RF、AF系统内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的　总结RF、AF系统手术治疗胸腰椎骨折的经验。方法　使用RF、AF系统内固定手术治疗胸腰椎骨折 86例。结果　经 6个月～ 6年随访 ,椎体平均前后高度由术前的 4 7 1%和 74 8%恢复到术后的 90 3%和 95 3% ,Cobb角由术前平均 17 2°恢复为术后平均 1°。结论　RF、AF系统结构简单 ,操作方便 ,固定坚固 ,疗效优于Steffee内固定器械。     

经后路全脊柱截骨治疗胸腰椎骨折晚期后凸畸形

[目的]评价经后路全脊柱截骨治疗胸腰椎骨折晚期后凸畸形的效果及探讨其手术指征。[方法]28例胸腰椎骨折晚期后凸畸形患者,22例腰背部疼痛剧烈,平卧困难、后凸畸形进行性加重,6例伴有不同程度神经损害症状(Frankel分级:C级2例,D级4例);术前后凸Cobb′s角32°~60°,平均47.5°。均采用经后路全脊柱截骨术式纠正后凸畸形、植骨内固定稳定脊柱,重建脊柱矢状面平衡。[结果]术后Cobb′s角平均6.8,°胸腰椎后凸畸形纠正率85.7%,重建脊柱矢状面平衡,神经损害症状恢复(Frankel分级C、D级5例神经功能恢复正常,1例C级恢复至D级),外观满意;无神经并发症。术后平均随访18个月,平均矫正丢失度数为2.8°。[结论]对于胸腰椎骨折晚期后凸畸形僵硬、度数<50°的中老年患者经后路全脊柱截骨术式是理想选择。     

通用型脊柱内固定系统(GSS)治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的总结应用GSS内固定手术治疗胸腰椎骨折的方法和治疗效果。方法68例胸腰椎骨折患者采用GSS行后路减压植骨内固定术。结果经3~21个月随访,椎体平均高度由术前的前39.5%和后76.4%恢复到术后的前94.2%和后97.3%,Cobb角由术前平均23.8°恢复为术后平均2.9°。神经功能按ASIA标准评价,51例有1~3级恢复。结论GSS治疗胸腰椎骨折具有操作简便、复位效果好、植骨融合率高及固定可靠的优点,在脊柱内固定器械中具有较明显的优越性。     

单节段与双节段经伤椎椎弓根钉固定治疗轻中度不稳定胸腰椎骨折的疗效

 目的 比较单节段与双节段经伤椎椎弓根钉固定治疗轻中度不稳定胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效。方法 2006年6月至2011年6月采用单节段或双节段经伤椎椎弓根钉固定治疗并获得1年以上随访的轻中度胸腰椎骨折患者45例,男22例,女23例;年龄23~76岁,平均43.8岁。单节段固定31例,双节段固定14例。术前、术后第3天和末次随访时测量伤椎及其上、下相邻正常椎体的前缘高度、伤椎后凸Cobb角,比较两组的椎体压缩率、矫正度丢失、手术时间和术中出血量。结果 随访13~57个月,平均24.8个月。末次随访时单节段固定组患者满意率93.5%、双节段固定组92.9%。术前单节段固定组椎体压缩率为44.67%±4.6%、双节段固定组45.49%±8.9%,Cobb角分别为24.6°±4.2°、25.8°±5.8°,差异无统计学意义。术后第3天两组椎体压缩率分别为9.34%±5.2%、8.68%±4.5%,Cobb角分别为9.2°±1.6°、8.8°±3.1°,差异无统计学意义。末次随访时两组椎体压缩率分别为11.83%±4.2%、10.12%±2.5%,Cobb角分别为10.5°±1.3°、9.8°±3.8°,差异无统计学意义;与术后第3天相比,差异无统计学意义。两组手术时间分别为(90±35)、(110±42) min,术中出血量分别为(240±48)、(380±52) ml,差异有统计学意义。结论 对轻中度不稳定胸腰椎骨折,单节段与双节段经伤椎固定均能较好地恢复椎体高度和Cobb角,近期随访未发现明显矫正度丢失。双节段经伤椎固定手术时间相对较长、出血量相对较多。     

胸腰椎爆裂型骨折的外科治疗

目的探讨胸、腰椎爆裂型骨折的外科治疗策略。方法回顾性分析1998年1月~2004年5月手术治疗的胸、腰椎爆裂型骨折患者59例,男42例,女17例,年龄19~58岁,平均38岁。受伤节段为T11~L3。侧位X线片示骨折椎体楔形变。骨折椎体高度压缩程度为1/4~3/4(在侧位X线片上骨折椎体前、后缘高度与相邻上下节段椎体前、后缘高度的平均值之比)。其中后路手术43例,前路手术16例。结果全部病例随访12个月~3年,平均21个月,椎体前、后缘高度分别由术前平均37.5%(12.0%~46.0%)和79.0%(31.0%~87.0%)恢复到术后92.5%(90.0%~100%)和97.4%(94.5%~99.8%),Cobb角由术前平均23°(13°~39°)恢复到术后平均2.3°(1°~6°),脊髓损伤患者按Frankel分级,除5例A级无明显改善外,其余病例均有明显改善,平均改善1级以上。结论胸、腰椎爆裂型骨折手术治疗的疗效是肯定的,手术方式的选择依术者所在医院的条件、医师手术技巧及患者的病情而定。     

椎弓根螺钉治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

目的探讨椎弓根螺钉在胸腰椎爆裂性骨折治疗中的疗效。方法回顾性分析2002年以来应用椎弓根螺钉的治疗45例胸腰椎骨折患者资料。全部患者采用后路椎管减压,椎体植骨加椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗。结果全部病例得到随访,平均20个月(6～60个月),其中18例脊髓不全损伤患者Frankel分级提高l～3级(平均2级)。A级10例有2例恢复到B级,1例恢复到C级,其余患者部分术后感觉平面下降或下肢感觉部分恢复,运动功能无明显改善。术后遗留轻度腰背痛3例,1例螺钉松动,无一例发生感染。随访病例均行X线片检查,后凸角由术前平均25°(11°～35°)矫正到术后10°(0°～15°),椎体前缘高度矢状径指数术前30°(15°～55°),恢复到术后85°(72°～100°)。结论后路椎管减压,椎体植骨加椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折是一种较理想的手术方法。此方法操作简单、安全,在解除神经及硬膜囊压迫的同时扩大了椎管,杜绝了继发性椎管狭窄,增加了脊柱稳定性,值得推广。     

Z-plate前路内固定系统治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的　探讨和评估Z plate前路钢板治疗胸腰椎骨折的价值和作用及手术适应证。 方法　对 4 5例胸腰椎骨折病例行一期前路减压、植骨融合、Z plate内固定。结果　 3例失访 ,4 2例进行 3～34个月的随访 ;按Frankel分级 2 3例术前有神经症状者完全恢复正常 ,13例有部分恢复 ,4例无任何恢复 ,无一例神经功能加重 ,术前与随访时Frankel分级差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。脊柱矢状位和冠状位的Cobb角术后与术前比较差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。并发症 :1例气胸 ,3例肺部感染 ,2例术前无侧凸畸形患者术后出现 4 5°和 7 8°的侧凸畸形 ,所有病例均未出现内固定的松动、断裂。结论　Z plate钢板是一种疗效确实的胸腰椎前路固定系统 ,其稳定性可靠 ,操作简单、安全、并发症少 ;但应正确掌握好其临床适应证     

胸腰椎爆裂骨折的早期治疗

目的探讨胸腰椎爆裂骨折(TLBF)的手术适应证。方法回顾分析139例确诊为TLBF患者,分为两组:非手术治疗组47例,采用卧硬板床及石膏支具固定;手术治疗组92例,采用椎体钢板与椎弓根螺钉复位固定技术,脊髓神经功能按ASIA损伤分级。结果术后平均随访6年2个月,平均脊椎后突角:术前23.5°,术后8.5°;中柱后突程度:术前25%～85%(平均33%),术后0～53%(平均12%);椎体前缘高度:术前平均45%,术后恢复平均85%;椎管狭窄程度:术前30%～85%(平均55%),术后0～50%(平均20%);随访神经功能恢复到E级的手术组优于非手术组,两组统计学差异均显著(P<0.01)。结论伴有或可能出现继发性神经损害,尤其是伴有较严重后柱损伤的TLBF均不稳定,均应尽早手术。     

AF内固定加椎板关闭术治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的 比较和评价后路椎板切开骨折复位椎板关闭术和结合AF系统两种不同手术方法在治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折中的疗效。方法 回顾性分析29例胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者,其中早期8例单纯采用后路椎板切开、骨折复位、关闭椎板的手术;后期用此法并结合AF系统治疗21例。比较术后症状的改善和X线变化。结果 全部病例获得3个月～6年随访,脊髓神经功能及椎体高度均有不同程度恢复。AF内固定组无局部症状,后凸畸形角由术前平均28.4°减少到术后3.1°;单纯组存在腰部症状,后凸畸形角由术前平均26.2°减少到6.9°。结论 AF内固定结合骨折复位椎板关闭术,骨折复位及减压彻底,脊柱稳定性好,术后硬膜外瘢痕粘连少,是治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的一种理想方法。     

椎弓根螺钉系统内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的　分析椎弓根螺钉在胸腰椎骨折中的临床应用及疗效。方法　采用 3种椎弓根螺钉系统治疗 3 5例 ,随访 6个月～ 4年 ,平均 2年。结果　伤椎前缘平均高度由术前 4 2 %提高到术后93 5 % ,后缘由术前 94 %提高到术后 98% ,后凸角由术前 2 7 6°降低到术后 5 2°,椎管面积从术前69 %提高到术后 95 % ;神经功能按Frankel分级标准 ,较术前改善Ⅱ级以上。结论　椎弓根螺钉系统内固定是治疗胸腰段脊柱损伤的有效方法之一.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.