血管损伤的腔内治疗体会

目的：探讨腔内血管修复技术治疗血管损伤中的可行性及其疗效。方法：回顾性分析我科2002年6月至2006年8月诊治的血管外伤患者37例中12例接受血管腔内治疗患者的住院和随访资料。12例患者主要的血管病变类型是动静脉瘘、夹层形成、假性动脉瘤和动脉狭窄。其中1例采用球囊扩张合并血管支架植入，其余11例采用覆膜型血管支架植入。结果：技术成功率100％，无围手术死亡和严重并发症，术后症状全部改善。平均随访时间11．5个月。随访期间内无支架移位、内漏、支架内狭窄等并发症。结论：腔内治疗是一种新兴的治疗血管外伤的手段，与传统手术相比具有微创、安全等优点，短期随访效果满意，长期效果仍需继续观察。     

外伤性颈内动脉假性动脉瘤的血管内栓塞治疗

报告４例外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦段假性动脉瘤经血管内栓塞治愈头面部外伤，颅风底骨折和迟发性周期性鼻衄是论断外伤性颈内动脉假性动脉瘤的主要依据，可脱球囊内充ＨＥＭＡ栓塞动脉瘤及颈内动脉２例，钨线螺旋圈栓塞脉瘤１例，螺旋圈和可脱球囊联合栓塞动脉瘤１例，后２例颈内动脉通畅，血管内栓塞治疗是外伤性颈内动脉性动脉瘤的最佳治疗方法。     

外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘球囊栓塞治疗

目的:探讨治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的治疗方法。方法:对一组外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)的病人采用可脱性球囊栓塞治疗。结果:该组6例病人均获治愈。疗效满意。结论:可脱性球囊栓塞是治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的首选方法。     

血管内治疗外伤性颈内动脉眼动脉段假性动脉瘤1例

颅内假性动脉瘤在动脉瘤中相当少见．是由于外伤、感染等原因引起血管壁全层损伤，导致血管破口处形成动脉瘤。因其不具有完整的动脉瘤壁结构，手术风险很高。外伤性假性动脉瘤多由颅底骨折碎片损伤颈内动脉引起，好发于颈内动脉海绵窦段．常伴有颈内动脉海绵窦瘘。但颈内动脉眼动脉段少见。本文对1例颈内动脉眼动脉段假性动脉瘤采用栓塞载瘤动脉方法治疗，效果满意。结合文献复习，报告如下。     

颈部血管严重损伤15例的治疗

目的 总结颈部血管严重损伤的救治经验。方法 回顾性分析利用无损伤血管缝合修补技术及利用自体颈外静脉移植行颈动脉重建、人工血管包绕等方法治疗15例(29条)颈部血管严重损伤的临床资料。结果 本组均救治成功并获随访3～12周，平均随访7．5周，修复血管通畅性良好。结论 颈部血管严重损伤因失血、脑缺氧、窒息等死亡率高；保持呼吸道通畅、利用压迫和无损伤器械有效止血是成功救治的基础；娴熟的血管外科和显微外科技术，是救治成功的重要手段。     

血管内开通微孔道型慢性颈内动脉闭塞2例

病例1:患者男,75岁,因“发作性头晕2个月”入院;高血压病史20年,否认糖尿病、冠心病病史,无烟酒嗜好。查体及实验室检查无明显异常。血管造影:Ⅲ型主动脉弓型,右侧颈内动脉C1段起始部次全闭塞,病变段呈“蜂窝”状或“网格”状改变(即存在微孔道),前向血流缓慢(图1A);影像学诊断:微孔道型颈内动脉慢性闭塞。行血管内开通术,将8F导引导管置于右侧颈总动脉远端,送入多功能导管(5F,125 cm),使其头端置位于右侧颈内动脉起始部,引入微导管(Ethelon-10)、微导丝(Pilot 50)组合,尝试沿微孔道通过病变失败;引入2.0 mm×15 mm球囊、微导丝(Pilot 50)组合,在小球囊支撑下,微导丝经反复尝试成功穿过(未完全循微孔道)病变段,并向上到达右侧颈内动脉C1远端(图1B),但球囊未能跟进;换用1.25 mm×15 mm球囊到达病变段并进行扩张后,再以2.0 mm×15 mm小球囊重复扩张。沿微导丝送入脑保护伞(Spider,5 mm)至右侧颈内动脉C1远段,沿保护伞导丝引入5 mm×30 mm球囊再次扩张病变段血管(图1C),最后植入颈动脉支架(Protege 8~6 mm×40 mm)(图1D)。术后血管造影示颈内动脉成功再通,患者头晕症状消失。     

切开复位内固定治疗跗跖关节损伤17例报告

目的 探讨切开复位内固定治疗踝关节损伤的疗效.方法 我科于2007年9月～2010年8月收治急性闭合性跗跖关节损伤病例17例,全部采用切开复位AO螺钉内固定治疗.结果 术后切口均一期愈合,其中13例获得随访,随访6～22个月,平均12个月.按美国足踝外科协会足踝评分标准(AOFAS):70～80分1例,80～90分5例...     

急性血管损伤132例的治疗分析

目的：探讨急性血管损伤的治疗方法。方法：回顾132例血管损伤患者的l临床资料，并对其进行统计分析。结果：本组病例血管损伤引起的死亡率为6．8％，截肢率为8．3％；手术后的通畅率达91．9％。结论：手术探查是诊治急性血管损伤的主要手段；采取灵活多样的方式处理血管损伤是确保通畅，降低病死率，保存肢体的关键。     

隐匿性血管损伤的临床特点与诊疗策略

目的 探讨临床骨科中隐匿性血管损伤的临床特点、诊断与治疗,以期提高对此类损伤的认识和临床诊治效率.方法 2003年3月至2010年10月共收治649例血管损伤患者,其中隐匿性血管损伤50例(7.7%),男42例,女8例;年龄13～66岁,平均34.0岁.血管损伤类型:静脉损伤1例,动脉损伤42例,动、静脉同时损伤7例.根据张英泽等提出的肢体动脉编码和损伤分型:A型14例,B型20例,C型16例.初始损伤至诊断时间平均为43.4 d(2～337 d),表现为肢体缺血、骨筋膜室综合征、血肿或假性动脉瘤、出血、神绛受压等征象.辅助检查包括:彩色多普勒超声17例,CT血管造影7例,X线血管造影25例.手术治疗43例,包括血管修补、直接吻合、自体静脉移植、结扎及截肢,其中2例术后行血液滤过治疗;内科治疗3例;介入栓塞治疗4例.结果 4例患者截肢后伤口愈合良好,无并发症发生;其余46例患者出院时患肢皮肤温度、颜色均恢复正常,远端动脉搏动存在,平均随访6.7个月(1～42个月),患肢血运良好.结论临床工作中的隐匿性血管损伤并非少见,其临床表现具有延迟出现、多种多样及不典型的特点.诊断方法应优先选择血管造影.治疗以手术为主,酌情采用血管内介入治疗和血液滤过治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of insidious vascular injuries in orthopaedic cases. Methods Between March 2003 and October 2010, we treated 649 cases of orthopedic and vascular injuries, 50 (7. 7% ) of which were identified as insidious injuries. They were 42 men and 8 women, aged from 13 to 66 years (average, 34. 0 years). The insidious injury affected the vein in one case, the artery in 42 cases and both in 7 cases. The vascular injuries were categorized as type A (14 cases), type B (20 cases) and type C (16 cases) according to the classification system proposed by Zhang Ying-ze. The diagnoses were made after an average of 43. 4 days from primary injuries, with the assistance of color Doppler ultrasound in 17 cases, CT angiography in 7 and X-ray angiography in 25. Clinical manifestations included limb ischemia, compartment syndrome, hematoma or pseudoaneurysm, hemorrhage and nerve entrapment. Forty-three patients were treated by a variety of surgical options, such as angiorrhaphy, anastomosis, transplantation of autogenous venous graft, ligation and amputation. Among them, hemofiltration was performed in 2 cases as adjuvant therapy. Endovascular embolization was performed in 4 cases and conservative treatment in the other 3. Results Forty-six patients had their limbs salvaged, with normal temperature and color of the skin and existence of distal arterial pulses at discharge from hospital. The other 4 patients had to sustain amputation. An average follow-up of 6. 7 months (from one to 42 months) revealed that all the affected limbs regained normal blood circulation. Conclusions The insidious presentations and atypical clinical manifestations make diagnosis of insidious vascular injury very difficult. We recommend angiography as the first step in diagnosis. Surgical approaches should be considered as the main treatment choice, and hemopurification can be used as adjuvant therapy if necessary. In some cases, endovascular intervention may be faster and safer.     

臀部外伤性坐骨神经损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨臀部外伤性坐骨神经损伤手术治疗的指征及效果. 方法对21例外伤性臀部坐骨神经损伤者进行手术治疗,方法包括神经探查、松解、减压、路径清理及神经吻合. 结果平均随访2.98年,坐骨神经恢复优良率为57.1%. 结论臀部外伤性坐骨神经损伤以腓神经较多见,且预后不佳;伤后应早期手术治疗,术中应注意判断坐骨神经的行径、损伤或严重情况,避免漏治.     

Endovascular treatment of traumatic internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm

IntroductionTraumatic internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm (TICAP) is the most common cause of stroke in young adults. The treatment of TICAP with open surgery poses excess risk, thus during last decade endovascular treatment strategies have been applied.AimTo assess the efficacy and the existing experience of endovascular treatment of TICAP.MethodologyA systematic review of the literature was undertaken to identify all reported cases of endovascular treatment of TICAP from 1998 to 2015 in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.ResultsA total of 193 patients (139 males, 75%) with mean age of 30.8 ± 2.2 years in 23 case studies, were treated for their TICAP with endovascular treatment. The main causes of TICAP were road traffic accidents 51%, assaults 12%, fall from height 8% and other miscellaneous causes were 29%. In 8/23 studies, the patients were operated emergently, in 9/23 at least 1 month after the carotid injury, and in 6/23 the time between the injury and the operation was not reported. The total success rate of pseudoaneurysm occlusion was 84% (162/193). The reported peri-procedural morbidity rate was 6% (11/185; 3 TIA, 7 strokes and 1 subclavian artery dissection), and the peri-operative mortality rate was 1.2% (2/162). Most patients received post-operatively antiplatelet therapy (either single or dual) and the duration of the administration ranged from 3 months to long term. During their follow up (ranging from 4 days to 13 years) only 6 patients required re-intervention, and this was undertaken with endovascular approach.ConclusionEndovascular therapy tends to be an effective option for the treatment of TICAP with low morbidity and mortality rates.     

颈内动脉内膜剥除术治疗颈内动脉硬化闭塞症36例报告

目的 探讨颈内动脉内膜剥除术治疗颅外段颈内动脉硬化闭塞症的方法和疗效。方法 对36例颈内动脉硬化闭塞症病人分别采用颈内动脉内膜剥除加补片、颈内动脉外膜翻转内膜切除和人造血置换三种不同的颈内动脉内膜剥除术式，通过治疗效果分析，主手术适应证。结果 36例病人痊愈出院，术后无并发症，随访期内无短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）发作，彩超检查颈内动脉通畅。结论 颈内动脉内膜剥除术是治疗颅内外段颈内动脉硬化闭塞的有效方法。应根据颈内动脉病变程度和范围选取适当的手术方式。     

腔内治疗闭合性肢体动脉外伤12例

目的 探讨腔内治疗闭合性肢体动脉外伤的手术方式及有效性.方法 回顾性分析2006年3月至2010年12月治疗的12例腔内治疗闭合性肢体动脉外伤患者的临床资料.对12例患者均顺行或逆行穿刺置入导管鞘,在导丝配合下将导管送至病变近心端,通过术中造影确定动脉病变的具体位置,并精确测量动脉的直径及受累动脉段的长度.导管配合下将导丝通过病变部位建立治疗“通路”,在病变部位释放相应类型的支架修复动脉损伤.结果 12例患者均成功完成手术,手术成功率100％,无死亡病例,2例患者术后出现急性肾功能衰竭,给予连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗后治愈,3例患者因肢体骨筋膜室综合征于术中或术后行骨筋膜切开减压术,其中1例因肌肉组织坏死严重、肢体功能丧失最终截肢.11例患者完成1年随访,随访率92％,损伤动脉均通畅,未发现支架断裂、移位或狭窄.结论 腔内技术治疗闭合性肢体动脉外伤创伤小、安全有效.     

Endovascular repair of traumatic arteriovenous fistula between axillary artery and vein

Traumatic arteriovenous fistula between the axillary artery and vein may present a difficult problem in treatment. There are few reports demonstrating the endovascular repair of this challenge. Herein, we present such a case of endovascular repair of traumatic arteriovenous fistula between the axillary artery and vein with false aneurysm formation. The patient was discharged 11 days after successful operation. Oral clopidogrel and aspirin were administerted for 18 months. At one year follow-up, the patient was in good condition and showed no evidence of neurological deficit in the left upper limb.     

Fenestration of the internal carotid artery

Fenestration of the internal carotid artery is very rare. The authors describe two cases of fenestration at the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery that were revealed by angiography. The embryological basis and clinical significance of this anomalous condition are discussed.     

颈内动脉完全闭塞的手术治疗

目的 探讨颈动脉血运重建治疗完全性颈内动脉闭塞的临床疗效.方法 2001年6月～2010年4月,收治颈动脉狭窄患者397例,术前行磁共振血管造影(MRA)检查,确诊并行颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)治疗颈内动脉闭塞患者28例,术中切除标本送病理检查,术后复查颈部MRA,并对术后情况进行随访.结果 术后即时通畅率为92.8％,术后平均随访时间10个月,22例颈内动脉通畅,通畅率为78.5％,无脑缺血事件发生;6例颈内动脉闭塞患者中,2例在术后4个月发生短暂性脑缺血及腔隙性梗死;3例术后仍偶有头晕,其中2例单侧肢体麻木;1例记忆力减退.结论 对于有症状的颈内动脉闭塞患者,CEA加取栓术是安全有效的方法.     

颈内动脉闭塞术的初步临床应用

目的探讨颈内动脉闭塞术治疗颈内动脉血管性病变的价值。方法共5例患者,1例鼻咽癌行放疗后清创术,并发难以制止的鼻咽部大出血,双侧后鼻孔填塞无效;1例巨大颈内动脉眼段动脉瘤,无法手术夹闭;3例外伤后颈内动脉海绵窦瘘,单纯闭塞瘘口失败。采用Seldinger技术经股动脉穿刺置管行全脑血管造影,经球囊闭塞试验或病变侧压颈试验,病人耐受良好后方行闭塞术。闭塞材料为3例应用可脱弹簧圈,2例应用可脱球囊,闭塞位置为病变近端及瘘口。结果所有病例闭塞颈内动脉后,即行对侧颈动脉造影复查,可见前交通动脉和/或后交通动脉代偿良好,患者无明显并发症发生,病变未见显影。临床症状消失、无合并症发生,病变未见复发。结论颈内动脉闭塞术作为一种治疗颈动脉血管性疾病的方法,可以在不危及病人生命、加重病人病情的情况下,取得良好的治疗效果。     

Revascularization procedures in internal carotid artery pseudo-occlusion

Summary Background. Surgical treatment of patients with suspected internal carotid artery (ICA) pseudo-occlusion and reduced cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is still uncertain regarding the diagnostic procedures, the risks and the optimal timing as well as performance of revascularization.Method. From 1983–2001, 781 patients with symptomatic ICA stenosis were treated surgically. In 53 patients, a final diagnosis of extracranial ICA pseudo-occlusion was established by repeating Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA). Angiographical findings were anterograde string-like filling of ICA beyond the carotid bifurcation or retrograde filling of the proximal, so called occluded extracranial ICA, extending up to the skull base. The CVR was reduced. All patients underwent direct surgery of extracranial carotid artery. Diagnostic parameters, peri-operative risks and postoperative course of these patients were evaluated.Findings. In 40 patients (75.5%) a successful revascularization of ICA was possible. ICA pseudo-occlusion was in all cases of atheromatous origin, moreover in 8 patients combined with a floating thrombus, distal to the stenosis. Thrombectomy was done by means of Fogarty catheter. In 13 patients (24.5%), a surgical re-opening of the ICA lumen was not possible. Five of these patients showed in DSA an anterograde string sign, eight presented retrograde filling of ICA reaching the skull base. Peri-operative mortality was 1.9%, peri-operative morbidity was 7.5%. After a 4 years (mean) follow-up, 95% of the reopened ICA remained patent.Conclusion. In patients with explicit carotid artery occlusion signs, careful selective DSA should be compulsory with a late series to detect ICA pseudo-occlusion. There is a chance for extracranial reopening ICA, even with compromised CVR, if anterograde string like or retrograde filling of proximal so called occluded ICA as far as the skull base is angiographically identified.     

Medial approach for popliteal artery injuries

Objective： To evaluate the clinical application of the medial approach for repairing popliteal artery injuries. Methods： From 2002 to 2008, 11 cases ofpopliteal artery injuries had been repaired via the medial approach. Of these cases, 8 had limb fractures, 1 had knee dislocation, and 2 had visceral injuries. Ten popliteal arteries were anastomosed directly while one was repaired with a great saphenous vein graft. Results： The operation time ranged from 3 to 4 hours （averaging 3.6 hours）. All the injured limbs survived. At the follow up, 8 legs recovered the full function, 2 had minor contracture, and 1 serious Volkmann＇s contracture without amputation. Conclusion： The medial approach for repair of the popliteal artery is effective, applicable, and more advantageous to the management of multi-injures.     

False-negative magnetic resonance angiography with extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is increasingly used as a noninvasive means to assess internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. When used alone, however, MRA may not be sufficiently accurate in certain settings to determine whether ICA disease meets surgical criteria. Although MRA has been recognized to overestimate the degree of stenosis, the authors present two cases in which it severely underestimated arterial stenosis. Two male patients, 70 and 40 years old, respectively, were admitted with crescendo transient ischemic attacks. Their MRA studies suggested nonsurgical lesions of the ICA. After the patients continued to demonstrate clinical evidence of embolic disease, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed on one patient, and the other received a gadolinium contrast-enhanced MRA. These tests revealed critical stenosis in each patient. Each was taken to the operating room for awake carotid endarterectomy with heparin anticoagulation and electroencephalographic monitoring. At surgery, both patients were found to have severely stenosed ICAs with complex plaques. MRA to determine whether ICA stenosis meets surgical criteria may not be sufficiently accurate in certain clinical settings. Additional imaging studies, such as confirmatory digital ultrasonography, MRA with gadolinium contrast, or DSA, may be required to determine the extent of carotid artery stenosis accurately.