X射线全身照射对小鼠脾细胞转铁蛋白受体表达的影响

目的转铁蛋白受体（ＴｆＲ）是Ｔ淋巴细胞受抗原或丝裂原刺激后表达在细胞表面的重要受体之一,与Ｔ细胞的活化和增殖有着密切关系。目前尚未见国内外有关ＴｆＲ辐射效应研究的报道。研究大剂量电离辐射后ＴｆＲ表达的变化及作用,对阐明辐射抑制机体免疫功能的机制有着重要意义。方法本文采用流式细胞术的方法观察了不同剂量Ｘ射线全身照射对小鼠脾细胞ＴｆＲ表达的影响以及４ＧｙＸ射线全身照射后不同时间ＴｆＲ表达的变化。结果０５～６ＧｙＸ射线全身照射后２４小时,脾脏ＴｆＲ阳性细胞数从１Ｇｙ开始随照射剂量的增加而下降,且呈明显的剂量依赖性。４ＧｙＸ射线全身照射后１２～７２小时,脾脏ＴｆＲ阳性细胞数于照后１２小时开始下降,２４、４８小时降至最低值（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,７２小时开始回升。结论大剂量电离辐射抑制小鼠脾细胞ＴｆＲ的表达,并有明显剂量依赖性;ＴｆＲ表达的下降可能与辐射抑制ＩＬ２的分泌和ＩＬ２受体的表达有关。     

X射线全身照射对免疫细胞共刺激分子表达的影响

目的：探讨低剂量电离辐射对免疫细胞表面分子的影响，方法：用流式细胞术FITC－CD28／PE－CTLA－4双染染法观察了小鼠胸腺和脾细胞的CD28和CTLA－4表达变化，用免疫细胞化学（ABC）法观察了小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞B7－1和B7－2的表达变化。结果：低剂量电离辐射和较高剂量电离辐射均能增强腹腔巨噬细胞B7分子的表达；同时发现，低量电离辐射显著增强胸腺和脾细胞CD28的表达，而CTLA－4的表达降低，脾细胞较胸腺细胞更明显。较高剂量电离辐射显著增强胸腺和脾细胞CTLA－4的表达，同时抑制两种细胞CD28的表达，以脾细胞为更显著，结论：共刺激分子CD28和B7的表达上调可能是低剂量电离辐射免疫兴奋效应机理中的重要因素。     

电离辐射对p16基因转录及蛋白表达的影响

目的　研究电离辐射对p16基因转录及蛋白表达的影响。方法　采用Northernblot检测p16mRNA水平的变化 ;采用单克隆抗体免疫荧光标记及流式细胞术检测p16蛋白表达的变化。结果　研究证实 ,2 0Gy照射后 2～ 2 4h ,胸腺细胞p16mRNA水平明显增高 ,8～ 4 8hp16蛋白表达显著增高 (P <0 0 5～P <0 0 1) ;照射后 2～ 8h脾细胞p16mRNA水平明显增高 ,2 4hp16蛋白表达显著增高 (P <0 0 5 )。研究还证实 ,0 5～ 6 0Gy照射后 ,胸腺细胞p16mRNA水平呈剂量依赖性增高 ,p16蛋白表达在 1 0～ 4 0Gy组显著增高 (P <0 0 5～P <0 0 1) ;脾细胞p16mRNA水平亦增高 ,但增幅远低于胸腺细胞 ,p16蛋白表达在 1 0～ 4 0Gy组显著增高 (P <0 0 5～P <0 0 1)。结论　电离辐射可诱导p16基因转录及蛋白表达增高 ,其增高幅度表现出一定的细胞异质性。     

The two inducible responses, SOS and heat-shock, in Escherichia coli act synergistically during Weigle reactivation of the bacteriophage phiX174

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate how Escherichia coli cells responded at the level of DNA repair, when the cells were subjected to UV (ultraviolet) radiation and heat-stress to induce a DNA repair system (SOS) and heat-shock response, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiments were performed to study the Weigle reactivation of the bacteriophage phiX174 in its host E. coli C/1 cells. Two distinct techniques, top layer agar plating and Western blotting, were employed to measure the plaque count of viable phages and to demonstrate the heat-shock response respectively. RESULTS: Repair of UV-inactivated bacteriophages in UV-irradiated E. coli cells is known as Weigle reactivation. In the case of the single-stranded DNA containing bacteriophage phiX174, Weigle reactivation occurs only through the inducible SOS repair response. Here we report that when UV-irradiated E. coli cells were transferred to higher temperature, the consequent heat-shock enhanced the reactivation of UV-inactivated phiX174 over normal Weigle reactivation; the enhancement being maximum when the cells were shifted from 30 - 47 degrees C and incubated there for 30 min. The extent of increase of reactivation was less, when the cells were first subjected to heat-shock and then irradiated by UV. Besides heat, ethanol (5 - 10% volume/volume [v/v]), an established heat-shock inducer, also caused enhancement of phage reactivation and the maximum enhancement occurred at 8% v/v ethanol. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the SOS and heat-shock responses in E. coli act synergistically in the reactivation of UV-damaged bacteriophage phiX174.     

The two inducible responses,SOS and heat-shock,in Escherichia coli act synergistically during Weigle reactivation of the bacteriophage ϕX174

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate how Escherichia coli cells responded at the level of DNA repair, when the cells were subjected to UV (ultraviolet) radiation and heat-stress to induce a DNA repair system (SOS) and heat-shock response, respectively.

Materials and methods: The experiments were performed to study the Weigle reactivation of the bacteriophage ?X174 in its host E. coli C/1 cells. Two distinct techniques, top layer agar plating and Western blotting, were employed to measure the plaque count of viable phages and to demonstrate the heat-shock response respectively.

Results: Repair of UV-inactivated bacteriophages in UV-irradiated E. coli cells is known as Weigle reactivation. In the case of the single-stranded DNA containing bacteriophage ?X174, Weigle reactivation occurs only through the inducible SOS repair response. Here we report that when UV-irradiated E. coli cells were transferred to higher temperature, the consequent heat-shock enhanced the reactivation of UV-inactivated ?X174 over normal Weigle reactivation; the enhancement being maximum when the cells were shifted from 30 – 47°C and incubated there for 30 min. The extent of increase of reactivation was less, when the cells were first subjected to heat-shock and then irradiated by UV. Besides heat, ethanol (5 – 10% volume/volume [v/v]), an established heat-shock inducer, also caused enhancement of phage reactivation and the maximum enhancement occurred at 8% v/v ethanol.

Conclusion: We suggest that the SOS and heat-shock responses in E. coli act synergistically in the reactivation of UV-damaged bacteriophage ?X174.     

中国医用诊断X射线工作者1950～1995年恶性肿瘤危险分析

目的：提供职业照射诱发人类恶性肿瘤的证据和评价其危害。方法：用O／E程序分析了我国24省、直辖市、自治区1950－1980年间在职的27011名医用诊断X射线工作者和25782名其他科医务工作人员1950－1995年间的恶性肿瘤发病资料。结果：X射线工作者的恶性肿瘤发病率明显高于对照医务人员，相对危险（RR）为1．2，95％可信限（CI）为1．1－1．3。发病率明显增加的肿瘤是白血病，皮肤癌，女性乳腺癌，肺癌，肝癌，膀胱癌和食管癌，RR分别为：2．2，4．1，1．3，1．2，1．2，1．8和2．7，甲状腺癌的发病率也见增加，R＝1．6，95％（CI）为0．9－2．6，结论：X射线工作者白血病、皮肤癌，女性乳腺癌，可能还有甲状腺癌相对危险的增高与职业X射线的照射有关，当累积剂量达到一定水平时，这些肿瘤的相对危险明显增高。     

Investigations of a (99m)Tc-labeled bacteriophage as a potential infection-specific imaging agent.

Because bacteriophages (phages) have a natural specificity for bacteria, it may be possible to develop radiolabeled phages as infection-specific agents. METHODS: The M13 phage was radiolabeled with (99m)Tc via mercaptoacetyltriglycine and purified by polyethylene glycol precipitation. After radiolabeling, the phage was tested for binding at 1, 5, and 10 min to Escherichia coli strain 2537, E. coli strain 25922, and Staphylococcus aureus strain 29213. The radiolabeled phage was also tested for specificity in mouse models that had received a subcutaneous injection of either live (infection/inflammation model) or heat-inactivated (inflammation model) cultures in a thigh. The labeled phage (10(9) plaque-forming units, 1-3.7 MBq) was administered either within 20 min (to minimize the contribution from inflammation) or 3 h after induction. The animals were killed 3 h later. RESULTS: The radiochemical purity of the labeled phage exceeded 95% by strip chromatography using instant thin-layer chromatography/acetone and paper/saline. Binding of the labeled phage to each of the 3 bacterial strains in vitro was immediate, reaching a maximum at 1 min. However, the percentage bound was significantly higher (P = 0.0008) for E. coli 2537 than for either of the other 2 bacteria (84% vs. 41% and 48%). Furthermore, binding to E. coli 2537 was unchanged at 10 min, whereas binding to both E. coli 25922 and S. aureus decreased to 33%. At 3 h in vivo, the ratio of target thigh to normal thigh was significantly higher (P < or = 0.017) in the infection/inflammation model (2 to 2.5 fold) than in the inflammation model (1.5 to 1.8) and therefore suggestive of increased accumulation specific to infection. The difference was slightly more pronounced in animals that received labeled phage at 20 min after inoculation, showing a ratio of 2.3 for infected thigh to normal thigh and a ratio of 1.6 for inflamed thigh to normal thigh. Although absolute uptake was lowest in the infection/inflammation thigh of mice infected with E. coli 2537, this finding was presumably due to the therapeutic effect of the phage on this strain. CONCLUSION: Radiolabeled bacteriophages should be further investigated as potential agents for specific imaging of infection.     

应用脉冲电场凝胶电泳分析X射线诱发人骨肉瘤细？…

目的 研究电离辐射诱发人骨肉瘤肿瘤细胞ＤＮＡ双链断裂与辐射损伤修复效应,观察辐射损伤、损伤修复效应敏感性之间的关系。方法 选用强制均匀电场电泳,分别测定经不同的剂量Ｘ射线照射和相同剂量照射后培养不同时间,人骨肉瘤Ｒｈｏ０和１４３．Ｂ肿瘤细胞株ＤＮＡ双链断裂。结果 （１）Ｘ射线诱发人骨肉瘤瘤细胞的ＤＮＡ双链辐射剂量呈线性正比关系;（２）培养后的人骨肉瘤肿瘤细胞对射诱发的ＤＮＡ双链断裂具有一定修复能力     

低剂量辐射诱导小鼠胸腺细胞及其亚组的适应性反应

目的研究低剂量辐射预先照射以及随后大剂量照射后小鼠胸腺细胞Ｔ细胞受体（ＴＣＲ）、ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４和ＣＤ８分子表达的变化。方法ＴＣＲ、ＣＤ３表达采用间接荧光流式细胞术检测,ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８表达采用双参数直接免疫荧光流式细胞术检测。结果实验结果表明：单纯１５ＧｙＸ射线全身照射后ＴＣＲ,ＣＤ３阳性细胞数以及ＣＤ４－Ｄ８－,ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ８＋,ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ８－和ＣＤ４－ＣＤ８＋细胞数明显减少,当１５ＧｙＸ射线全身照射前６小时预先照射００７５Ｇｙ时,可明显减轻其后１５Ｇｙ照射对ＴＣＲ＋,ＣＤ３＋,ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ８＋,ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ８－和ＣＤ４－ＣＤ８＋的损伤作用。表现为各亚组细胞数显著高于单纯１５Ｇｙ照射组。ＣＤ４－ＣＤ８－亚组的细胞数无明显变化。结论００７５ＧｙＸ射线全身照射能够诱导胸腺细胞ＴＣＲ＋,ＣＤ３＋,ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ８＋,ＣＤ４＋ＣＤ８－和ＣＤ４－ＣＤ８＋亚组细胞的适应性反应。     

两株大肠杆菌烈性噬菌体的分离与生物学特征研究

目的:以大肠杆菌285为宿主菌从医院污水中分离噬菌体,对其生物学特点进行研究,并与f2噬菌体的生物学特点进行比较.方法:四步法污水分离噬菌体;单、双层平板噬菌斑实验筛选烈性噬菌体并观察噬菌斑形态;纯化后2%磷钨酸染色电镜观察;利用双层平板噬菌斑实验测定最佳感染复数;紫外线照射观察耐受时间.结果:成功分离出大肠杆菌285烈性噬菌体2株(EcP1、EcP2), EcP1噬菌斑直径3～5 mm(培养12 h), 逆光观察噬菌斑呈全透明状,该噬菌体有一个长多面体立体对称的头部,头长径(L)约47 nm,头横径(W)约35 nm,L/W=1.34,无囊膜,有一短尾,尾长约20 nm;EcP2噬菌斑直径约1 mm(培养12 h),逆光观察噬菌斑呈全透明状,该噬菌体有一个长多面体立体对称的头部,头长径(L)约89 nm,头横径(W)约54 nm,L/W=1.65,无囊膜,有一长尾,有尾鞘,尾长约81 nm.EcP2可噬大肠杆菌8099形成直径约1 mm的圆形噬菌斑.f2噬大肠杆菌285形成圆形直径2～3 mm的噬菌斑, 逆光观察噬菌斑呈全透明状,f2呈微球形,直径51～113 nm.EcP1和EcP2最佳感染复数分别为10和0.1,在紫外灯(光强221 μW/cm2)下暴露8和4 min可全部失活.结论:按照国际病毒分类委员会分类标准,所分离的两株噬菌体分属于短尾噬菌体科(EcP1)和肌尾噬菌体科(EcP2)烈性噬菌体,按照Bradley和Ackermann形态分类法分属于C2亚群和近似A2亚群;其中EcP2为一株宽噬噬菌体.两株噬菌体头部大小较呼吸道病毒中流感病毒、副黏病毒、冠状病毒都小.     

《中华放射医学与防护杂志》创办者之一姚家祥(1922—2021)

《中华放射医学与防护杂志》的创办者之一、中国疾控中心辐射安全所姚家祥研究员因病医治无效,于2021年12月23日上午7点40分逝世,享年100岁。     

儿童脉管性疾病患者介入手术后外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变观察

目的:评估儿童脉管性疾病患者在介入手术过程中接受的电离辐射(IR)对患儿染色体畸变的影响。方法:在知情同意的条件下,于介入术前和术后立刻采集26名患儿的外周血1.2 ml,培养制备染色体,分析外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变情况。结果:儿童介入术后双着丝粒染色体+着丝粒环(dic+r)率明显增加,与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(...     

低水平电离辐射单次或分割照射法的抗肿瘤效应比较

目的比较低水平电离辐射(LLIR)单次与分割照射的抗肿瘤效应。方法选用C57BL/6和ICR品系小鼠分别移植Lewis肺癌和S180肉瘤细胞,24h后再分别接受7.5cGy单次照射和分割照射(1.5cGy×5d);然后观察20d抑瘤率、脾NK细胞活性、T淋巴细胞表面CD4、CD8水平的变化以及荷瘤鼠的平均寿命。结果单次与分割照射对Lewis肺癌的抑瘤率分别为40.34%和51.19%,对S180肉瘤为34.26%和30.98%;脾NK细胞活性照后1～4d升高;CD4、CD8水平及CD4/CD8比值均有不同程度增高;荷瘤鼠的生命延长率分别为8.45%和8.84%。结论本实验采用的低水平单次或分割照射对Lewis肺癌和S180肉瘤均有明显的抑瘤效果,能显著增强荷瘤机体的免疫机能以及延长荷瘤鼠的平均寿命。经比较,两种照射方式在肿瘤生长抑制和免疫刺激作用等方面差异无显著性(P＞0.05)。     

超高剂量率照射后水分子的辐射化学效应研究

目的 对比分析超高剂量率(FLASH)照射和常规剂量率照射后水分子电离的辐射化学效应。方法 以超纯水为研究对象,分别实施常规照射和FLASH照射,采用电子顺磁共振法检测均相阶段的羟基自由基生成量,荧光探针法分析扩散期过氧化氢(H₂O₂)产量。构建脂质体常规照射和FLASH照射模型,分析水分子辐射化学效应诱发脂质过氧化情况。结果 照射可诱导水分子电离发生化学反应。其中,均相阶段,FLASH照射产生羟基自由基的水平与常规照射无明显差异(P>0.05)。扩散期,FLASH照射产生H₂O₂的水平明显低于常规照射(t=0.49~12.81,P<0.05)。构建脂质体模型证实,常规照射通过水分子辐射化学效应诱导脂质氧化应激较FLASH照射显著(t=0.31~11.73,P<0.05)。结论 FLASH照射后水分子的辐射化学效应明显弱于常规照射,这可能是FLASH效应的机制之一。     

Analysis of Common Deletion (CD) and a novel deletion of mitochondrial DNA induced by ionizing radiation

PURPOSE: In order to identify supportive evidence of radiation exposure to cells, we analyzed the relationship between exposure to ionizing radiation and the induction of deletions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using human hepatoblastoma cell line, HepG2 and its derivatives, HepG2-A, -89 and -400, established after long term exposure to X-ray, mtDNA deletions were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR after cells were subjected to radiation and genotoxic treatments. RESULTS: Common Deletion (CD), the most extensively studied deletion of mtDNA, was induced within 24 h after exposure to 5 Gray (Gy) of X-rays and was associated with replication of mtDNA. CD became undetectable several days after the exposure due to the death of cells containing mitochondria within which CD had been induced. Furthermore, we found a novel mtDNA deletion that consisted of a 4934 base-pair deletion (4934del) between nucleotide position 8435 and 13,368. A lower dose of ionizing radiation was required to induce the 4934del than for CD and this was independent of the quality of radiation used and was not induced by treatments with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and other genotoxic reagents including bleomycin. CONCLUSION: CD is induced by ionizing radiation, however, the amount of CD detected at a certain point in time after radiation exposure is dependent on the initial frequency of CD induced and the death rate of cells with mtDNA containing CD. The novel mtDNA deletion found in this study, therefore, will be used to determine whether cells were exposed to ionizing radiation.     

Study on the "toxic oxygen effect" of Janus green B in mouse ascites tumour cells.

10(7) mouse ascites tumor cells/ml incubated at 37 degrees C in 0.5 to 1.0 X 10(-4) M Janus green B or in 1.0 X 10(-4) M phenazine methosulphate are destroyed in 100 per cent oxygen atmosphere but remain transplantable in nitrogen atmosphere. The "sensitizing" effect of oxygen can be substituted by SH inhibitors (iodoacetic acid, iodoacetamide and their spinlabelled variants) as well as by some nitroxide free radicals. The "oxygen effect" is blocked by mercaptoethanole or cooling. Compared with the spectrum of native cells a more symmetrical singlet of larger amplitude, approximately g = 2 value, arose in the ESR spectrum of Janus green B treated cells. The "oxygen effect" observed in the presence of Janus green B differs in several ways from the oxygen effect of ionizing radiation and from the "photodynamic" effect.     

用牙釉电子自旋共振方法估算慢性辐射损伤人员的受照剂量

目的 用于牙釉电子自旋共振对慢性辐射损伤人员的受照剂量进行估算的方法。方法 用电子自旋共振仪测定慢性辐射损伤人员牙釉电子自旋共振信号强度，用剂量－效应曲线法和附加剂量法来重建辐射损伤人员的受照剂量，探讨牙釉电子自旋共振法估算受照剂量的可行性；并比较了不同能量的射线（1.25MeV的γ射线和6MeV的X射线）对牙釉电子自旋共振信号强度的影响。结果 用两种方法估算的辐射损伤人员受照剂量基本一致；对能量1.25MeV的γ射线和6MeV的X射线进行比较，无论从剂量－效应曲线的直线系数，还是用混合照射后的剂量估算，两者差别不大。结论 慢性辐射损伤人员的受照剂量可以用于牙釉电子自旋共振方法进行估算，射线能量在1.25MeV-6MeV范围内对牙釉电子自旋共振信号强度影响不大。     

Repair in mouse lung of multifraction X rays and neutrons: extension to 40 fractions

We have extended our previous multiple irradiations of mouse lung from 20 to 40 fractions of both X-ray and neutron radiation in order to test whether the repair parameters previously derived will hold for lower doses per fraction, down to 1.1 Gy of X rays and 0.18 Gy of 3 MeV neutrons per fraction. Repair parameters were calculated from measurements of breathing rate and lethality at monthly intervals up to 17 months after irradiation with 1, 10, 20 or 40 equal fractions. Sparing of neutron damage was negligible when the neutron dose was divided into multiple fractions, but progressively greater repair of lung damage was seen after increasing numbers of X-ray fractions. A significant increase in the iso-effect dose for 40 fractions of X rays was found compared with 20 fractions, even when two fractions per day were given at intervals of about 6 hours, as was the case in the 40 fraction experiment. The data were well fitted by the linear quadratic formula for response vs. dose per fraction and the ratio alpha/beta yielded values of approximately 3 Gy after X rays and 30 to 40 Gy after neutron irradiation; these values are not different from alpha/beta ratios found for up to 20 fractions. The single dose RBE was less than 2, increasing to about 6 at the lowest dose per fraction measured, in agreement with previous results. The ratio of the alpha component for neutrons to that for X rays was about 8, which is therefore the limiting RBE predicted for infinitely small doses per fraction.     

Radiation risk of tissue late effects,a net consequence of probabilities of various cellular responses

Late effects from the exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation are hardly or not at all observed in man probably due to the low values of risk coefficients that preclude statistical analyses of data from populations that are exposed to doses less than 0.2 Gy. In order to arrive at an assessment of potential risk from radiation exposure in the low dose range, the microdosimetry approach is essential. In the low dose range, ionizing radiation generates particle tracks, mainly electrons, which are distributed rather heterogenously within the exposed tissue. Taking the individual cell as the elemental unit of life, observations and calculations of cellular responses to being hit by energy deposition events from low LET type are analysed. It emerges that besides the probability of a hit cell to sustain a detrimental effect with the consequence of malignant transformation there are probabilities of various adaptive responses that equip the hit cell with a benefit. On the one hand, an improvement of cellular radical detoxification was observed in mouse bone marrow cells; another adaptive response pertaining to improved DNA repair, was reported for human lymphocytes. The improved radical detoxification in mouse bone marrow cells lasts for a period of 5–10 hours and improved DNA repair in human lymphocytes was seen for some 60 hours following acute irradiation. It is speculated that improved radical detoxification and improved DNA repair may reduce the probability of spontaneous carcinogenesis.Thus it is proposed to weigh the probability of detriment for a hit cell within a multicellular system against the probability of benefit through adaptive responses in other hit cells in the same system per radiation exposure. In doing this, the net effect of low doses of low LET radiation in tissue with individual cells being hit by energy deposition events could be zero or even beneficial. Since there was no simple additivity of equal effects from repeated exposures to equal doses and because of the potential effect of adaptive cell responses on the spontaneous evolution of malignancy in tissue, the extrapolation of risk with absorbed dose reaching down to zero, does not appear to be generally valid.     

The role of iron oxide nanoparticles in the radiosensitization of human prostate carcinoma cell line DU145 at megavoltage radiation energies

Abstract

Purpose: To examine the radiosensitizing effects of iron oxide nanoparticles in the presence of 6 MV (megavoltage) X-ray radiation.

Materials and methods: Iron oxide nanoparticles with two different modifications – dextran coating (plain) and amino-group dextran coating – were used. The rate of iron oxide penetration was monitored using Prussian blue staining, magnetic resonance imaging and atomic adsorption spectroscopy. The effect of iron oxide on the viability of cells was determined using trypan blue dye exclusion assay followed by evaluating the cytotoxicity effect of amino-group iron oxide nanoparticles and ionizing radiation. Radiation dose enhancement studies were carried out on DU145 human prostate carcinoma cell line with 1 mg/ml amino-group iron oxide nanoparticles and different doses of 6 MV X-ray radiation.

Results: The uptake of amino-group coated nanoparticles by DU145 cells was significantly more than the plain nanoparticles. In addition, cell viability was decreased with the increase of iron oxide concentration. The dose enhancement factor (DEF) is approximately 1.2 at different doses in the range of 2–8 Gy of 6 MV X-ray radiation.

Conclusions: It was demonstrated that iron oxide nanoparticles with the appropriate surface modifications can enter the DU145 cells and it can be used as a cell sensitizer to megavoltage ionizing radiations in radiation therapy.