儿童肝炎相关再生障碍性贫血3例临床分析

目的探讨儿童肝炎相关再生障碍性贫血(HAAA)的病原学、临床特点及免疫抑制治疗(IST)疗效。方法归纳与分析2007年1月-2011年12月收治的HAAA患儿的临床资料,包括临床表现,再障相关血液与免疫学指标(外周血象、骨髓涂片与活检、T细胞亚群),肝炎相关检测(肝功能、病毒血清学、自身免疫肝炎抗体)等,以及治疗与疗效结果。结果 3例HAAA,占同期获得性再障患儿4.2%。其中1例经血清学与病毒DNA检测确诊为乙型肝炎,经抗病毒和保肝治疗后,接受抗胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白(ATG)和环孢菌素A(CSA)治疗获得痊愈。另2例检测各类血清型肝炎病毒,以及巨细胞病毒(CMV),EB病毒和单纯疱疹病毒血清学结果均呈阴性,但肝炎自身抗体抗核抗体(ANA)为1∶100,血免疫球蛋白升高,符合自身免疫性肝炎后HAAA。其中1例经CSA治疗后好转,脱离成分输血依赖,获得明显进步;另1例死于重症感染和颅内出血。结论儿童HAAA可发生于自身免疫性肝炎或血清型肝炎,起病急,病情重。因发病机制仍属于T细胞免疫介导,故IST有效。     

儿童继发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症5例临床分析北大核心CSCD

目的分析不同病因儿童继发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)的临床表现、实验室检查特点及治疗情况,探讨儿童HLH的分层诊断和治疗,提高儿科临床医师对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月在首都医科大学附属儿童医院血液肿瘤中心诊治的5例继发性HLH患儿的临床资料,分析HLH原发病的诊断及后续治疗情况。结果5例患儿中男3例,女2例;中位发病年龄1.5(0.5~12.7)岁。发病初期均表现为发热伴血细胞减低,入院后完善相关检查,诊断为HLH。原发病分别为淋巴瘤、肝炎相关再生障碍性贫血、朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症、系统性自身炎症性疾病和先天遗传代谢病。治疗上除控制HLH外,原发病的治疗至关重要。结论儿童HLH是一类综合征,病因复杂,可以继发于多种疾病。因此对于儿童HLH,需注意病因学方面的鉴别诊断,在发病初期尽可能完善相关检查,明确病因,根据病因进行分层治疗。     

儿童肝炎相关再生障碍性贫血的临床特征

目的：探讨儿童肝炎相关再生障碍性贫血(HAAA)临床特征。方法：回顾性地研究2007年1月至2008年12月该院诊治的HAAA患儿的临床资料,包括临床表现、血常规、骨髓象、病毒血清学、免疫功能指标及治疗和预后。结果：共收治HAAA患儿8例,占同期获得性再生障碍性贫血（再障）的4.9%;男7例、女1例;平均7.5岁（4.4～10.3岁）。肝炎病因不明。患肝炎后至血细胞减少的间隔时间中位数为6周。3例为重症再障（SAA）,5例极重型再障（VSAA）。全部病例均有严重T细胞免疫紊乱,Ts细胞明显升高、Th细胞明显下降。4例免疫治疗有效,3例起病1个月内死亡, 1例放弃治疗。结论：儿童HAAA发病率男性高于女性,学龄期多见。HAAA儿童存在严重T细胞免疫紊乱,早期死亡率高,免疫抑制治疗有效。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（8）：609-612］     

儿童噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症20例分析

目的了解噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)的病因,临床特点,治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析20例HLH患儿的发病相关因素,临床特点,实验室检查指标的变化,治疗效果以及转归。结果所有病例均以持续高热起病,均有肝脾肿大,50%患儿有淋巴结肿大;所有患儿二系以上外周血细胞减少,肝功能异常,凝血功能异常有17例(85%),高甘油三脂血症15例(75%),血清铁蛋白增高13例(65%)。17例(85%)骨髓涂片可见组织细胞增生。12例(60%)和感染因素相关,其中8例(40%)明确与EB病毒感染有关。有6例(3%)按HLH-2004方案正规化疗,达到临床治愈。14例(70%)不规范化疗患儿,8例(40%)仍有肝功能异常和体温波动,5例(25%)死亡。结论HLH起病急重,进展快,病死率高。有明显血象、骨髓细胞学、肝功能改变,高甘油三酯血症以及血清铁蛋白改变。对高度怀疑为HLH的患儿,应及早行诊断性治疗,规范按照HLH-2004方案化疗,改善预后。     

儿童继发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症5例临床分析

目的分析不同病因儿童继发性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)的临床表现、实验室检查特点及治疗情况, 探讨儿童HLH的分层诊断和治疗, 提高儿科临床医师对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年12月在首都医科大学附属儿童医院血液肿瘤中心诊治的5例继发性HLH患儿的临床资料, 分析HLH原发病的诊断及后续治疗情况。结果 5例患儿中男3例, 女2例;中位发病年龄1.5(0.5～12.7)岁。发病初期均表现为发热伴血细胞减低, 入院后完善相关检查, 诊断为HLH。原发病分别为淋巴瘤、肝炎相关再生障碍性贫血、朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症、系统性自身炎症性疾病和先天遗传代谢病。治疗上除控制HLH外, 原发病的治疗至关重要。结论儿童HLH是一类综合征, 病因复杂, 可以继发于多种疾病。因此对于儿童HLH, 需注意病因学方面的鉴别诊断, 在发病初期尽可能完善相关检查, 明确病因, 根据病因进行分层治疗。     

表现为噬血细胞综合征的儿童内脏利什曼病4例报告并文献复习

目的 对表现为噬血细胞综合征(HPS，又称噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增多症HLH)的内脏利什曼病（VL）患儿资料分析总结，提高临床诊断及治疗水平。方法 回顾性分析2020年3月—2021年3月于甘肃省妇幼保健院住院治疗的4例儿童内脏利什曼病继发噬血细胞综合征患儿的临床资料，并与文献资料进行比较。结果 4例患儿均表现为持续发热、脾脏增大、血细胞三系不同程度降低，结合相关检查，符合HPS诊断。考虑其流行病学因素，完善VL相关检查，4例患儿rK39试验均阳性，3例骨髓涂片检出杜利什曼原虫。予以锑剂治疗，结局良好。复习近5年内VLHLH相关文献发现，相比于原发性HLH,VL-HLH患儿可能更易出现铁蛋白增高和红细胞沉降率增高；相比于VL,VL-HLH可能更易出现全血细胞降低、高三酰甘油血症、高血清铁蛋白血症以及单核细胞绝对值降低。对于VL-HLH的治疗，两性霉素B可能比葡萄糖酸锑钠更具有高效性和安全性。结论 对于有疫区旅居史的患儿，在综合分析HPS原发病因时，应当考虑VL可能，同时行rK39试验和骨髓涂片检查，尽早准确给予对因治疗，以免病情加重及避免化疗引起的不良反应。     

儿童合并骨髓噬血现象53例临床分析

目的 探讨骨髓中出现噬血现象患儿的临床特点、诊断、治疗及其与预后之间的关系.方法 回顾性分析1998年-2008年间骨髓发现噬血现象的53例住院患儿的临床特征、实验室检查、原发病诊断、治疗方法及预后.结果 共53例纳入统计,其中男35例,女18例;中位年龄3岁(2个月～16岁).出院诊断噬血细胞综合征(HLH)20例,肿瘤9例,再生障碍性贫血1例,幼年性特发性关节炎2例,特发性血小板减少性紫癜2例,郎格罕斯组织细胞增生症2例,尼曼匹克病1例,黄色肉芽肿1例,传染性单核细胞增多症1例,原发败血症1例,病情恶化自动出院或死亡时未明确诊断13例.根据国际组织细胞协会HLH诊断指南-2004标准重新评估,符合HLH诊断标准22例.是否存在脾肿大、外周血≥二系细胞减少、高三酰甘油血症或低纤维蛋白血症及骨髓噬血现象对HLH诊断意义较大.激素治疗组患儿预后较好,是否符合HLH诊断标准与预后相关性不大.结论 骨髓噬血现象并非某个疾病的特异性表现,噬血细胞综合征的诊断也缺乏特异性指标,在治疗的选择上不应仅仅依靠诊断标准,而应综合考虑每个患儿的具体情况.早期开始激素治疗对预后有一定帮助.完善分子学诊断刻不容缓.     

噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症研究进展

噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症 (HLH)是一组以淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞非恶性增生伴噬血细胞增多引起多脏器浸润及全血细胞减少为特征的疾病。HLH分为两种亚型 :原发性HLH和继发性HLH。其临床表现相同 ,主要有持续发热、肝脾肿大以及神经系统受累的症状和体征。实验室检查可见全血细胞减少、高脂血症、低纤维蛋白原血症、血浆铁蛋白增多、肝功异常 ,骨髓、肝、脾、淋巴结活检可见明显的组织细胞增生伴吞噬血细胞现象。目前HLH的治疗仍采用化疗与免疫抑制治疗相结合的方法 ,骨髓移植更为有效。HLH预后差 ,病死率高。     

儿童肝炎相关再生障碍性贫血5 例分析

目的探讨儿童肝炎相关再生障碍性贫血(HAAA)的临床特点、治疗及预后。方法回顾分析5例HAAA患儿的临床资料。结果 5例患儿,男4例、女1例,中位年龄为10岁(7~13岁);5例患儿急性肝炎期间甲、乙、丙、戊肝炎病毒检测均为阴性,其中2例行微小病毒B19抗体、EB病毒检测均为阴性;T淋巴细胞亚群示CD4~+T细胞比例、CD4~+/CD8~+比值降低,CD8~+T细胞比例升高。3例以抗胸腺细胞球蛋白联合环孢素免疫抑制治疗2例完全缓解,1例死于肺部真菌感染;1例单用环孢素免疫抑制治疗,部分缓解;1例放弃治疗后失访。结论儿童HAAA可由病毒血清学阴性的肝炎引起,存在T淋巴细胞免疫紊乱,免疫抑制治疗有效。     

噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症研究进展

噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)是一组以淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞非恶性增生伴噬血细胞增多引起多脏器浸润及全血细胞减少为特征的疾病。HLH分为两种亚型：原发性HLH和继发性HLH。其临床表现相同。主要有持续发热、肝脾肿大以及神经系统受累的症状和体征。实验室检查可见全血细胞减少、高脂血症、低纤维蛋白原血症、血浆铁蛋白增多、肝功异常，骨髓、肝、脾、淋巴结活检可见明显的组织细胞增生伴吞噬血细胞现象。目前HLH的治疗仍采用化疗与免疫抑制治疗相结合的方法，骨髓移植更为有效。HLH预后差，病死率高。     

Comparison between bone marrow transplantation and antithymocyte globulin in treatment of young patients with severe aplastic anemia

Fifty-seven patients younger than 25 years with severe aplastic anemia underwent either bone marrow transplantation or antithymocyte globulin therapy (ATG) to ascertain which approach should be used in young patients. Thirty-five patients who had an HLA-identical sibling donor underwent bone marrow transplantation after conditioning with cyclophosphamide and low-dose total-body radiation. Twenty-two patients who did not have an HLA-identical donor received ATG. The 2-year actuarial survival of patients after transplant is 72% (95%, CI 64% to 80%), versus 45% (95%, CI 29% to 61%) in those given ATG therapy (P = 0.18). In those patients surviving 6 months after treatment, return of peripheral blood counts to normal values was more common in patients who received marrow transplant compared with those given ATG therapy (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, 24 of 26 transplant survivors had Karnofsky performance scores greater than 90%, compared with only five of 13 ATG survivors. These data suggest that bone marrow transplantation is the preferred therapy for severe aplastic anemia in young patients who have an HLA-identical sibling donor. ATG should be reversed for those young patients with severe aplastic anemia who do not have a histocompatible marrow donor.     

Diagnosis and management of childhood aplastic anaemia

Aplastic anaemia (AA) is a rare and heterogeneous disorder. AA results in pancytopenia and a hypocellular bone marrow in the absence of an abnormal infiltrate, major dysplasia or marrow fibrosis. In children, most cases are idiopathic and caused by T lymphocyte-mediated destruction of haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC's). Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) account for around 20% of cases and have to be excluded. This can be challenging but has specific implications for management. Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only definitive curative treatment for AA. For patients less than 35 years old with severe aplastic anaemia (SAA), a matched sibling donor (MSD) haematopoietic stem cell transplant is the treatment of choice. For those lacking such a donor, immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and ciclosporin has historically been initial treatment. Improved outcomes following matched unrelated donors (MUD) transplantation has led to UK guidelines recommending upfront MUD HSCT in children and young adults where a suitable donor can be quickly identified. Recent advances in the treatment of patients with AA have shown that horse ATG with cyclosporine remains the current standard IST. The thrombopoietin receptor agonist eltrombopag has significant activity as a single agent and in combination with IST as initial treatment and in refractory patients. For patients with IBMFS, transplantation remains the only curative procedure.     

Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin Treatment in Childhood Acquired Severe Aplastic Anemia

Acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is a life threatening bone marrow failure characterized by pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow. Matched sibling donor is not available for majority of the patients and many children receive immunosuppressive therapy (IST). Although horse antithymocyte globuline (ATG) is the preferred option, our patients received rabbit ATG; since horse ATG is not available in Turkey. We reviewed the medical records of children with SAA who were treated with rabbit ATG, cyclosporine, and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) between 2006 and 2012. Fifteen children with SAA aged between 1.5 and 17 years received rabbit ATG as first line treatment. Only two of them showed partial response and the others did not give any response at 3rd, 6th, and 12th months after the first course of IST. The second course of ATG was given to 8 of the patients; Rabbit ATG at the same dosage was used for 3 of them, and others were given horse ATG. None of the patients responded to the second course of ATG. Invasive fungal infection (IFI) which was seen in 80% of the patients was the most significant problem. Overall survival rate was 60%. The median time between the diagnosis and initiation of IST was 57 (range; 29–144) days. This delay might be significantly contributed to unresponsiveness. In our series, the use of rabbit ATG was not effective for these patients as first line treatment modality. Response rate was very low and the incidence of fungal infections was very high in the SAA patients who received rabbit ATG.     

Bone marrow failure in children with acute liver failure

BACKGROUND: Aplastic anemia is a rare but well-recognized complication of acute hepatitis and acute liver failure. The cause is unknown, and the condition is fatal without bone marrow recovery. Treatment includes immunosuppression regimens or bone marrow transplantation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, cause, treatment, and outcomes of this disorder in children. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 75 patients with acute liver failure in a major pediatric liver center. RESULTS: Eight patients had evidence of bone marrow failure. Of those, six had aplastic anemia, and two had transient bone marrow suppression. There were five boys, median age 57 months (range, 36-132 months). Two had parvovirus B19, six had non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis. Five underwent liver transplantation: auxiliary in one, orthotopic in four. The interval between initial symptoms and development of aplastic anemia and/or bone marrow suppression was 21 to 99 days (median, 39 days). Four patients with aplastic anemia received intravenous antithymocyte globulin (ATG) or antilymphocyte globulin (ALG). Median recovery period of granulopoiesis was 62 days (range, 27-115 days). Two made a full recovery, one had myelodysplasia, and one with unresponsive disease died of septic complications. Four did not receive ATG/ALG, two had aplastic anemia, and two had bone marrow suppression. Three underwent liver transplantation, and all four resumed granulopoiesis. One child who underwent liver transplantation died of sepsis with chronic rejection. Median recovery of granulopoiesis was 99 days (range, 20-153 days). CONCLUSIONS: Bone marrow failure occurs in 10.7% of children with acute liver failure. It sometimes occurs in association with non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis and parvovirus B19 infection. Treatment with ATG/ALG is successful and is well tolerated in most cases.     

Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia during a primary infection of genotype 1a torque teno virus

A 12-year-old Japanese boy suffered from severe acute hepatitis and pancytopenia. The patient underwent successful bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-identical sister. Torque teno virus (TTV) DNA of genotype 1a and IgM-class antibody against the virus were detected in sera at the onset of hepatitis. TTV/1a DNA and anti-TTV/1a IgM antibody levels were undetectable on the 16th and 46th days after the onset of illness, respectively. Anti-TTV/1a IgG antibody was positive throughout the observation period. Sequential viral load and anti-TTV/1a IgM antibody suggested a primary infection of TTV/1a. Genomic sequence of the virus coincided with that of the original strain first isolated from human. TTV DNA was quantified at 130 copies in 10⁵ bone marrow mononuclear cells, which suggested that infection of hematopoietic cells might be the cause of aplasia. This is the first report of TTV hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia assessed by the anti-TTV antibodies and viral load in peripheral blood and bone marrow.     

Post‐hematopoietic stem cell transplant hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or an impostor: Case report and review of literature

HLH occurring after HSCT is a relatively rare disease. Many conditions may mimic or trigger HLH in post‐HSCT period (eg, cytokine release syndrome, engraftment syndrome, graft rejection/failure, acute graft‐vs‐host disease, infections systemic inflammatory response syndrome/sepsis, and thrombotic microangiopathy). Moreover, this period is usually marked by febrile illness, cytopenia, and a “cytokine storm” leading to elevation of inflammatory biomarkers like ferritin and sCD25. These parameters overlap with the diagnostic criteria for HLH. Such confounding factors make the management of post‐HSCT HLH quite challenging. We illustrate this critical issue with case report of a patient who was diagnosed with HLH after allogeneic HSCT for tAML. He received MP and CsA for HLH but VP‐16 was not administered due to fear of severe myelosuppression. Fortunately, he responded well to treatment and remains in remission to date. We recommend caution while using HLH‐94/HLH‐2004 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of post‐HSCT HLH. In this article, we pinpoint these issues with a brief review of all the pediatric cases and clinical studies of post‐HSCT HLH along with a critical evaluation of its various diagnostic criteria. Finally, based on the limitations of current diagnostic criteria, we suggest a need for formulating disease‐specific diagnostic criteria for post‐HSCT HLH.     

The use of antithymocyte globulin in the treatment of severe aplastic anemia in children

The benefit of antithymocyte globulin in severe aplastic anemia in the pediatric age group was assessed. Four children received ten alternate-day courses of ATG (horse antihuman thymocyte globulin) as well as antihistamines and corticosteroids to minimize allergic reactions. The outcome of 19 other children with severe aplastic anemia who received ATG was also summarized. Combined data reveal that 12 of 23 have had a complete or partial response with residual thrombocytopenia and a probability of 48% survival one year from the start of ATG therapy as projected by life table analysis. Only one death has been recorded in the responding group. Response rate did not appear to be influenced by age, sex, etiology, initial blood count, interval prior to ATG therapy, or dose of ATG employed. Complications were minimal and included minor urticarial reactions and intermittent fever. Therapy with ATG should be considered in childhood severe aplastic anemia when bone marrow transplantation is not possible.     

免疫抑制治疗56例儿童获得性重型再生障碍性贫血的转归

Objective To investigate prognostic factors of immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in children acquired severe aplastic anemia(SAA). Methods Data of 56 consecutive children cases with SAA who had received rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (R-ATG) [3-5 mg/(kg·d)×5 d] and cyclosporine A (CSA) from January 2000 to June 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. No repeated courses of R-ATG were given for nortresponders. All the patients also received stanozolol or testosterone propionate. The dose of CSA was adjusted to maintain trough drug levels above 100 μg/L and peak drug levels above 300 μg/L. Results The overall response rate to the immtmosuppressive therapy (IST) was 62.5% and the complete remission rate was 37.5%. The 5-year overall survival for IST regimens was 66.27%±6.84%, patients who had infections when using ATG had significandy lower response and higher mortality. Patients whose nucleated erythrocyte population in bone marrow was ≥ 10% had good prognosis. Patients whose granulocytes population in bone marrow was ≥10% had lower mortality. Conclusion Patients who had infections when using ATG had significantly lower response and higher mortality. Patients whose nucleated erythrocyte population in bone marrow was ≥10% had good prognosis.