创伤性血气胸692例诊治分析

目的 总结创伤性血气胸及其合并伤的临床诊断及治疗经验,以提高对该疾病的认识.方法 回顾性分析1980年3月至2009年4月我科收治692例创伤性血气胸患者的临床资料,根据不同的诊治方案,包括保守观察、单纯胸腔穿刺、闭式胸腔引流、剖胸手术、呼吸功能竭衰者应用呼吸机及多发伤请相关科室协助诊治等,评价各自的疗效.对创伤性血气胸导致死亡危险因素进行单因素和多因素相关分析.结果 本组治愈635例,治愈率为91.8%,死亡57例,死亡率为8.2%.单因素分析创伤性血气胸死亡的危险因素主要为休克(OR=1.068,95%CI:1.032～1.125,P=0.001)和合并多发伤(OR=0.682,95%CI:0.128～0.735,P=0.007).多因素分析创伤性血气胸死亡的危险因素为休克(OR=1.052,95%CI:1.002～1.105,P=0.031).结论 休克和合并多发伤是创伤性血气胸导致死亡的独立危险因素.     

胸腹腔镜联合食管癌根治术后肺部并发症的危险因素分析

目的分析胸腹腔镜联合食管癌根治术后肺部并发症的危险因素,探讨肺保护性通气策略对肺部并发症的影响。方法行胸腹腔镜联合食管癌根治术患者348例,采用单因素和多因素分析方法探讨胸腹腔镜联合食管癌根治术后肺部并发症的独立危险因素。结果 348例患者肺部并发症的发生率为24.42%。多因素分析显示,高龄[优势比(OR)=3.934,95%可信区间(95%CI):1.431~9.478]、吸烟(OR=3.256,95%CI:1.204~8.863),术前合并糖尿病(OR=4.835,95%CI:1.454~11.562),术前合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病(OR=6.714,95%CI:1.528~13.762),肿瘤位于胸上段(OR=4.346,95%CI:1.447~10.382),术前合并低蛋白血症(OR=3.977,95%CI:1.344~9.896)是胸腹腔镜联合食管癌根治术后肺部并发症的危险因素,术中采取肺保护性通气策略(OR=0.273,95%CI:0.194~0.875)是胸腹腔镜联合食管癌根治术后肺部并发症的保护因素。结论通过分析食管癌术后肺部并发症发生的相关危险因素,发现肺保护性通气策略是胸腹腔镜联合食管癌根治术后肺部并发症发生的保护因素。     

非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术后急性肾损伤的相关因素分析

目的探讨非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG)后发生急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2013年1月~2015年2月我院156例择期OPCABG的临床资料,根据急性肾损伤网络小组(acute kidney injury network,AKIN)的AKI诊断标准,将患者分成2组:AKI组(n=54)及非AKI组(n=102),对2组患者术前、术中及术后可能与发生AKI有关的变量进行单因素分析,有差异的变量进行logistic回归分析,筛选出OPCABG后发生AKI的危险因素。结果 OPCABG术后AKI发生率为34.6%(54/156),其中2例行透析治疗,后均因急性心功能衰竭死亡。单因素分析显示:年龄70岁、高血压病史、糖尿病史、糖化血清蛋白值、术前BNP、术后BNP、术前血肌酐、术前LVEF(左室射血分数)40%、室间隔厚度、术中输注悬浮红细胞及血浆量、ICU停留时间、机械通气时间、术后住院时间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。logistics回归分析显示:年龄70岁(OR=4.988,95%CI:1.098~22.649,P=0.043),高血压病史(OR=3.323,95%CI:2.718~8.582,P=0.026),糖尿病史(OR=2.004,95%CI:1.277~3.145,P=0.019),糖化血清蛋白(OR=1.716,95%CI:0.646~4.710,P=0.016),术前血肌酐(OR=7.149,95%CI:6.969~7.334,P=0.023),术前LVEF40%(OR=12.138,95%CI:7.448~19.846,P=0.008),术中输注悬浮红细胞(OR=1.891,95%CI:1.283~2.787,P=0.007),术中输注血浆量(OR=1.491,95%CI:1.374~1.652,P=0.039),机械通气时间(OR=2.665,95%CI:2.608~2.723,P=0.008)为OPCABG术后发生AKI的危险因素。结论 AKI的发生与多种围手术期危险因素有关,应充分重视这些危险因素的评估。     

急性下肢深静脉血栓形成即时溶栓失败的危险因素分析

目的分析急性深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)即时溶栓失败的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年12月揭阳市人民医院59例行溶栓治疗的急性DVT患者,通过单因素分析和Logistic回归分析分析急性DVT即时溶栓失败的相关危险因素。结果即时溶栓失败率为13.6%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,高龄(>60岁,OR=1.231,95%CI=1.102~1.317)、发病时间>7 d(OR=1.723,95%CI=1.514~1.943)、恶性肿瘤病史(OR=3.447,95%CI=1.791~3.923)和髂静脉压迫综合征(OR=1.272,95%CI=1.153~1.497)是急性DVT即时溶栓失败独立危险因素。结论高龄(>60岁)、发病时间过长(>7 d)、恶性肿瘤病史和髂静脉压迫综合征与急性DVT即时溶栓失败密切相关,是重要的危险因素。     

胸腔镜肺切除术后持续咳嗽的多因素分析

目的探讨胸腔镜肺切除术后持续咳嗽(cough after pulmonary resection,CAP)发生的预后因素。方法回顾性分析2014年4月~2016年3月我科650例肺癌胸腔镜肺切除术的临床资料,根据术后是否发生持续咳嗽分为CAP组和非CAP组,单因素分析包括性别、年龄、吸烟史、病理类型、纵隔淋巴结转移、手术侧(左侧或右侧)、手术肺叶(上叶或非上叶)、手术方式、淋巴结切除方式、气管树周围淋巴结切除、离断下肺韧带、出院时合并气胸、出院时合并胸水,采用logistic回归进行多因素分析。结果术后发生CAP 175例,占26.9%。单因素分析显示,年龄、吸烟史、手术侧、切除肺叶、气管树周围淋巴结切除、出院时合并气胸有统计学差异(P0.05)。多因素回归分析显示,年龄(OR=0.616,95%CI:0.424~0.895,P=0.011)、吸烟史(OR=0.656,95%CI:0.432~0.997,P=0.048)、手术侧(OR=1.814,95%CI:1.241~2.652,P=0.002)、切除肺叶(OR=1.789,95%CI:1.214~2.636,P=0.003)、气管树周围淋巴结切除(OR=2.730,95%CI:1.126~6.622,P=0.026)是CAP发生的预后因素。结论持续咳嗽是胸腔镜肺切除术后的常见并发症之一。年龄63岁、无吸烟史、右侧手术、上叶手术、有气管树周围淋巴结切除的患者更易发生CAP。     

后腹腔镜手术并发高乳酸血症的危险因素分析

目的分析后腹腔镜术中患者血乳酸浓度升高的危险因素。方法收集2018年1月1日至2019年6月30日在山西医科大学第一医院行后腹腔镜手术患者的临床资料,按术中乳酸增高与否分为乳酸增高组和乳酸正常组。对患者相关资料进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果726例患者中乳酸增高76例(10.5%)。单因素分析显示,乳酸增高组肝功能Child-Pugh评分、血肌酐浓度、体质量指数、手术时间、气腹时间、气腹期间膀胱压、术中持续性低血压、嗜铬细胞瘤切除术例数大于乳酸正常组,尿量少于乳酸正常组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示肝功能Child-Pugh评分(OR=1.134,95%CI 1.083~1.189,P<0.001),血肌酐浓度(OR=1.134,95%CI 1.083~1.189,P<0.001),气腹时长(OR=1.021,95%CI 1.001~1.042,P=0.043),嗜铬细胞瘤切除术(OR=5.146,95%CI 1.229~21.543,P=0.025),术中持续性低血压(OR=12.956,95%CI 2.028~82.753,P=0.007)是患者乳酸升高的危险因素。结论肝功能Child-Pugh评分高、血肌酐浓度高、气腹时间长、嗜铬细胞瘤切除术、术中持续性低血压是后腹腔镜术中患者乳酸升高的独立危险因素。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术患者围手术期红细胞输血的危险因素评估

目的分析冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)围手术期红细胞输血的危险因素。方法回顾性分析我院2014年1~3月534例行CABG患者的临床资料,并将患者分为体外循环组和非体外循环组。其中体外循环组239例,男185例、女54例,平均年龄(59.1±9.4)岁;非体外循环组295例,男233例、女62例,平均年龄(60.3±8.5)岁。比较两组患者一般术前资料、体外循环相关资料、红细胞输血量等数据,对围手术期红细胞输血危险因素采用多因素logistics回归分析。结果围手术期红细胞输血危险因素为年龄(OR=1.04,95%CI 1.02~1.07,P=0.001)、体重(OR=0.95,95%CI 0.93~0.97,P0.001)、吸烟(OR=0.61,95%CI 0.39~0.94,P=0.027)、术前HCT水平(OR=0.90,95%CI 0.85~0.96,P=0.001)和体外循环(OR=4.90,95%CI 3.11~7.71,P0.001)。而体外循环时,转机参数中的最低血红蛋白(OR=0.63,95%CI 0.47~0.84,P=0.002)是红细胞输血的唯一独立危险因素。结论年龄、体重、不吸烟、术前HCT水平、体外循环为CABG围手术期红细胞输血的危险因素,在转机参数中最低血红蛋白浓度为红细胞输血的危险因素。     

Tile C型骨盆骨折患者死亡相关危险因素分析

目的回顾性分析Tile C型骨盆骨折患者死亡相关的危险因素。方法 2010年1月至2014年12月我院收治的Tile C型骨盆骨折患者139例,收集资料包括术前一般情况、伤后就诊时间、休克指数、各类创伤评分、最低氧合指数、伤后6h乳酸清除率等,采用多因素Logistic回归分析死亡相关危险因素。结果入院后死亡41例(29.5%),其中入院后48h内死亡36例(25.9%)。多因素回归分析显示,休克指数2(OR=2.591,95%CI 1.041~4.216)、损伤严重程度评分(ISS)≥25分(OR=47.96,95%CI 15.89~147.23)、改良创伤评分(RTS)≤8分(OR=6.917,95%CI 1.147-13.862)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)9分(OR=4.172,95%CI 2.962~6.268)、最低氧合指数200(OR=117.016,95%CI 51.011~176.032)、伤后6h乳酸清除率10%(OR=2.785,95%CI 1.191~4.892),以及合并头部损伤(OR=6.302,95%CI 2.270~13.175)或胸部损伤(OR=12.233,95%CI 5.193~33.985)是骨盆骨折患者死亡相关危险因素(P0.01)。早期行血管栓塞治疗有助于降低死亡风险(OR=0.887,95%CI 0.875~0.899)。结论创伤评分高,出现严重休克、昏迷、氧合指数下降和6h乳酸清除率降低,合并头部和胸部损伤是导致Tile C型骨盆骨折患者死亡的危险因素。     

胰腺癌术后肝转移影响因素的Logistic回归分析

目的探讨胰腺癌术后肝转移的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2004年3月至2014年3月期间笔者所在医院136例胰腺癌手术患者的临床资料。采用卡方检验进行胰腺癌手术后肝转移影响因素的单因素分析,采用多因素Logistic回归分析进行独立危险因素分析。结果单因素分析结果显示:年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、是否合并脂肪肝、发病至确诊时间、是否有脉管癌栓、浸润深度、组织学分级及术后是否化疗是胰腺癌术后肝转移的影响因素(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:BMI(OR=2.824,95%CI=1.293~3.784,P=0.002)、是否合并脂肪肝(OR=2.709,95%CI=1.126~3.263,P=0.003)、发病至确诊时间(OR=1.673,95%CI=1.097~2.354,P=0.005)、是否有脉管癌栓(OR=3.263,95%CI 1.514~5.652,P=0.001)及组织学分级(OR=4.239,95%CI=2.943~6.907,P=0.000)是胰腺癌手术后肝转移的独立影响因素。结论肥胖、发病至确诊时间长、有脉管癌栓及中低分化癌是胰腺癌术后肝转移的危险因素,而术前合并脂肪肝是胰腺癌患者术后肝转移的保护性因素。     

漏斗胸患者Nuss手术后慢性疼痛的危险因素

目的探讨漏斗胸微创矫正术(Nuss手术)后慢性疼痛的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2019年9月择期行胸腔镜Nuss手术患者168例,男130例,女38例。收集患者联系方式、人口学资料、术前合并症、漏斗胸严重程度分级、神经阻滞情况、手术时间和术后24 h VAS疼痛评分。电话随访患者或家属完成术后慢性疼痛情况、术后并发症、对日常生活的影响、是否服用镇痛药物的问卷调查。根据问卷调查结果将患者分为两组:慢性疼痛组(P组)和非慢性疼痛组(N组)。采用多因素Logistic回归分析患者Nuss手术后慢性疼痛的独立危险因素。结果有78例(46.4%)发生了不同程度的慢性疼痛。P组年龄、体重明显大于N组,术前合并症比例、漏斗胸严重程度明显高于N组(P<0.001)。P组术后24 h VAS疼痛评分及术后并发症发生率明显高于N组(P<0.001),对日常生活的影响程度明显大于N组(P<0.001)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,漏斗胸严重程度分级(中度OR=3.043,95%CI 1.235~7.498;重度OR=15.856,95%CI 2.765~90.981)、术后有并发症(OR=3.642,95%CI 1.517~8.743)、术后24 h VAS疼痛评分(每增高1分OR=2.716,95%CI 1.600~4.612)是Nuss手术后慢性疼痛的独立危险因素。结论漏斗胸患者Nuss手术后慢性疼痛存在较高的发病率,漏斗胸严重程度、术后并发症和术后24 h VAS疼痛评分是漏斗胸患者Nuss手术后慢性疼痛的预警因素。     

Chest injury due to blunt trauma.

OBJECTIVE: Given its importance in trauma practice, we aimed to determine the pathologies associated with blunt chest injuries and to analyze the accurate identification of patients at high risk for major chest trauma. METHODS: We reviewed our experience with 1490 patients with blunt chest injuries who were admitted over a 2-year period. Patients were divided into three groups based on the presence of rib fractures. The groups were evaluated to demonstrate the relationship between the number of rib fractures and associated injuries. The possible effects of age and Injury Severity Score (ISS) on mortality were analyzed. RESULTS: Mean hospitalization time was 4.5 days. Mortality rate was 1% for the patients with blunt chest trauma, 4.7% in patients with more than two rib fractures and 17% for those with flail chest. There was significant association between the mortality rate and number of rib fractures, the patient's age and ISS. The rate of development of pneumothorax and/or hemothorax was 6.7% in patients with no rib fracture, 24.9% in patients with one or two rib fractures and 81.4% in patients with more than two rib fractures. The number of rib fractures was significantly related with the presence of hemothorax or pneumothorax. CONCLUSION: Achieving better results in the treatment of patients with chest wall injury depend on a variety of factors. The risk of mortality was associated with the presence of more than two rib fractures, with patients over the age of 60 years and with an ISS greater than or equal to 16 in chest trauma. Those patients at high risk for morbidity and mortality and the suitable approach methods for them should be acknowledged.     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并肺孢子菌性肺炎患者病情影响因素

目的探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）合并肺孢子菌性肺炎（PCP）患者病情的影响因素。 方法分析2009年1月至2017年9月首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院收治的1 001例AIDS合并PCP患者的临床资料，根据PaO₂将患者分为轻度PCP组（PaO₂ ≥ 70 mmHg）（543例）和中重度PCP组（PaO₂ <70 mmHg）（458例），并采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归方法分析年龄、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平增高、肺部混合感染、低蛋白血症和气胸等因素是否影响AIDS合并PCP患者的病情进展。 结果轻度PCP组和中重度PCP组患者气胸发生率分别为1.1%（6/543）和7.6%（35/458），差异有统计学意义（χ² = 27.027、P < 0.001）；轻度PCP组和中重度PCP组患者肺部混合感染的发生率分别为86.4%（469/543）和95.0%（435/458），差异有统计学意义（χ² = 21.027、P < 0.001）；轻度PCP组和中重度PCP组患者低蛋白血症发生率分别为29.47%（160/543）和42.58%（195/458），差异有统计学意义（χ² = 18.658、P < 0.001）；轻度PCP组和中重度PCP组患者中LDH ≥ 350 U/L者分别为32.04%（174/543）和61.57%（282/458），差异有统计学意义（χ² = 87.338、P < 0.001）。单因素回归分析发现年龄≥ 50岁、LDH ≥ 350 U/L、肺部混合感染、低蛋白血症和气胸等因素在轻度和中重度PCP两组患者间差异均有统计学意义（OR = 0.489、95%CI：0.354～0.676、P < 0.001，OR = 0.294、95%CI：0.227～0.382、P < 0.001，OR = 0.335、95%CI：0.206～0.545、P < 0.001，OR = 0.563、95%CI：0.434～0.732、P < 0.001，OR = 0.135、95%CI：0.056～0.324、P < 0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析发现，引起AIDS合并PCP患者病情加重的独立风险因素为年龄≥ 50岁（OR = 0.410、95%CI：0.288～0.582，P < 0.001）、肺部混合感染（OR = 0.417、95%CI：0.251～0.692，P < 0.001）、LDH ≥ 350 U/L（OR = 0.298、95%CI：0.227～0.392，P < 0.001）、低蛋白血症（OR = 0.685、95%CI：0.516～0.908，P = 0.009）和气胸（OR = 0.172、95%CI：0.070～0.424，P < 0.001）。 结论年龄≥ 50岁、肺部混合感染、LDH水平过高（≥ 350 U/L）、低蛋白血症和气胸等风险因素均可导致AIDS合并PCP患者病情加重，对相关风险因素进行积极干预可减缓患者疾病进展。     

Management of pediatric occult pneumothorax in blunt trauma: a subgroup analysis of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter prospective observational study

BackgroundOccult pneumothorax (OPTX) represents air within the pleural space not visible on conventional chest radiographs. Increased use of computed tomography has led to a rise in the detection of OPTX. Optimal management remains undefined.MethodsA pediatric subgroup analysis (age <18 years) from a multicenter, observational study evaluating OPTX management. Data analyzed were pneumothorax size, management outcome, and associated risk factors to characterize those that may be safely observed.ResultsFifty-two OPTX (7.3 ± 6.2 mm) in 51 patients were identified. None were greater than 27 mm; all those under 16.5 mm (n = 48) were successfully managed without intervention. Two patients underwent initial tube thoracostomy (one [21 mm] and the other with bilateral OPTX [24 mm, 27 mm]). Among patients under observation (n = 49), OPTX size progressed in 2; one (6.4mm) required no treatment, while one (16.5 mm) received elective intervention. Respiratory distress occurred in one patient (10.7 mm) who did not require tube thoracostomy. Nine received positive pressure ventilation; 8 did not have a tube thoracostomy. Twenty-four patients (51%) had one or more rib fractures; 3 required tube thoracostomy.ConclusionNo pediatric OPTX initially observed developed a tension pneumothorax or adverse event related to observation. Pediatric patients with OPTX less than 16 mm may be safely observed. Neither the presence of rib fractures nor need for PPV alone necessitates intervention.     

创伤骨折患者术中导致DVT风险增高的危险因素分析

目的探讨在手术过程中创伤骨折患者深静脉血栓风险增高的危险因素。方法观察记录2018年4月至2019年5月进入中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第940医院麻醉手术室实施手术的创伤骨折患者106例,其中男68例,女38例;年龄18~83岁,平均(43.11±17.97)岁。对深静脉血栓高风险组与低风险组患者的性别、年龄、吸烟史、慢性疾病、骨折部位、术前红细胞计数、血小板计数、胆固醇、甘油三脂、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白,术中麻醉方式、手术时间、输入红细胞量、输入血浆量、血液回收量、止血带使用时间、止血带压力、手术体位、内植物类型、出血量、补液量、抗生素使用、手术切口类型,先采用单因素分析,再将单因素分析结果中P<0.05的指标纳入多因素Logistic回归模型进行分析。结果单因素分析显示:骨折部位、术前红细胞计数、术中麻醉方式、出血量、补液量的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素分析显示:患者下肢骨折(P=0.044,OR=6.552,95%CI为1.051~40.857)、术前红细胞计数偏高(P=0.006,OR=14.259,95%CI为2.118~96.018)、椎管内麻醉(P=0.010,OR=7.292,95%CI为1.612~32.989)、全身麻醉(P=0.006,OR=8.034,95%CI为1.799~35.875)进入回归模型。结论创伤骨折患者下肢骨折、术前红细胞计数偏高、术中采取椎管内麻醉或全身麻醉是导致深静脉血栓风险增高的危险因素。     

Epidural analgesia improves outcome after multiple rib fractures

BACKGROUND: Rib fractures are common and associated with significant pulmonary morbidity. We hypothesized that epidural analgesia would provide superior pain relief, and reduce the risk of subsequent pneumonia. METHODS: A prospective, randomized trial of epidural analgesia versus IV opioids for the management of chest wall pain after rib fractures was carried out. Entry criteria included patients older than 18 years with more than 3 rib fractures and no contraindications to epidural catheter placement. RESULTS: From March 2000 to December 2003, 408 patients were admitted with more than 3 rib fractures; 282 met exclusion criteria, 80 could not be consented, and 46 were enrolled (epidural n = 22, opioids n = 24). The groups were comparable for mean age, injury severity score, gender, chest Abbreviated Injury Scale, and mean number of rib fractures. The epidural group tended to have more flail segments (38% vs 21%, P = .20) and pulmonary contusions (59% vs 38%, P = .14), and required more chest tubes (95% vs 71%, P = .03) Despite the greater direct pulmonary injury in the epidural group, their rate of pneumonia was 18% versus 38% for the intravenous opioid group. When adjusted for direct pulmonary injury, there was a greater risk of pneumonia in the opioid group: OR, 6.0; 95% CI, 1.0-35; P = .05. When stratified for the presence of pulmonary contusion there was a 2.0-fold increase in the number of ventilator days for the opioid group: incident rate ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6-2.6; P < .001. CONCLUSIONS: The use of epidural analgesia is limited in the trauma population due to numerous exclusion criteria. However, when feasible, epidural analgesia is associated with a decrease in the rate of nosocomial pneumonia and a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation after rib fractures.     

Clinical and pathological features of hyperuricemia in children with IgA nephropathy at a single center

Objective To investigate the clinical, pathological features and risk factors of hyperuricemia in children with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Methods A retrospective study of 269 primary IgAN children diagnosed between January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2017 at the Children Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, was performed in the hyperuricemia group (uric acid＞350 μmol/L) and the normal uric acid group. The clinical and pathological characteristics were analyzed, and the risk factors of hyperuricemia were analyzed by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results There were 185 males and 84 females in the 269 IgAN children with age of (9.2±3.1) years old, among whom there were 70 patients (26.0%) accompanied by hyperuricemia. Clinical indicators such as hypertension, urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, blood lipids, urinary protein in hyperuricemia group were higher than those in normal uric acid group (all P＜0.05), while estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum total protein and albumin were less (all P＜0.05). There were 58 patients (23.0%) and 12 patients (70.5%) associated with hyperuricemia among IgAN children with CKD 1-2 and CKD 3-5. The proportion of hyperuricemia in CKD stage 3-5 IgAN children was statistically higher than that in normal uric acid group (P＜0.01). The hyperuricemia group had a higher proportion of Lee IV and V grade, and a lower proportion of the Lee III grade than the normal uric acid group (all P＜0.05). According to the Oxford pathological classification score, there was no significant difference in total scores of renal lesions, glomerular score, and tubulointerstitial score between the two groups (all P＞0.05). According to the Katafuchi semi-quantitative score, there was no significant difference in the total scores of renal lesions, glomeruli, and tubulointerstitial scores (all P＞0.05), while the hyperuricemia group had higher renal vascular scores than the normal uric acid group (P＜0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension (OR=12.596, 95%CI 1.778-89.243, P=0.011), higher total cholesterol (OR=1.192, 95%CI 1.064-1.336, P=0.002), higher urea nitrogen (OR=1.273, 95%CI 1.104-1.468, P=0.001), proteinuria 3+(OR=1.875, 95%CI 1.309-2.684, P=0.001), proteinuria 4+(OR=1.627, 95%CI 1.241-2.134, P＜0.001) and CKD stage 3 (OR=3.355, 95%CI 1.376-8.181, P=0.008) were the risk factors of hyperuricemia in children with IgAN. Conclusions Twenty-six percent IgAN children patients are accompanied by hyperuricemia, and their clinical parameters and pathological changes are more severe than those in normal uric acid group. Hypertension, higher total cholesterol, higher urea nitrogen, proteinuria 3+/4+ and CKD stage 3 are the risk factors of hyperuricemia in children with IgAN.     

Nomenclature, classification, and signficance of traumatic extrapleural hematoma

BACKGROUND: Extrapleural hematoma has been found mostly in single case reports as diagnoses with different names. Although huge extrapleural hematoma can cause ventilatory and circulatory disturbances and even death, it has received almost no attention in the literature. Certain basic and modern facts need to be clarified regarding the definition, classification, and significance of extrapleural hematoma in the practice of chest trauma. METHODS: A 10-year retrospective study was undertaken to analyze the incidence, diagnosis, management, morbidity, and mortality of patients with chest trauma and a documented extrapleural hematoma. RESULTS: The incidence of traumatic extrapleural hematoma was 34 of 477, 7.1%. The incidence of thoracic lesions was 86 of 34 = 2.5 lesions per patient, whereas the incidence of extrathoracic lesions was 30 of 34 = 0.9 lesions per patient. Associated rib fractures were found in 30 of 34, 88.2%. More than half of the patients had an associated hemothorax. A thoracotomy was used successfully to remove a huge hematoma in one patient. CONCLUSION: Extrapleural hematoma has been found to be more common than previously reported. Nomenclature and classification are suggested. One of the common injuries to the chest, particularly rib fracture, hemothorax, lung contusion, or pneumothorax might provide the surgeon with a reliable clinical clue that the patient is at inordinate risk to have associated extrapleural hematoma. A formal or mini-thoracotomy is the recommended procedure in cases of huge hematomas.     

Clinical analysis of 1 371 patients with acute kidney injury after acute myocardial infarction

Objective To investigate the risk factors of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods A total of 1 371 adult patients diagnosed AMI in the First People's Hospital of Changzhou from January 2008 to December 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. AKI was defined according to the 2012 KDIGO AKI criteria. Based on the occurrence of AKI, the patients were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group. According to the AKI timing, the patients were divided into subgroups including conservative treatment groups, coronary angiography(CAG) groups and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) groups, respectively. Related risk factors of AKI were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results Of the 1 371 patients,410(29.9%) developed AKI. Compared to the non-AKI group, in-hospital mortality increased significantly in the AKI group (17.1% vs 3.9%, χ2=68.0, P＜0.001). Multifactor retrospective analysis showed that decreased baseline eGFR (OR=2.049, 95%CI: 1.246-3.370), increased fasting plasma glucose(FPG) (OR=1.070, 95%CI: 1.018-1.124), diuretics (OR=1.867, 95%CI: 1.220-2.856) and Killip class 4 status (OR=1.362, 95%CI: 1.059-3.170) were all independent risk factors of AKI, while increased DBP on admission was a protective factor (OR=0.986, 95%CI: 0.974-0.998) for the conservative management group. Decreased baseline eGFR (OR=2.371, 95%CI: 1.500-3.747), increased FPG(OR=1.009, 95%CI: 1.005-1.012), diuretics (OR=1.674, 95%CI: 1.042-2.690), intraoperative hypotension (OR=2.276, 95%CI: 1.324-3.575) and acute infection (OR=1.678, 95%CI: 1.023-2.754) were independent risk factors of AKI for the CAG group. Decreased baseline eGFR (OR=2.246, 95%CI:1.340-3.981), increased FPG (OR=1.059, 95%CI: 1.018-1.124), diuretics (OR=1.723, 95%CI: 1.122-2.650), and low cardiac output syndrome after operation (OR=2.331, 95%CI: 1.277-3.286) were independent risk factors of AKI for CABG group. Conclusions AKI is a common complication and associated with increased mortality after AMI. Decreased baseline renal function, increased FPG and diuretics were common independent risk factors of AKI after AMI.     

ORIF versus MIPO for humeral shaft fractures: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized clinical trials and observational studies

BackgroundThere is no consensus on the optimal operative technique for humeral shaft fractures. This meta-analysis aims to compare minimal-invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) for humeral shaft fractures regarding non-union, re-intervention, radial nerve palsy, time to union, operation duration and functional outcomes.MethodsPubMed/Medline/Embase/CENTRAL/CINAHL were searched for both randomized clinical trials (RCT) and observational studies comparing MIPO with ORIF for humeral shaft fractures. Effect estimates were pooled across studies using random effects models and presented as weighted odds ratio (OR), risk difference (RD), mean difference (MD) and standardized mean difference (SMD) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Subgroup analysis was performed stratified by study design (RCTs and observational studies).ResultsA total of two RCT's (98 patients) and seven observational studies (263 patients) were included. The effect estimates obtained from observational studies and RCT's were similar in direction and magnitude. MIPO carries a lower risk for non-union (RD: 5%; OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.9) and secondary radial nerve palsy (RD 5%; OR 0.3, 95%CI 0.1- 0.9). Nerve function eventually restored spontaneously in all patients in both groups. Results were inconclusive regarding re-intervention (RD 7%; OR: 0.7, 95%CI 0.2-1.9), infection (RD 4%; OR 0.4, 95%CI 0.1-1.5), time to union (MD -1 week, 95%CI -3 – 1) and operation duration (MD -13 minutes, 95%CI -38.9 – 11.9). Functional shoulder scores (SMD 0.01, 95%CI -0.3 – 0.3) and elbow scores (SMD 0.01, 95%CI -0.3 – 0.3) were similar for the different operative techniques.ConclusionMIPO has a lower risk for non-union than ORIF for the treatment of humeral shaft fractures. Radial nerve palsy secondary to operation is a temporary issue resolving in all patients in both treatment groups. Although both treatment options are viable, the general balance leans towards MIPO having more favorable outcomes.