显微镜下斜视矫正术的体会

目的探讨采用普通显微器械显微镜下斜视矫正术的可行性。方法 36例不同类型斜视患者,均采用显微技术在显微镜下行斜视矫正术。结果术后观察2周～6个月,术后反应轻,结膜水肿、充血消退较快,伤口愈合好,无1例并发症发生。结论显微镜下斜视矫正术较传统直视下斜视矫正术具有较明显优势,视野清晰、手术时间短、并发症少、术后反应轻,适合所有斜视手术病人。     

显微镜下斜视矫正术

目的:观察采用普通显微器械显微镜下斜视矫正术的可行性。方法:把斜视病例分为两组:显微镜下斜视矫正术组:36例各类斜视患者,均采用显微技术在显微镜下行斜视矫正术。直视下斜视矫正术组:45例,直视下行斜视矫正术。结果:追踪观察2wk~6mo,显微镜下斜视矫正术组:术后反应轻,结膜水肿、充血消褪较快,伤口愈合好,无1例并发症发生。直视下斜视矫正术组:术后发生肌肉滑脱的2例,球结膜伤口充血、结膜下出血、水肿者40例,结膜瘢痕10例,结膜囊肿2例,结膜息肉3例。结论:显微镜下斜视矫正术较传统直视下斜视矫正术具有较明显优势,可以清晰地看清肌肉、血管、及针在巩膜内的走行、深浅,使手术较易掌控,可以使手术量及手术操作准确无误,缩短手术时间、避免出血、穿透巩膜等直视下手术常见的并发症的发生,同时组织分离准确,操作减少,也直接减轻了术后反应,缩短了术后恢复时间,适合所有需斜视手术患者,优势为初学者易掌握巩膜进针深度。     

Multifocal Surgically Induced Necrotizing Scleritis Following Strabismus Surgery: A Case Report

Purpose: To present clinical findings of a 28-year-old woman with multifocal surgically induced necrotizing scleritis following uncomplicated strabismus surgery.

Method: A 28-year-old woman underwent uncomplicated strabismus surgery of her right eye for sensory exotropia under general anesthesia (6 mm right medial rectus muscle resection and 8 mm right lateral rectus muscle recession).

Design: Retrospective, observational case report and literature review.

Results: One month after strabismus surgery, the patient presented with surgically induced necrotizing scleritis in the nasal aspect of sclera. Bacterial culture of the bed of the scleral melt showed no growth and all laboratory evaluation was normal. The scleritis completely resolved after initiation of systemic corticosteroids and oral azathioprine. Three weeks later (after tapering dose of systemic medication), the patient returned with large area of necrotizing scleritis in the same eye, but this time in the temporal aspect of sclera.

Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of multifocal surgically induced necrotizing scleritis occurring after strabismus surgery. This study also highlights the fact that scleritis may recur even in an area distant from the site of surgery, despite initial control. It seems that maybe with a longer course of treatment it is less likely to recur, and tapering medications should be carefully managed.     

Corneal Topographical Changes Flollowing Strabismus Surgery

Purpose: To study corneal topographical changes after strabismus surgery. Methods: Computer-aided corneal topography was used in 43 strabismus patients (45 eyes) one or two days prior to and six or seven days after strabismus surgery. The spherical and cylindrical equivalents were calculated based on the simulated keratome-try.Results: After the surgery, only the changes at 3mm in the inferior quadrant were statistically significant. The changes at 3mm in the rest quadrants and the changes at 7mm were not significant. Significant changes in spherical equivalent were found post-operatively. Neither the horizontal nor the vertical meridional equivalent showed significant changes after surgery.Conclusions: The results of corneal topographical changes following strabismus surgery in our preliminary study indicated the little effect of strabismus surgery on corneal curvature and corneal astigmatism. Eye Science 1999; 15: 174 - 178.     

Preliminary Study: Impact of Strabismus and Surgery on Eye Movements When Children are Reading

Aim: To evaluate differences in eye movements during reading in strabismic children and in non-strabismic age-matched children, and to evaluate the potential effect of strabismus surgery on eye movement performance.

Methods: The eye movements of nine strabismic children from 11 to 15 years old were recorded with an eye tracker as they were reading a text under three visual conditions before and six months after eye surgery. The results were compared with those obtained from control groups of non-strabismic age-matched children. Eye movements were recorded during reading a text with both eyes open and under monocular vision with the dominant and non-dominant eye alternately covered.

Results: The duration of fixation was longer in strabismic children than in age-matched non-strabismic children. Children read faster under dominant eye open condition than under both eyes open condition. Surgery allowed an increase of reading speed and decrease of fixation duration. The number of backward saccades significantly decreased after surgery.

Conclusion: In strabismic children, eye movements during reading are impaired. The reduction of the squint allowed a better word comprehension.     

Decreased Binocular Summation in Strabismic Amblyopes and Effect of Strabismus Surgery

Purpose: Binocular summation (BiS) occurs when binocular visual function surpasses that of the better eye alone. We sought to evaluate whether strabismic amblyopia reduces BiS more than strabismus alone, and determine whether BiS improves in strabismic amblyopes after strabismus surgery. Methods: We prospectively recruited 15 patients with strabismic amblyopia who then underwent strabismus surgery. Thirty age-matched normal subjects and 30 non-amblyopic strabismic patients served as controls. Subjects underwent binocular and monocular visual acuity testing on high-contrast Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) as well as 2.5% and 1.25% Sloan low contrast acuity (LCA) charts. BiS was calculated as the difference between better eye and binocular scores. Results: Strabismic amblyopes and strabismic controls did not significantly differ in preoperative BiS, but both had subnormal BiS preoperatively on LCA charts. Among 11 strabismic amblyopes with preoperative and postoperative BiS measurements, average postoperative BiS was not significantly different from preoperative. Improved LCA BiS postoperatively occurred in some patients and was associated with measurable preoperative stereoacuity (P=0.02), older age at strabismus onset (P=0.02), and larger preoperative angle of strabismus (P=0.0043).Conclusions: In this preliminary study, strabismic amblyopes experienced subnormal BiS, but amblyopia generally did not further impair BiS beyond that due to strabismus alone. Some strabismic amblyopes experienced improved low-contrast BiS after strabismus surgery. This suggests that further investigation in larger groups of patients should be undertaken to analyze a previously unrecognized functional benefit of strabismus surgery in strabismic amblyopes.     

Proparacaine-Induced Mydriasis During Strabismus Surgery

Aim: To evaluate the mydriatic effect of proparacaine hydrochloride (PH) in children undergoing strabismus surgery under general anesthesia (GA). Methods: This was a pilot, prospective, non-randomized, self-controlled interventional study. Nine children with esotropia or exotropia undergoing horizontal muscle squint surgery under GA at a tertiary eye care center were included. The six Group 1 patients underwent both eye surgeries, while the three Group 2 patients underwent single eye surgery. PH was instilled in one eye of Group 1 patients and both eyes of Group 2 patients. Change in pupil diameter (PD) was analyzed as the main outcome measure. Results: Mean age of the patients was 4.67 ± 2.64 years. In the study eyes, mean average baseline PD was 1.59 ± 0.40 mm (range: 1.06–2.37), while postoperative average PD was 3.99 ± 1.34 mm (range: 1.79–6.02). The mean baseline PC had increased from 5.51 ± 1.09 mm to 12.6 ± 3.58 mm at the end of the surgery. PD and PC increased in all of the study eyes while no change in PD or PC was seen in the control eyes of either of the groups. The dilated pupil was skewed horizontally towards the muscle being operated upon in all of the study eyes. Conclusions: PH has a mydriatic effect of its own. It penetrates through the bare sclera and leads on to skewed dilation of the pupil. Surgeons should consider this effect while judging pupil alignment at the end of the surgery.     

重视斜视术后双眼视功能的重建

双眼视是双眼输入的视觉信息进行加工整理最终形成三维立体视觉的过程，属于大脑皮层的高级认知活动。斜视因为眼位的偏斜产生复视和混淆视，进而引起视觉抑制、异常视网膜对应、注视异常、三级视功能受损等一系列双眼视异常，严重影响了双眼视觉形成和发育。手术治疗为斜视的主要的治疗方法，但斜视矫正术后大部分患者无法获得正常的双眼视功能，而斜视的治疗应以重建双眼视功能为目标。斜视治疗不仅要重视眼位的恢复，更要重视双眼视功能的重建。重建双眼视功能在减少斜视的复发率，提高斜视的治疗效果方面具有积极的作用，并大大提高斜视患者术后的生活质量。所以双眼视功能重建应在斜视治疗中占有更重要的地位。斜视的早期手术治疗是建立双眼视觉的先决条件，同时应重视术后正确的屈光矫正和弱视的治疗，正确选用训练手段，个性化制定训练方案，才能促进双眼视功能的重建。     

Comparison of Surgical Success for Infantile Esotropia and Strabismus Associated with Neurological Impairment

Purpose: Surgery for strabismus associated with neurological impairment is assumed to have unsatisfactory results in comparison with other strabismus cases. The aim of this study is to compare the surgical success rates of infantile esotropia (IE) and strabismus associated with neurological impairment.

Methods: The records of 103 patients that received operations for IE and strabismus associated with neurological impairment between January 1994 and May 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. The angles of deviation and surgical success rates were evaluated at preoperative, 1-month postoperative, and 24-month postoperative visits.

Results: Forty-five patients received operations for strabismus associated with neurological impairment (25 patients with esotropia and 20 patients with exotropia) and 58 patients for IE. Mean preoperative angles of deviation in cases with neurological impairment were 42 prism diopters (PD) for esotropia, 44.7 PD for exotropia, and 44.4 PD for IE. One patient from each group had consecutive deviation at first visit, and at last visit, 3 patients with neurological impairment and 5 patients with IE had consecutive deviations. Surgical success rates at the end of the second year were 52% for esotropia and 50% for exotropia in patients with neurological impairment and 56.8% for IE cases.

Conclusion: This study was unable to find the differences between surgical success rates in IE and strabismus associated with neurological impairment.     

Oculocardiac Reflex during Strabismus Surgery: Experience from a Tertiary Hospital

Purpose: To evaluate the incidence of the oculocardiac reflex (OCR) and its associated risk factors during strabismus surgery at a tertiary referral center.

Methods: Over a 2-year period, all strabismus surgery candidates were enrolled in the study. OCR was defined as heart rate reduction ≥15% after traction on extraocular muscle(s). The rate of OCR was determined and possible associations were explored. Variables included age, gender, type of strabismus, nature of surgery (weakening versus strengthening), specified extraocular muscle, times of surgery, and the sequence of operated muscles (eg, first, second, or third operated muscle). We avoided the use of atropine pre- and postoperatively.

Results: Seventy-six patients with mean age of 15±12 years were enrolled; 51.3% of subjects were male. OCR occurred in 65 out of 76 (85.5%) patients and with 84 out of 173 (48.6%) operated muscles. OCR was more common in subjects less than 20 years of age; however, it showed a decreasing trend afterwards. OCR was more frequent during operation on cyclovertical muscles than horizontal recti (P=0.02). Moreover, during procedures on horizontal rectus muscles, OCR was more common if baseline heart rate was more than 61 (P=0.008). OCR was not correlated with gender, type of strabismus, nature of surgery, times of the surgery, or the sequence of operated extraocular muscles.

Conclusions: The great majority of patients undergoing strabismus surgery, especially younger subjects, those undergoing operation on cyclovertical muscles, and subjects with higher baseline heart rate, experience OCR during strabismus surgery. During surgery on cyclovertical muscles, the amount of pull is usually more due to more difficult exposure.     

Delayed Conjunctival Closure in Adjustable Strabismus Surgery

Adjustable suture strabismus surgery has proved to be a significant aid in handling difficult strabismus cases, and various methods of conjunctival closure have been discussed. A new method of conjunctival closure, enabling direct visualization and manipulation of the muscle with minimal tissue drag during adjustment, is described. The conjunctiva can be fully closed over the knot after adjustment, providing increased patient comfort and a better cosmetic result.     

中国东北某医院2014─2017年间斜视住院患者斜视类型分布变化

目的：根据中国东北地区某医院眼科收集的数据,评估所有年龄阶段斜视住院患者的斜视类型和数量变化趋势。方法：回顾性分析2014年1月至2017年12月在哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院眼科住院的斜视患者3 661例的资料。收集患者基本信息、斜视类型以及各种斜视的数量等信息,并观察分析斜视类型分布及斜视数量的变化趋势。组间数据比较采用方差分析、χ2 检验或Fisher确切概率法。 结果：最终纳入3 555例患者,年龄为1～79岁（15.5±11.6）岁,其中3 536例患者行斜视手术治疗。患者数量呈逐年递增趋势,且在每年1、2月份及7、8月份大致达到峰值（χ2 =956.67,P<0.001）。外斜视患者数量（71.8%）明显多于内斜视患者数量（16.0%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2 =31.41,P<0.001）, 其中间歇性外斜视是最常见的斜视类型。非调节性内斜视（77.6%）是所有内斜视中最常见的斜视类型。其他特殊类型斜视虽然患者数量较少,但依然有小幅度的上升趋势。在所有年龄阶段患者中, 12岁以下的患者最常见,占总数的56.0%,其中外斜视（71.5%）是最主要的斜视类型。结论：中国东北地区某医院2014─2017年外斜视患者比内斜视患者更常见,且外斜视患者的比例逐年增加,其中间歇性外斜视是最主要的斜视类型。此外12岁以下患者是最常见的患病人群。     

Single-Stage Adjustable Strabismus Surgery under Topical Anesthesia and Propofol

Aim: To present our experience with single-stage adjustable strabismus surgery (SSASS) under topical anesthesia and propofol. Materials and Methods: Sixteen patients who either had diplopia before the surgery or were at risk of developing diplopia after the surgery were selected for this operation after evaluating their tolerance for an eyelid speculum. Recession of the lateral recti, recession, resection and advancement of the medial recti, anteriorization of the inferior oblique and marginal myotomy to the superior rectus were the procedures done under topical anesthesia and propofol. The operations were done in two phases; in the first phase, the patients were sedated for 10 minutes with intravenous propofol (2 mg/kg) and the operation was done under topical anesthesia with 2% lidocaine. In the second phase, the patients were conscious and the adjustments were made. Results: None of the patients complained of significant pain during the surgery. No complications occurred during and after the procedure and no patients had diplopia during the postoperative follow-up. Conclusions: Single-stage adjustable surgery is practical and avoids the risks of regional and general anesthesia. The only disadvantage is the pain that some patients experience. We found that it is feasible to use propofol for this surgery; it provides deep sedation and prevents pain from being felt during the operation, and its short elimination half-life provides rapid awakening for the adjustment phase.     

斜视手术不同切口对泪膜稳定性的影响

目的探讨显微斜视手术对泪膜稳定性的影响,了解泪膜稳定性的变化与手术方式之间的关系。方法随机抽取2006年5月至2007年10月我院住院的斜视患者120例212眼,分2组。A:常规结膜切口52例(90眼);B:微创结膜切口68例(122眼)。检测术前1d,术后1d、3d、5d、7d、14d的基础泪液分泌试验(Sehirmer I test,SIt)、泪膜破裂时间(break up time,BUT)及角膜荧光素染色积分(nuoreseenee integral,FI),并对其泪膜稳定性的变化进行分析。结果与术前相比,常规结膜切口组术后1d SIt和角膜荧光素染色程度明显增高,BUT明显缩短,差异有显著意义;7d时SIt,14d时BUT、角膜荧光素染色积分恢复至术前水平。微创结膜切口组术后1d仅SIt明显增高,BUT明显缩短,角膜荧光素染色积分无明显变化。术后5d时SIt,7d时BUT恢复至术前水平。结论常规结膜切口行斜视手术,显著降低泪膜的稳定性,微创结膜切口行斜视手术,轻微影响泪膜的稳定性。     

Complications of Strabismus Surgery: Incidence and Risk Factors

Abstract

Purpose: To perform a systematic review of the complications of strabismus surgery, focusing on incidence and risk factors. Material and Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using the Medline and Cochrane databases. Results: Local complications, such as conjunctival injection and mild scarring, are almost universal but only rarely have long-term clinical significance. There are several important complications that are uncommon but associated with significant long-term sequelae, including slipped muscles, lost muscles, stretched scars, incarcerated muscles, pulled-in-two syndrome, periocular infections, orbital cellulitis, scleral perforations, retinal detachments, endophthalmitis, anterior segment ischemia, and surgical errors. Discussion: Strabismus surgery is associated with a number of common and serious complications, and it is important for both surgeons and patients to be aware of the risks.     

Mitomycin and Amniotic Membrane: A New Method of Reducing Adhesions and Fibrosis in Strabismus Surgery

The effectiveness of complex strabismus surgery is often limited by the development of fibrosis postoperatively. The use of mitomycin C to reduce fibrosis in strabismus surgery has been reported, but the use of amniotic membrane has not. We describe a technique which uses both mitomycin C and amniotic membrane patches to reduce fibrosis. We describe this technique for two patients with complex strabismus who were treated with this technique.     

Epidemiology of Surgical Strabismus in Saudi Arabia

Purpose:?To describe the types and age differences of surgical strabismus.

Methods:?Records of 4,886 strabismus patients who underwent surgery at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 1996 were analyzed. Demographic and clinical data were collected from all patients as a retrospective case series. The percentages and ratios of various types of strabismus were correlated with age and gender.

Results:?The average age of our patients was 13.2 years (range 4 months to 82 years). Esotropia was the most common type of strabismus (69.3%), while exotropia was less common (26.9%). Of patients undergoing esotropia correction, infantile esotropia and partially accommodative esotropia were equally common; non-accommodative was less common. Constant exotropia was almost three times more common than intermittent exotropia. The rate of sensory strabismus was high, 20.8% of all patients in the series, with a slight preponderance of sensory esotropia.

Conclusions:?The ratio of esotropia to exotropia in our study is comparable to previous studies done in predominantly European and Middle Eastern populations. Surgical esotropia decreased with age while surgical exotropia increased. Overall, our rates of sensory strabismus were much higher than previously reported, even if we compare only the younger patients.     

Strabismus surgery outcomes after scleral buckling procedures for retinal reattachment

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the outcomes of strabismus surgery in patients with a prior history of a scleral buckling procedure for retinal reattachment.

Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 18 patients who underwent strabismus surgery following a scleral buckling procedure and investigated the effect of multiple variables on postoperative alignment after strabismus surgery including gender, age, surgeon, number of strabismus surgeries, adjustable suture use, previous pars plana vitrectomy, preoperative best-corrected visual acuity, and scleral buckle removal. Outcomes were considered successful if there was ≤10 prism diopters (PD) residual horizontal and/or ≤4 PD residual vertical deviations. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and nominal logistic regression.

Results: Success using our criteria of motor alignment was achieved in 6 of 18 eyes (33%). A higher rate of success was found in the scleral buckle removal group (success with buckle removal, 62.5%; success without buckle removal, 10.0%; p?=?0.04). Nominal logistic regression analysis showed scleral buckle removal was the most significant factor associated with successful surgical alignment (p?=?0.03; odds ratio?=?16.67). Although the success rate was higher in the adjustable suture group (50% in adjustable group vs 14.3% in non-adjustable group: Fisher’s exact test, p?=?0.30), this difference was not statistically significant. No retinal redetachments occurred after scleral buckle removal.

Conclusions: These results suggest that scleral buckles can be safely removed in selected patients with strabismus following retinal reattachment surgery and scleral buckle removal may improve ocular alignment following strabismus surgery.     

Diplopia after Strabismus Surgery

ABSTRACT

Diplopia is a disappointing and, at times, unanticipated consequence of what might otherwise be considered anatomically successful strabismus surgery. In this study, we review the existing literature regarding diplopia after strabismus surgery in the context of the senior author’s experience. We divide postoperative diplopia types into cases that occur in the setting of normal binocular vision (or “normal” suppression) vs. cases that are the consequence of rare or anomalous sensorial adaptations. We then discuss how to identify patients at greatest risk based on history and preoperative testing, and we offer strategies for managing these sometimes-challenging cases.     

Application Value of Topical Aneasthesia in Children Strabismus Surgery

 PURPOSE: Comparison of topical vs general aneasthesia for strabismus surgery.METHODS: Preoperative patients (aged 6～12 years) were divided into two study groups: the topical aneasthesia group (n=22), and the general aneasthesia group (n=21). The study groups were compared on the following measures: analgesic effect, surgical correction effect, eye-heart reflex, preoperative preparation time and operation time, using t-tests or X2 tests where appropriate.RESULTS: Compared with the general aneasthesia group, the topical aneasthesia group gained better surgical correction results (P<0.05), had a lower rate of eye-heart reflex (P<0.05), and had a shorter preoperative preparation time (P<0.001). No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of the analgesic effect or operation time (P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Topical aneasthesia represents a safe and effective alternative to general aneasthesia for strabismus surgery in children.