妊娠高血压综合征患者凝血、抗凝及纤溶系统的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨妊娠高血压综合征(妊高征)患者凝血、抗凝、纤溶功能指标的改变及其临床意义。方法分别应用凝固法、发色底物法和免疫法检测85例妊高征患者、50例晚期妊娠者及50名正常非孕妇女血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化的部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)、纤溶酶原(PLG)、α2-抗纤溶酶(α2-AP)、D-二聚体(D-dimer)。所有测定均在SysmexCA-7000全自动血凝仪上完成。结果与对照组比较,晚孕组及妊高征各组PT、APTT、Fbg、AT-Ⅲ、PLG、α2-PI、D-dimer差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);与晚孕组比较,妊高征及各组PT、APTT、Fbg、AT-Ⅲ、PLG、α2-PI、D-dimer差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);且随病情加重差异有增高趋势。结论正常晚孕妇女处于高凝状态,而妊高征患者存在明显的高凝状态,且有血栓形成倾向。产前进行凝血与纤溶功能的检查对妊高征的监测和治疗有一定临床意义。     

肝实质损害患者凝血、抗凝和纤溶指标检测及其临床意义

肝实质损害的患者因肝细胞严重损害 ,致使肝功能减退 ,多系统受累 ,血液系统亦发生不同程度的异常改变。我们对 4 5例肝硬化、肝癌患者及 4 0例健康人进行了PT、APTT、Fib、TT、凝血因子 (Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ )活性、AT、PLG、α2 AP检测 ,现报告如下 :1　材料与方法1 1　仪器     

妊娠高血压综合征患者凝血、抗凝及纤溶系统的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨妊娠高血压综合征（妊高征）患者凝血、抗凝、纤溶功能指标的改变及其临床意义。方法分别应用凝固法、发色底物法和免疫法检测85例妊高征患者、50例晚期妊娠者及50例正常非孕女性血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、纤维蛋白原（Fbg）、抗凝血酶Ⅲ（AT-Ⅲ）、纤溶酶原（PLG）、α2-抗纤溶酶（α2-AP）、D二聚体（Ddimer）。所有测定均在SysmexCA-7000全自动血凝仪上完成。结果与健康对照组比较,晚孕组及妊高征各组PT、APTT、Fbg、AT-Ⅲ、PLG、α2-PI、D-dimer差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;与晚孕组比较,妊高征各组PT、APTT、Fbg、AT—Ⅲ、PLG、α2-PI、D-dimer差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,且随病情加重差异有增高趋势。结论正常晚孕女性处于高凝状态,而妊高征患者存在明显的高凝状态,且有血栓形成倾向。产前进行凝血与纤溶功能的检查对妊高征的监测和治疗有一定临床意义。     

肝硬化患者凝血抗凝及纤溶指标的变化及临床意义

目的探讨肝硬化患者凝血功能、抗凝及纤溶指标的改变及其对治疗和预后的指导作用。方法对正常人和肝硬化患者检测凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血酶原时间（APTT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、凝血酶时间（TT）、抗凝血酶Ⅲ（ATⅢ）、蛋白C（PC）、纤溶酶原活性（PLG）、组织型纤溶酶原活化物（t—PA）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂（PAI）,用SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果肝硬化患者PT（P〈0．01）、APTT（P〈0．05）、TT（P〈0．01）、t-PA（P〈0．01）明显高于健康对照组,FIB（P〈0．05）、ATⅢ（P〈0．01）、PLG活性（P〈0．01）、PC（P〈0．01）、PAI（P〈0．01）明显低于健康对照组。结论肝硬化患者存在抗凝活性下降及易发纤溶,各指标可用于评价肝脏损伤程度,防止出血及判断预后。     

儿童重症肺炎患者凝血纤溶功能指标变化及分析

目的:分析儿童重症肺炎患者血小板计数(platelets,PLT)、凝血功能及纤溶功能指标变化的临床意义.方法:选取诊断为肺炎的儿科住院患者132例.按照肺部感染的程度将其分为普通肺炎组84例和重症肺炎组48例,选择同期门诊健康体检儿童70例作为对照组.所有研究对象清晨空腹采集静脉血进行凝血和纤溶功能检测,包括血浆凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血凝血酶原时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、血浆纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,Fib)、D二聚体(D-Dimer,D-D)、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(Antithrombin III,AT3)和血小板计数.结果:普通肺炎组和对照组比较,PT、APTT、Fib和PLT四项差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但两者D-D、AT3差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).与另外两组比较,重症肺炎组AT3、PLT水平均低于普通肺炎组和对照组,PT、APTT、Fib和D-D则高于另外两个分组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:重症肺炎患儿容易发生凝血纤溶功能障碍,监控凝血纤溶功能指标对临床诊治有重要的意义.     

纤溶酶与小剂量尿激酶治疗短暂性脑缺血发作中的临床对比分析

目的对比观察纤溶酶与小剂量尿激酶治疗短暂性脑缺血发作中的临床效果。方法选取2011年10月至2013年10月诊治的短暂性脑缺血发作患者109例,根据治疗方法不同分为两组,54例患者采用小剂量尿激酶治疗为对照组,55例患者采用纤溶酶治疗为观察组。比较两组患者短暂性脑缺血发作的停止时间、相关指标的改变情况[凝血酶时间(TT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)]、治疗效果、不良反应情况。结果治疗后两组患者TT、PT、APTT均有不同程度的升高,而Fib呈现出不同程度的下降;组间治疗后比较,观察组患者TT、PT均明显低于对照组,Fib明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但APTT比较差异无显著性(P0.05)。观察组短暂性脑缺血发作停止时间明显小于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患者总有效率98.2%稍高于对照组的96.3%,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者不良反应发生率1.8%明显低于对照组的14.8%,差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论纤溶酶与小剂量尿激酶均是治疗短暂性脑缺血发作的有效药物,但纤溶酶起效更快,不良反应更少,安全性更高。     

肿瘤患者凝血及纤溶状态的改变

目的 探讨恶性肿瘤患者凝血、抗凝及纤溶指标的变化及其临床意义。方法 用Culter ACL-200全自动血凝仪对35例正常对照,25例子宫肌瘤,98例恶性肿瘤(胃癌20例,结直肠癌21例,食道癌18例,肺癌19例,宫颈癌20例)的凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、凝血酶凝固时间(TT)、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)、纤溶酶原(PLG)及α2-纤溶抑制物(α2-PI)进行检测。结果 恶性肿瘤组PT、APTT、TT水平较正常对照组增高,但无显著性差异;Fbg含量增高,AT-Ⅲ活性降低,PLC及2-PI活性增高,有显著性差异(p<0.05或p<0.01);恶性肿瘤有转移组与无转移组比较Fbg舍量增加、TT缩短、AT-Ⅲ、PLG及α2-PI活性均有显著性改变(p<0.05或p<0.01)。子宫肌瘤的上述指标与正常对照组之间无统计学差异。结论 恶性肿瘤凝血功能增强,抗凝及纤溶活性降低,机体处于高凝状态,有血栓形成倾向;恶性肿瘤有转移组纤溶活性增高则有助于恶性肿瘤转移。     

凝血-纤溶-抗凝功能检测在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的应用

目的探讨凝血-纤溶-抗凝系统功能检测在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重期(AECOPD)的临床应用价值。方法选择该院收治的84例AECOPD作为观察组,另选择同期健康体检者84例作为对照组。检测两组凝血-纤溶-抗凝系统功能,对比两组凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)及纤维蛋白(原)降解产物(FDP)、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)、D-二聚体(D-D)水平。结果观察组凝血四项检测指标PT、APTT、TT和Fib水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组FDP和D-D水平均高于对照组,AT-Ⅲ水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 AECOPD患者常存在较为明显的凝血-纤溶-抗凝功能系统失衡状态,故在AECOPD患者治疗中需密切监测凝血、纤溶、抗凝指标。     

肝硬化患者凝血指标的变化及其临床意义

目的研究肝硬化患者血浆凝血酶时间（TT），凝血酶原时间（PT），活化部分凝血酶原时间（APTT），纤维蛋白原（Fib）4项凝血指标的变化及其临床意义。方法用全自动血凝仪对肝硬化患者及健康对照组进行TT、PT、APTT、Fib的测定。结果与健康对照组比较，肝硬化患者TT、PT、APTT明显延长（P〈0．01），Fib明显降低（P〈0．01），随着肝功能损害程度的加重，其凝血功能障碍越明显。结论肝硬化患者血液处于明显的低凝状态，及时对此类患者检测凝血指标有利于了解肝硬化患者肝功能损害程度，预防继发性出血，指导临床诊疗。     

恶性肿瘤患者凝血功能的变化及临床意义

目的 探讨恶性肿瘤患者凝血功能指标的变化及其临床意义.方法 采用Thromblyzer Compact BE全自动血凝分析仪来检测85例恶性肿瘤患者(包括早期患者42例和晚期患者43例)及40例健康对照组的凝血功能水平,主要包括凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)及纤维蛋白原(Fib)等指标的检测.结果 早期恶性肿瘤组TT、Fib水平均显著高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),2组PT、APTT水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);晚期恶性肿瘤组PT、TT、APTT和Fib水平均显著高于健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),且晚期恶性肿瘤组PT、APTT、TT和Fib水平也均显著高于早期恶性肿瘤组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 PT、APTT和TT等时间指标的延长提示晚期恶性肿瘤患者存在凝血功能紊乱;Fib指标的增高可导致晚期恶性肿瘤患者血栓形成和癌细胞远处转移.     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

Prevalence and severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and effect of vitamin supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: Although nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is the most common medical condition during pregnancy, there are many unanswered questions regarding its cause, epidemiologic features and optimal management. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of nausea and vomiting in a sample of Canadian women, to characterize the distribution of their severity and to investigate the role of vitamin B6 deficiency in their etiology. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Antenatal counselling service for pregnant women. PATIENTS: Three cohorts of women: a prospective, population-based cohort of 193 women, to estimate the rate and severity of nausea and vomiting (cohort A); a cohort of 555 women who sought advice for nausea with or without vomiting, to study the correlation between the maximal daily number of episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss (cohort B); and a prospective cohort of 301 women who reported vomiting, to correlate vitamin supplementation with vomiting (cohort C). INTERVENTIONS: All 3 cohorts were interviewed during the counselling session, and cohort B was followed up prospectively. OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of nausea and vomiting, weight loss, maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting, rate of multivitamin supplementation. RESULTS: Overall, 67% of the women in cohort A reported experiencing nausea or vomiting, or both; 22% reported vomiting, and 9% experienced weight loss. In cohort B there was a significant correlation between the maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss, although there was wide variation (r2 = 0.25, p < 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between the number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss (r2 = 0.99). In cohort C, vomiting was significantly associated with lack of supplementation with multivitamins before 6 weeks' gestation (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The relation between number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss may serve as a clinical tool to assess the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and the success of anti-emetics and rehydration regimens. Further study is needed to elucidate the biologic basis of the observed association between vomiting and lack of multivitamin supplementation in early pregnancy.     

胃癌DNA含量与E-cad、EGFR表达的关系及其意义

目的　探讨胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR表达的关系 ,评价其在浸润、转移潜能及预后判断中的作用。方法　应用图像分析仪及SP免疫组化法检测 30例正常胃黏膜上皮、30例不典型增生和 5 0例胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR蛋白表达情况。结果　①正常胃黏膜上皮、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌组的DI、PI、S %、>5c %逐渐增高 ,与胃癌分期、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。②E cad在正常胃黏膜上皮阳性表达率 10 0 % ,EGFR呈阴性表达 ;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌E cad阳性表达率逐渐降低 ,EGFR的阳性表达率逐渐升高 ,且差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;E cad表达减弱、EGFR表达升高与胃癌分化差、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。③E cad表达阴性的胃癌DNA指数及EGFR表达水平显著高于E cad阳性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　检测DNA含量及E cad、EGFR蛋白表达有助于胃癌的早期诊断及转移潜能和预后的判断。