin, and nitrofurantoin. Parenteral first‐generation cephalosporins, gentamicin, and oral nitrofurantoin should be considered for first‐line agents, given the resistance patterns of this study.     

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目的分析儿童侵袭性肺炎链球菌疾病(IPD)的临床特征及侵袭性肺炎链球菌耐药特点。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2011年3月苏州大学附属儿童医院收治的38例IPD患儿的临床资料及侵袭性肺炎链球菌的药敏结果。结果 (1)38例患儿中男25例,女13例,男女比为1.92∶1;年龄78d至12岁,其中<2岁18例(47.37%),2～5岁12例(31.58%),>5岁8例(21.05%)。脓毒血症25例,占65.79%,是最多见的临床疾病,其中合并肺炎10例;其次为化脓性脑膜炎12例,占31.58%,合并肺炎3例;坏死性肺炎2例,占5.26%;2例患儿同时存在脓毒血症、化脓性脑膜炎和肺炎。6例(15.79%)患儿存在基础疾病;6例(15.79%)合并其他病原感染。临床治愈33例(73%),死亡2例,自动放弃2例。(2)38株侵袭性肺炎链球菌中,青霉素不敏感率为52.63%,对其他9种常用抗生素的耐药率从高到低依次为:红霉素(94.74%)、克林霉素(93.75%)、四环素(82.25%)、复方新诺明(61.54%)、头孢噻肟(23.53%)、氯霉素(15.79%),未发现对万古霉素、左氧氟沙星、利福平耐药。多重耐药率84.21%。结论 IPD好发于5岁以内儿童尤其是2岁以内的婴幼儿,临床上主要表现为脓毒血症、化脓性脑膜炎等,加强侵袭性肺炎链球菌的耐药监测对指导临床用药有重要意义。     

细菌性脑膜炎的病原体及抗生素敏感性分析

目的　回顾分析我院 1 997～ 2 0 0 3年儿童细菌性脑膜炎 (菌脑 )的病原体及其抗生素敏感性。方法　分析符合菌脑临床诊断患儿脑脊液或血培养分离菌及其药敏试验结果。结果　菌脑 40 1例患儿中 97例细菌培养阳性 ,诊断阳性率 2 4 % ,最常见病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌 (2 8% ) ,其次是肺炎链球菌 (1 9% )与大肠杆菌 (1 3 % ) ,并出现条件致病菌如微球菌。金黄色葡萄球菌分离株对青霉素不敏感 ,其中 1株对万古霉素与替考拉宁耐药 ;大肠杆菌、肠杆菌和假单胞菌均有对泰能的耐药株。结论　金黄色葡萄球菌是菌脑主要病原菌 ,临床用药须考虑当地的病原菌及其耐药问题。     

Characteristics and clinical significance of bacterial colonization of ureteral double-J stents in children

ObjectiveTo determine the frequency, type of pathogen and clinical significance of bacterial colonization of double-J stents after pyeloplasty in children.Patients and methodsThe medical files of 82 consecutive children (22 girls, 60 boys) who underwent pyeloplasty at a tertiary pediatric medical center in 2000–2007 were reviewed. Additional inclusion criteria were sterile urine preoperatively and placement of an indwelling double-J stent during surgery. Intravenous gentamicin was administered prior to pyeloplasty and stent removal; cephalexin was administered postoperatively until discharge. Children with a postoperative urinary tract infection (UTI) received full-dose antimicrobial treatment followed by prophylaxis until stent removal.ResultsMedian patient age at surgery was 11 months (1 month–17.5 years). Forty-nine stents were inserted on the left side, 32 on the right, and one bilaterally. Cultures showed bacterial colonization in 58 cases (70.7%); 15 (25.8%) grew Staphylococcus (coagulase negative and positive). Eight children had febrile UTI postoperatively; in four the stent was colonized by Enterococci and in one by Proteus; three were sterile. There was no statistically significant association between positive stent culture and febrile UTI, patient age or sex, or stent laterality. The study was potentially limited by its observational design, small sample size, and the selective antibiotic treatment of patients with UTI which may have affected stent bacterial resistance.ConclusionBacterial colonization is not uncommon in double-J stents retained for several weeks after pyeloplasty, but is usually not clinically significant. Enterococcus is the most frequent pathogen.     

Risk assessment of renal cortical scarring with urinary tract infection by clinical features and ultrasonography

AIMS—To address some of the issues in the ongoing debate over the optimal diagnostic imaging following childhood urinary tract infection (UTI), by determining the risk of missing renal cortical scarring which would be detected on a technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) gold standard if ultrasound alone were used, factoring for clinical features (upper or lower tract), UTI recurrence, and age group (infants, preschool, or school age).
METHODS—Details of UTI clinical features and recurrence were recorded for 990 children with a proven UTI, and their DMSA and ultrasound results were compared for each kidney.
RESULTS—The risks of missing DMSA scarring varied between 0.4% (school age children with solitary lower tract UTI) and 11.1% (infants with recurrent upper tract UTI).
CONCLUSIONS—UTI clinical features are important in assessing the need for DMSA imaging. Current UK imaging guidelines are endorsed, although preschool children with solitary lower tract UTI remain a controversial group and more attention needs to focused on children with recurrent UTI.