灵长类去细胞神经的萃取制备及异体移植后早期神经再生观察

目的发展新的化学处理方法，清除灵长类周围神经中的细胞和髓鞘，降低其抗原性，萃取粗大和长段的去细胞神经移植物，并观察其同种异体移植的早期神经再生。方法以Triton X-100和脱氧胆酸钠溶液化学处理猴长段正中神经和坐骨神经。萃取的去细胞神经行普通组织学染色、免疫组化染色及透射电镜检查，观察其组织结构。以去细胞神经同种异体移植修复猴正中神经3．0cm和胫神经5、0cm缺损，术后3周和8周，通过大体观察、HE染色及免疫组化染色观察早期神经再生一结果细胞和髓鞘已被彻底清除，神经基底膜和雪旺细胞基底板层保留完好，去细胞神经成为空的神经基质管。移植术后8周轴突再生已通过远端吻合口，移植段再血管化及雪旺细胞增殖良好。结论该化学处理可萃取灵长类粗大和长段的去细胞神经，作为同种神经移植物不会被排斥吸收。     

优化法去细胞大鼠神经同种异体移植修复坐骨神经缺损

[目的]以优化法去细胞大鼠神经移植,修复同种异体坐骨神经缺损,观察术后动物的免疫排斥、早期功能恢复及神经再生情况。[方法]以优化去细胞方法处理新鲜取材的成年SD大鼠坐骨神经,移植修复同种异体1.0cm坐骨神经缺损,以自体神经和新鲜异体神经移植为对照,术后1个月行坐骨神经功能指数评价、神经电生理和组织学检查,观察动物在功能恢复、免疫排斥及神经再生方面的情况。[结果]自体神经和去细胞异体神经移植组动物的坐骨神经功能指数无显著差异(P>0.05),大体观察均可见神经连续性良好。电生理检测表明2组动物移植神经均已恢复电传导能力,在传导速度(CV)上无显著差异(P>0.05),但均未达到正常神经水平(P<0.05)。组织学观察则显示2组再生神经纤维均已长入移植段远端。S-100免疫组化显示两者在雪旺氏细胞数、形态和排列等方面无明显差异。2组在CD8 T细胞和巨噬细胞免疫组化染色阳性面积百分比上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。计算移植神经中段轴突密度后表明两者无显著差异(P>0.05),但都比正常神经小(P<0.05),比新鲜异体神经移植组大(P<0.05)。[结论]优化去细胞神经移植组与自体神经移植组在免疫排斥、功能恢复及神经再生方面无显著差异。优化法去细胞神经在移植修复同种异体神经缺损时,可以达到免疫耐受,其早期功能恢复和神经再生情况良好,在修复周围神经缺损时可以作为自体神经移植的一种替代疗法。     

犬化学去细胞神经同种异体移植的早期观察

目的：以化学去细胞同种异体神经，移植修复犬粗大神经的长段缺损，观察早期功能恢复及神经再生。方法：去细胞神经移植组和自体神经移植组各3犬，分别桥接坐骨神经5.0cm缺损。术后3个月观察其运动功能及神经再生。结果：实验组和对照组在术后功能恢复；移植段内新生神经纤维、新生血管及许旺细胞；吻合口远端有髓神经纤维等方面非常相似。结论：化学去细胞神经作为同种异体神经移植物，在修复粗大和长段神经缺损时不会被宿主排斥和吸收，其早期功能恢复及神经再生与自体神经移植无明显差别。     

异体神经结构性移植影响因素及预处理方法

周围神经损伤长段缺损的修复历来是创伤外科的难题之一,大量动物实验和临床研究主要聚焦于寻找理想的人工神经移植替代物.同种异体神经具有不可比拟的天然神经结构,是目前修复周围神经损伤的主要手段,但其抗原性去除不彻底及基底膜结构保留不完整也成为主要难题.近年采用化学萃取去细胞法已取得促进神经再生的效果,展示出良好的应用前景.该文就同种异体神经移植的影响因素(抗原性和结构性)及异体神经预处理方法(物理法、化学去细胞法和联合应用)作一综述,为深入研究去细胞同种异体神经移植提供参考.     

优化法去细胞神经同种异体及异种移植的比较

目的 分别以优化法去细胞(OA)大鼠坐骨神经及兔臂丛分支移植修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损,观察免疫排斥情况、早期功能恢复及神经再生情况,以比较此优化法处理的同种异体及异种神经移植物修复周围神经缺损的能力. 方法 以新鲜新西兰大白兔臂丛分支、自体坐骨神经、OA处理过的新鲜取材的SD大鼠坐骨神经及新西兰大白兔臂丛分支,移植修复成年SD大鼠坐骨神经1.0 cm缺损,即新鲜异种神经移植组、自体神经移植组、OA异种神经移植和OA异体神经移植组,分别于术后1个月及3个月行功能评价(SFI)、电生理(CV)和组织学检查,观察免疫排斥、功能恢复及神经再生情况. 结果 术后1个月,OA异体和OA异种神经移植组的SFI、CV、轴突密度分别为:61.38±5.59、(32.23±0.91)m/s、(22.26±1.74)m/s和(0.782±0.081)(个/100 μm2),3个月分别为59.00±5.40、(31.80±0.99)m/s、(23.35±2.40)m/s和(0.778±0.046)(个/100μm2);术后1个月,异体和异种神经移植CD8+T细胞和巨噬细胞染色阳性百分比分别为0.17385±0.01805、0.09299±0.01565和0.30223±0.09449、0.19537±0.02010.同种异体神经移植组与异种神经移植组在免疫排斥、功能恢复及神经再生方面差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),且都明显优于未处理新鲜神经移植组(P＜0.05).3个月时的神经再生及功能恢复情况优于1个月组(P＜0.05). 结论 优化去细胞法处理的同种异体及异种神经移植物在修复周围神经缺损时,均可以达到免疫耐受,移植动物早期功能恢复和神经再生情况良好.     

犬化学去细胞神经同种异体移植的神经再生研究

目的 观察犬去细胞异体神经移植后近期神经再生的情况。谅15只家犬分成实验组（去细胞神经移植组，6只犬），对照组I（自体神经移植组，6只犬），对照组Ⅱ（新鲜异体神经移植组，3只犬），制成犬坐骨神经缺损5.0cm的模型，以上述3种神经移植物桥接修复。术后6个月行神经再生的组织学观察。结果 实验组移植段内有大量的新生神经纤维，新生血管及雪旺细胞；远端胫神经内出现大量的有髓神经纤维；靶肌肉运动终板的数量，形态及分布均良好。实验组和对照组I非常相似。结论 化学去细胞神经作为同种异体神经移植物，在修复术的粗大和长段神经缺损时不会被宿主排斥和吸收，其神经再生与自体神经移植无明显差别。     

去细胞异种神经复合同种异体脂肪干细胞修复猕猴周围神经缺损的免疫反应研究

目的观察去细胞异种神经复合同种异体脂肪干细胞修复猕猴周围神经缺损后的全身及局部免疫排斥反应,评价该修复材料的安全性。方法健康成年雄性长白猪1只,体重48 kg,取胫神经制备去细胞异种神经;健康成年雄性猕猴1只,体重4.5 kg,分离培养脂肪干细胞;健康成年雌性猕猴10只,体重3～5 kg,制备25 mm长桡神经缺损动物模型,随机分为复合细胞组和无细胞组(n=5),前者采用去细胞异种神经复合第3代脂肪干细胞移植修复,后者采用去细胞异种神经移植修复。于术前及术后14、60、90 d抽取外周静脉血行淋巴细胞分析;术后5个月取材观察移植物组织免疫反应和神经再生情况,并与自体神经移植组作比较。结果复合细胞组与无细胞组术前及术后各时间点外周静脉血淋巴细胞数量、T淋巴细胞百分率及其数量、CD8+T淋巴细胞百分率、CD4+/CD8+T淋巴细胞比值间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后14 d,复合细胞组CD4+T淋巴细胞百分率低于其余时间点,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);同一时间点两组间比较,除术后14 d复合细胞组CD4+T淋巴细胞百分率低于无细胞组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)外,其余各时间点各指标组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后5个月,去细胞异种神经与周围组织有轻度粘连,神经外膜较自体神经厚,未见组织坏死、纤维瘢痕形成,移植物内见再生神经纤维,复合细胞组、无细胞组均有稀疏的CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD68+、CD163+T淋巴细胞散在分布,细胞浸润情况与自体神经移植组类似。结论去细胞异种神经移植修复猕猴周围神经缺损后未产生全身及局部免疫排斥反应;复合同种异体脂肪干细胞移植后也未发现免疫排斥反应,且术后早期可能抑制CD4+T淋巴细胞增殖。     

犬化学去细胞神经同种异体移植的实验研究

目的以化学去细胞同种坐骨神经移植修复犬坐骨神经的长段缺损，观察其功能恢复及神经再生。方法15犬分成去细胞同种神经组(实验组)6犬、自体神经组(对照组Ⅰ)6犬、新鲜同种神经组(对照组Ⅱ)3犬。右侧坐骨神经造成5．0cm长缺损，以上述三种移植物桥接修复。术后6个月行步态分析、神经电生理及神经再生观察。结果实验组和对照组Ⅰ在运动功能恢复，踝关节运动步态，小腿二头肌运动诱发电位、感觉诱发电位，移植段内新生轴突、血管及雪旺细胞，远端胫神经内有髓神经纤维及靶肌肉运动终板等方面非常相似。对照组Ⅱ神经功能始终无恢复，移植段被吸收。结论化学去细胞同种神经移植物修复犬粗大长段神经缺损时不会被宿主排斥和吸收，其近期功能恢复及神经再生与自体神经移植无明显差别。     

化学去细胞异体神经复合肝细胞生长因子修复周围神经缺损的研究

目的 研究化学去细胞异体神经复合人肝细胞生长因子(HGF)修复周围神经缺损的作用.方法 体外试验检测携带人肝细胞生长因子基冈的重组腺病毒(Ad-HGF)对小鼠骨骼肌细胞的转染效率以及转染细胞对目的 蛋白的表达.化学玄细胞异体神经修复大鼠坐骨神经10mm缺损后,近、远端吻合口附近肌肉分别注射腺病毒介导的人肝细胞生长因子(Ad-HGF),与自体神经移植组对照,通过步态分析、肌肉湿重测定、轴突生长速率测定、神经电生理、计算机图像分析等指标评价神经移植后再生效果.结果 流式细胞仪结果表明,随着病毒滴度的增加,Ad-HGF对骨骼肌细胞的转染不断增加.骨骼肌细胞对目的 蛋白(HGF)的表达可以持续两周.大鼠动物实验术后16周,去细胞异体神经可以修复周罔神经缺损,同自体神经移植对比,肝细胞生长因子明显增强了去细胞异体神经的神经再生能力.结论 复合肝细胞生K因子的化学去细胞异体神经能促进神经轴突牛长速度,显著增加移植物内新生血管,满意修复一定长度周围神经缺损,可以成为一种有效的周围神经组织工程修复材料.     

去细胞异体神经移植后T细胞亚群及细胞内细胞因子的实验研究

目的 为化学去细胞同种异体周围神经移植的临床应用提供进一步的免疫学实验依据.方法 128只BALB/C小鼠分随机分为假手术组、自体神经移植组、新鲜异体神经移植组和化学去细胞异体神经移植组,每组32只.对各实验组分别进行相应的手术.分别在术后3、7、14、28 d将各组8只小鼠脾淋巴细胞进行分离,特异性荧光标记的单克隆抗体作用后,经流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞亚群及细胞内细胞因子的水平及其变化趋势. 结果 在各时间点中,化学去细胞神异体经移植组CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD25+阳性细胞率以及IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α阳性细胞率与假手术组、自体神经移植组相比差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).而新鲜异体神经移植组与其他三组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 化学去细胞处理的同种异体神经的免疫源性等于或接近于自体神经,明显低于新鲜同种异体神经.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.