Effects of splenectomy in patients with cirrhosis undergoing hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To study the effects of splenectomy in patients with cirrhosis undergoing hepatic resection for hepatocellular circinoma.METHODS: Twenty-six patients with HCC associated with cirrhosis were divided into hepatectomy with splenectomy group (splenectomy group, n=11) and hepatectomy without splenectomy group (non-splenectomy group, n=15). T lymphocyte subsets such as CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8, helper T (Th) lymphocyte cytokines such as interferon γ(IFN-γ),interleukin 2(IL-2), interleukin 10(IL-10) and white blood cell (WBC), platelet (PLT), total bilirubin (T-Bil) were measured and used as parameters to evaluate the effects of splenectomy.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in CD4, CD8,CD4/CD8, IL2, IFN-γ, IL10, WBC, PLT, T-Bil levels between two groups before surgery. Two months after operation,the levels of CD4 (41.2 %±4.2 % vs 34.7 %±3.8 %), CD4/CD8 (1.7±0.2 vs 1.0±0.2), IFN-γ (102.3±15.9 pg/ml vs 86.5±14.8 pg/ml), IL-2(97.2±15.6 pg/ml vS77.6±14.5 pg/ml) were increased and those of CD8 (25.6±3.9 vs32.8 %±4.1%),IL-10 (56.9±10.4 pg/ml vs 72.6±15.3 pg/ml) were decreased in splenectomy groups as compared with those in nonsplenectomy group (P<0.05). WBC and PLT counts in the splenectomy group were 8.9±1.6×109 and 310±32×109,respectively, which were significantly higher than those in non-splenectomy group (3.7±1.4×109 and 104±41×109) respectively on the 14th post-operative day. T-Bil concentration in the splenectomy group (24±7 μmol/L) was significantly lower than that in the non-splenectomy group (37±13 μmol/L) on the 7th post-operative day (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Splenectomy combined with hepatectomy for HCC associated with cirrhosis is helpful for the recovery of T-lymphocyte subsets and the maintenance of Th:L/Th2 cytokine balance.     

Protective effects of recombinant human growth hormone on cirrhotic rats

AIM: To investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on protecting liver function and alleviating portal hypertension of liver cirrhotic rats. METHODS: Liver cirrhosis of male Sprague-Dawley rats was induced by administration of thioacetamide. The rats with or without liver cirrhosis were randomly divided into four groups. Group A consisted of the normal rats was treated with normal saline (NS), group B consisted of the normal rats was treated with rhGH, group C consisted of cirrhotic rats was treated with NS, and group D consisted of cirrhotic rats was treated with rhGH. The rats of different groups were subcutaneously injected with 0.5 mL of NS or 333 ng/kg of rhGH daily for 7 d. After treatments, the following parameters were examined, including GH-binding capacity (R(T)) by (125)I-hGH binding, growth hormone receptor mRNA(GHR mRNA) expression by RT-PCR, relative content of collagen (RCC) by histomorphomertry, and level of malon-dialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissue by thiobarbituric acid reaction and pyrogallic acid self-oxidation, respectively. Serum albumin (ALB), alanine transaminase (ALT) and portal vein pressure (PVP) were also examined. RESULTS: rhGH up-regulated both the GH-binding capacity (R(T)) and the expression of GHR mRNA in vivo. R(T) in group A (72+/-12 fmol/mg protein) was significantly higher than that in group C (31+/-4 fmol/mg protein) (P<0.05). R(T) in group B (80+/-9 fmol/mg protein) increased markedly compared to group A (P<0.05). R(T) in group D (40+/-7 fmol/mg protein) raised remarkably compared with group C (P<0.05), but less than that in group A, and there was no significant GH binding affinity contrast (Kd) change. The GHR mRNA level (iOD, pixel) in group A (29+/-3) was significantly higher than that in group C (23+/-3) (P<0.05). GHR mRNA levels were significantly raised in group B (56+/-4) and group D (42+/-8) compared with groups A and C (29+/-3 and 23+/-3, respectively) (P<0.05). Compared with the normal liver, MDA level was higher and SOD level was lower in cirrhotic livers. After rhGH treatment, MDA level was significantly declined to 12.0+/-2.2 nmol/mg protein and SOD was raised to 1 029+/-76 U/mg protein in group D (P<0.05). ALB levels in groups B and D (42+/-7 g/L and 37+/-7 g/L, respectively) were significantly raised compared with those in groups A and C (35+/-5 g/L and 29+/-4 g/L, respectively) (P<0.05). ALT level was markedly lower in group D (69+/-7 U/L) compared to group C (89+/-15 U/L) (P<0.05), and close to group A (61+/-10 U/L). RCC in group C (22.30+/-3.86%) was significantly higher than that in group A (1.14+/-0.21%) and group D (14.70+/-2.07%) (P<0.05). In addition, rhGH markedly alleviated portal hypertension in liver cirrhotic rats (group D vs C, 9.3+/-1.5 cmH(2)O vs 14.4+/-2.0 cmH(2)O) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Pharmacological doses of rhGH can increase R(T) and GHR mRNA expression, ameliorate liver functions, repress fibrosis and decline portal hypertension, suggesting it has potentially clinical usage as a hepatotropic factor.     

Low central venous pressure reduces blood loss in hepatectomy

AIM:To investigate the effect of low central venouspressure(LCVP)on blood loss during hepatectomy forhepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS:By the method of sealed envelope,50 HCC patients were randomized into LCVP group(n=25)and control group(n=25).In LCVP group,CVP was maintained at 2-4 mmHg and systolic bloodpressure(SBP)above 90 mmHg by manipulation of thepatient's posture and administration of drugs duringhepatectomy,while in control group hepatectomy wasperformed routinely without lowering CVP.The patients'preoperative conditions,volume of blood loss duringhepatectomy,volume of blood transfusion,length ofhospital stay,changes in hepatic and renal functionswere compared between the two groups.RESULTS:There were no significant differences inpatients' preoperative conditions,maximal tumordimension,pattern of hepatectomy,duration of vascularocclusion,operation time,weight of resected liver tissues,incidence of post-operative complications,hepatic andrenal functions between the two groups.LCVP group hada markedly lower volume of total intraoperative bloodloss and blood loss during hepatectomy than the controlgroup,being 903.9±180.8 mL vs 2 329.4±2 538.4(W=495.5,P<0.01)and 672.4±429.9 mL vs 1662.6±1932.1(W=543.5,P<0.01).There were no remarkabledifferences in the pre-resection and post-resection bloodlosses between the two groups.The length of hospitalstay was significantly shortened in LCVP group ascompared with the control group,being 16.3±6.8 d vs21.5±8.6 d(W=532.5,P<0.05). CONCLUSION:LCVP is easily achievable in technique.Maintenance of CVP≤4 mmHg can help reduce bloodloss during hepatectomy,shorten the length of hospitalstay,and has no detrimental effects on hepatic or renalfunction.     

An approach for difficult hepatectomy--retrograde hepatectomy in 29 patients with liver malignant tumor.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Resection remained the best treatment for malignant liver tumor. However, it is difficult to resect a tumor which is huge and tightly invaded or adhered to the surrounding organs by classical procedures because of poor exposure. The purpose of the present study was to verify that retrograde hepatectomy was an acceptable approach. METHODOLOGY: Retrograde hepatectomy means that the operative procedure is reversed as compared with classical methods. Transection of the liver parenchymal was performed first, isolating adhesions between the resected liver and diaphragm or partial phrenectomy followed, and then after cutting corresponding ligaments, the liver tumor was removed. If the adjacent organs were invaded or adhered too tightly to be separated, they were removed with the resected liver. This approach was adopted in 29 patients with liver malignancy (group A) for difficult hepatectomy from June 1994 to June 1997. In the same period, classical hepatectomy was performed in 13 patients used as a control group (group B). The differences between these two groups were analyzed. RESULTS: When group A was compared with group B, the operative mortality was 0% versus 7.7% (p > 0.05), the operative time was shorter, being 175.9 +/- 49.7 min (range: 150-250 min) versus 251.9 +/- 66.9 min (range: 180-360 min) (p < 0.05), the estimated intra-operative blood loss being 1430.0 +/- 807.6 ml (600-4200 ml) versus 2907.7 +/- 1497.9 ml (800-7000 ml) (p < 0.05), and the incidence of post-operative complications was lower (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Retrograde hepatectomy is an alternative method to classical hepatectomy and suitable for resection of localized huge liver tumor when the exposure is inadequate by classical approach, particularly when the tumor adheres or invades closely to the diaphragm and/or the surrounding structures.     

肝动脉切除重建和门静脉切除重建治疗肝门部胆管癌患者效果研究

目的 探讨采取肝动脉切除重建和门静脉切除重建治疗肝门部胆管癌(HC)患者的临床效果。方法 2014年3月～2017年1月我院收治的HC患者70例,采用随机数字表法分为A组24例,采取肝动脉切除重建的HC根治术治疗、B组23例,采取门静脉切除重建的HC根治术治疗和C组23例,采用常规根治术治疗。随访32～46(36)个月,比较术后1 a、2 a和3 a生存率。结果 A组手术时间为(11.4±2.6)h,显著长于B组和C组【分别为(9.8±2.3)h和(9.2±1.2)h,P＜0.05】,术中出血量为(914.5±175.0)mL,显著多于B组和C组【分别为(791.8±182.0)mL和(728.6±157.5)mL,P＜0.05】,下床时间为(19.4±3.5)h,显著长于B组和C组【分别为(15.8±2.7)h和(15.5±2.3)h,P＜0.05】,排气时间为(23.2±11.8)h,显著长于B组和C组【分别为(18.6±11.0)h和(19.0±11.1)h,P＜0.05】,住院时间为(21.6±7.2)d,显著长于B组和C组【分别为(17.0±5.2)d和(16.2±4.4)d,P＜0.05】;三组围术期并发症发生率分别为58.3%、56.5%和60.9%,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);A组1 a、2 a和3 a生存率分别为66.7%、41.7%和33.3%,显著低于B组的91.3%、73.9%和52.2%(P＜0.05)和C组的87.0%、69.6%和47.8%(P＜0.05)。结论 联合肝动脉切除重建的HC根治术并不比门静脉切除重建或常规根治术治疗HC患者能获得更好的中长期疗效,应慎重选择该术式治疗HC患者。     

免疫治疗对支气管哮喘小鼠树突细胞共刺激分子的影响

目的应用卵白蛋白(OVA)建立特异性免疫治疗小鼠模型,探讨特异性免疫治疗对支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)小鼠树突细胞(DC)表面分子CD80、CD86表达的影响。方法120只BALB/c小鼠按随机数字表法分为哮喘模型组(A组)40只:用0.1%OVA 10μg连续腹腔注射(共70μg)及1%OVA雾化吸入(共300 mg);免疫治疗模型组(B组)40只:用与A组同剂量的OVA致敏和激发,同时连续尾根部皮下注射OVA 1 mg;对照组(C组)40只:以磷酸盐缓冲液代替OVA,其余同A组。留取各组肺组织切片,经苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察炎症反应;用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测血清OVA特异性免疫球蛋白IgE(sIgE)及脾脏T淋巴细胞中白细胞介素2(IL-2)和IL-4的分泌。分离各组小鼠脾脏DC,用流式细胞仪检测其表面CD80、CD86分子表达。分离正常小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞,与上述各组DC共培养;用ELISA法检测T淋巴细胞IL-4、IL-5的分泌量;用3H-胸腺嘧啶核苷(3H-TdR)掺入法检测其增殖反应。结果(1)B组小鼠肺组织中支气管及血管周围以大量淋巴细胞和嗜酸粒细胞为主的炎性细胞浸润明显轻于A组,但并未完全消失;A组血清sIgE吸光度(A)值为712±129,B组为124±59,C组为20±13,A、C组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),B、C组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组T淋巴细胞分泌IL-2、IL-4水平分别为(8±3)、(8.4±4.3)pg/m l,A组分别为(22±8)、(32.4±12.1)pg/m l,C组分别为(6±4)、(5.1±1.1)pg/m l,A、B两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),B、C组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);(2)B组DC表面CD86、CD80阳性表达率分别为58.23%、95.63%,A组分别为77.59%、96.98%,C组分别为77.37%、77.84%;(3)与B组DC共培养的正常小鼠T淋巴细胞体外经OVA刺激后,IL-4、IL-5水平分别为(10.8±2.3)、(18.8±3.8)pg/m l,A组分别为(17.3±4.7)、(35.7±7.9)pg/m l,C组分别为(5.7±2.7)、(11.0±2.2)pg/m l,A、B两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),B、C组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组DC与正常小鼠T淋巴细胞共培养时,刺激指数(SI)为3.8±0.7,A组为11.5±3.2,C组为5.8±1.5,A、B组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B、C组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论建立了OVA特异性免疫治疗小鼠模型;DC表面CD86分子表达的下调可能是OVA特异性免疫治疗诱导T淋巴细胞功能丧失的机制之一。     

Effect of captopril in chronic aortic insufficiency

In 16 patients with chronic aortic regurgitation, we studied the acute hormonal and hemodynamic effects of 12.5 to 25 mg captopril; in 12 patients the changes after a 4 to 8 week treatment period (mean 6.3 +/- 2 weeks; doses: 3 times 12.5 to 3 times 25 mg/day) were investigated. The following baseline variables were evaluated: the radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) at rest and during exercise, left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV), regurgitant blood volume (RBV); and plasma renin activity (PRA). Repeated determinations of EF, EDV and RPA were carried out 90 minutes after application of the drug. In patients with chronic therapy, EF at rest and during exercise, EDV, RBV and PRA were reinvestigated at the end of the study. Acute administration of captopril was followed by an increase of EF (from 49 +/- 12 to 55 +/- 12%, p less than 0.001) and a slight decrease of EDV (from 389 +/- 160 to 376 +/- 146 ml, p less than 0.05). PRA significantly increased (from 1.6 to 3.1 ng/ml/h, p less than 0.05). Chronic therapy resulted in a moderate decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (from 156/70 +/- 31/15 to 140/63 +/- 23/15 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). However, no significant changes were observed in EF at rest and during exercise (51 +/- 9 vs. 53 +/- 10% and 45 +/- 14 vs. 47 +/- 14%), EDV (433 +/- 179 vs. 422 +/- 179 ml) and RBV (136 +/- 81 vs. 129 +/- 77 ml). PRA was significantly increased (6.3 ng/ml/h, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

日本血吸虫表位肽-DNA颗粒性疫苗对小鼠免疫应答的影响

采用已构建的日本血吸虫Sj22.6抗原CTL、Th和B细胞表位肽-DNA颗粒性疫苗(PDDV)及其混合疫苗免疫C57BL/6小鼠。36只小鼠随机均分6组,即18K对照组([K]_(18)-空质粒PDDV)、PBS对照组、C组(C-PDDV)、T组(TPDDV)、B组(B-PDDV)和C-T-B组(C-PDDV、T-PDDV和B-PDDV等量混合),每鼠分别在第0、3和6周麻醉下经尾脊部皮下注射100μl PDDV(含10μg DNA和28μg肽),对照组注射等量的空质粒DNA和[K]_(18)肽或PBS。末次免疫后7d,脱颈处死,制备脾细胞悬液,经日本血吸虫成虫抗原(SWA)刺激后根据~3H标记的胸腺嘧啶核苷(~3H-TdR)检测脾细胞增殖反应,ELISA法检测脾细胞培养上清中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)和白细胞介素-4(IL-4)的含量。ELISA结果显示,T组小鼠脾细胞中IFN-γ的含量[(76.0±11.2)pg/m1],高于PBS[(13.0±2.1)pg/ml]和18K对照组[(14.0±3.2)pg/ml](P<0.01),T组和C-T-B组小鼠脾细胞中IL-4的水平分别为(152.0±21.1)和(8...     

Is the low tri-iodothyronine state a crucial factor in determining the outcome of coronary artery bypass patients? Evidence from a clinical pilot study

The cardiovascular system is an important target for thyroid hormones. The present study evaluates the changes affecting thyroid hormone metabolism during and 6 days after coronary artery bypass and their relationship with the post-operative outcome of the patients. Thirty-three patients were enrolled in the study; their thyroid hormone profiles were determined at 13 sampling points during surgery and for 6 days afterwards. Serum total tri-iodothyronine (T3) and free T3 (FT3) concentrations decreased significantly after surgery (P<0.001) and they remained significantly low until the end of the study. Free thyroxine (FT4) and T4 declined significantly immediately after surgery (P<0.05 for FT4, P<0.001 for T4) but they returned to baseline values (24 h and 96 h post-surgery respectively). Serum reverse T3 increased remarkably 36 h after surgery (P<0.001) and remained significantly higher than the baseline value throughout the study. A relevant finding was that the days of post-operative hospitalization (10+/-3 days, means+/-S.D.) was inversely correlated with the slope of the recovery of T3 concentration (P<0.001) or with the area under the plasma curves of T3 (P=0.024, time range 72-144 h) and the FT3/FT4 ratio (P=0.037, time range 72-144 h) during the post-operative period. Our data suggest a prolonged reduction of T4 to T3 conversion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and indicate that the recovery period is the most critical in the evaluation of a possibly successful approach for T3 substitutive therapy.     

Preventing prolonged post-operative ileus in gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy and intra-peritoneal chemotherapy

AIM: To assess the efficacy of metoclopramide (Met) for prevention of prolonged post-operative ileus in advanced gastric cancer patients undergoing D2 gastrectomy and intra-peritoneal chemotherapy (IPC). METHODS: Thirty-two advanced gastric cancer patients undergoing D2 gastrectomy and IPC were allocated to two groups. Sixteen patients received Met immediately after operation (group A), and 16 did not (group B). Another 16 patients who underwent D2 gastrectomy without IPC were enrolled as the control group (group C). All patients had received epidural pain control. The primary endpoints were time to first post-operative flatus and time until oral feeding with a soft diet without discomfort. Secondary endpoints were early complications during hospitalization. RESULTS: Gender, the type of resection, operating time, blood loss, tumor status and amount of narcotics were comparable in the three groups. However, the group C patients were older than those in groups A and B (67.5±17.7 vs 56.8±13.2,57.5±11.7 years, P= 0.048). First bowel flatus occurred after 4.35±0.93 d in group A, 4.94±1.37 d in group B, and 4.71±1.22 d in group C (P>0.05). Oral feeding of a soft diet was tolerated 7.21±1.92 d after operation in group A, 10.15±2.17 d in group B, and 7.53±1.35 d in group C (groups A and C vs group B, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in respect to the first flatus among the three groups. However, the time of tolerating oral intake with soft food in groups A and C patients was significantly shorter than that in group B patients. Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly lower in group C and there was a more prominent and prolonged response in CRP level in patients undergoing IPC. The incidence of post-operative complications was similar in the three groups except for prolonged post-operative ileus. There was no increased risk of anastomotic leakage in patients receiving Met. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that a combination of intravenous Met and epidural pain control may be required to achieve a considerable decrease in time to resumption of oral soft diet in advanced gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy and IPC. Furthermore, the administration of Met did not increase anastomotic leakage. Met has a role in the prevention of prolonged post-operative ileus.     

Effects of endotoxic shock on right ventricular systolic function and mechanical efficiency

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of endotoxin infusion on right ventricular (RV) systolic function and mechanical efficiency. METHODS: Six anesthetized pigs (Endo group) received a 0.5 mg/kg endotoxin infusion over 30 min and were compared with six other anesthetized pigs (Control group) receiving placebo for 5 h. RV pressure-volume (PV) loops were obtained by the conductance catheter technique and pulmonary artery flow and pressure were measured with high-fidelity transducers. RESULTS: RV adaptation to increased afterload during the early phase of endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension (T30) was obtained by both homeometric and hetereometric regulations: the slope of the end-systolic PV relationship of the right ventricle increased from 1.4+/-0.2 mmHg/ml to 2.9+/-0.4 mmHg/ml (P<0.05) and RV end-diastolic volume increased from 56+/-6 ml to 64+/-11 ml (P<0.05). Consequently, right ventricular-vascular coupling was maintained at a maximum efficiency. Ninety minutes later (T120), facing the same increased afterload, the right ventricle failed to maintain its contractility to such an elevated level and, as a consequence, right ventricular-vascular uncoupling occurred. PV loop area, which is known to be highly correlated with oxygen myocardial consumption, increased from 1154+/-127 mmHg/ml (T0) to 1798+/-122 mmHg/ml (T180) (P<0.05) while RV mechanical efficiency decreased from 63+/-2% (T0) to 45+/-5% (T270) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the very early phase of endotoxinic shock, right ventricular-vascular coupling is preserved by an increase in RV contractility. Later, myocardial oxygen consumption and energetic cost of RV contractility are increased, as evidenced by the decrease in RV efficiency, and right ventricular-vascular uncoupling occurs. Therefore, therapies aiming at restoring right ventricular-vascular coupling in endotoxic shock should attempt to increase RV contractility and to decrease RV afterload but also to preserve RV mechanical efficiency.     

维A酸对大鼠实验性阻塞性肺气肿的预防作用及其机制探讨

目的　观察维A酸 (RA)对慢性阻塞性肺气肿大鼠的预防效果并对其机制进行探讨。方法　Wistar大鼠 36只随机分为三组 ,正常对照组、模型组和用药组 ,每组 12只 ,模型组和用药组大鼠进行熏香烟实验 ,用药组同时用RA进行预防。吸烟实验结束后 ,观察各组大鼠的病理及肺功能情况 ,酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)检测基质金属蛋白酶 2 (MMP 2 )和MMP 9的活性变化 ,免疫组化法观察MMP 2和MMP 9以及增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)的表达情况。结果　模型组肺功能指标 0 3秒用力呼气容积 (FEV0 3 )、FEV0 3 /FVC(用力肺活量 )和功能残气量 (FRC)分别为 [(5 1± 0 4 )ml、(71± 10 )ml/s、(7 2± 2 2 )ml],与正常对照组 [(6 0± 0 3)ml、(87± 3)ml/s、(2 9± 1 1)ml]比较 ,差异有显著性(P <0 0 1) ;模型组MMP 2和MMP 9的活性分别为 [(1 0 6± 0 2 3)ng/ml、(0 96 0± 0 2 30 )ng/ml],其表达与正常对照组 [(0 5 3± 0 17)ng/ml、(0 30 0± 0 0 90 )ng/ml]比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。用药组肺功能指标分别为 [(5 2± 0 4 )ml、(81± 5 )ml/s、(6 1± 2 7)ml/s],与模型组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;用药组MMP 2和MMP 9的活性 [(0 83± 0 2 3)ng/ml、(0 5 70± 0 0 10 )ng/ml]和表达与模型组比     

Effects of age at menopause on serum cholesterol, body mass index, and blood pressure

Pre- and postmenopausal cholesterol (mg/dl), body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)), and systolic blood pressure (SBP; mmHg) levels were compared in three age-at-time-of-menopause (ATM) groups to examine the relationship between the three risk factors and age ATM. Cholesterol, BMI, and SBP levels recorded 4 years prior to and 8 years after menopause were examined and increases in these risk factors between the two measurements were noted. The three age groups were: group A (n=49; age ATM [44+/-1]<45), group B (n=395; 45< or =age ATM [48+/-1]<50), and group C (n=578; age ATM [52+/-2]> or =50). Cholesterol levels in premenopausal groups A (169+/-31 mg/dl, 40 years) and B (174+/-31, 44 years) were lower than those in group C (179+/-30, 48 years) (0.05< or =P<0.1 and P<0.05). Because, the increases in cholesterol were greater in group A (41+/-28 mg/dl) than in groups B (32+/-28) and C (29+/-28) (0.05< or =P<0.1 and P<0.05), cholesterol levels were identical among groups despite age differences upon reaching the postmenopause phase: group A (210+/-34, 51 years), group B (206+/-35, 56 years) and group C (208+/-35, 60 years). BMI and SBP increases were not different in groups A, B, and C. Differences in BMI and SBP levels among groups in order of premenopausal age were still observed after menopause. These data suggest that the greater increase in cholesterol associated with early menopause may be related to a higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in younger menopausal women.     

肺保护与肺开放通气策略对急性呼吸窘迫综合征家兔血管外肺水的影响

目的探讨肺保护与肺开放通气策略对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)血管外肺水(EVLWI)的影响。方法以肺泡灌洗法复制家兔ARDS模型,分为中等潮气量(VT)零呼气末正压(PEEP)组(MVZP组)、小VT零PEEP组(LVZP组)、小VT最佳PEEP组(LVBP组)和小VT最佳PEEP+控制性肺膨胀(SI)组(LVBP+SI组)。采用单指示剂热稀释法测定EVLWI。观察在不同通气条件下0、1、2和3h EVLWI的变化。结果MVZP组、LVZP组、LVBP组和LVBP+SI组EVLWI在基础时分别为(11.3±2.4)、(10.2±2.4)、(10.3±4.6)和(9.7±2.3)ml/kg,达到ARDS模型(0h)时显著升高[(22.3±5.6)、(20.0±3.8)、(25.7±9.7)和(22.5±6.2)ml/kg,P均<0.05]。在实验观察3h中,MVZP组在2、3h EVLWI[(32.0±12.2)、(36.2±12.4)ml/kg]显著高于0h[(22.3±5.6)ml/kg,P均<0.05]。LVZP组在2、3h EVLWI[(27.8±12.9)、(30.3±13.0)ml/kg]也显著高于0h[(20.0±3.8)ml/kg,P均<0.05];LVBP组1h时EVLWI为(18.5±8.1)ml/kg,与0h[(25.7±9.7)ml/kg]比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.027)。LVBP+SI组在1、2、3h各时点EVLWI分别为(16.8±6.5)、(18.0±7.1)、(15.7±2.7)ml/kg,与0h[(22.5±6.2)ml/kg]比较显著降低(P均<0.05)。与MVZP组比较,1、3h时LVBP组与LVBP+SI组EVLWI显著降低(P均<0.05)。3hLVBP+SI组EVLWI显著低于LVZP组(P<0.05)。结论肺保护与肺开放通气策略可降低EVLWI,增加肺水清除。     

Endoscopic injection to arrest peptic ulcer hemorrhage: a prospective, randomized controlled trial; preliminary results

Over a period of 10 months, we conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial of endoscopic injection for the arrest of peptic ulcer hemorrhage in 84 patients. We injected pure alcohol (PA, 99.8%), 50% glucose in water (G/W), 3% NaCl solution, and normal saline solution (N/S, controls) to stop bleeding. The ultimate success rates in the four groups were: 81% (17/21) in the PA group, 80% (16/20) in the 50% G/W group, 65.2% (15/23) in the 3% NaCl group, and 80% (16/20) in the N/S group (p greater than 0.05). The volume of blood transfusion (mean +/- s. e. m.) for each patient was 1,200 ml +/- 433 ml in the PA group, 1,130 +/- 356 ml in the 50% G/W group, 1,704 +/- 330 ml in the 3% NaCl group, 1,400 +/- 548 ml in the N/S group (p greater than 0.05). The duration of hospitalization (mean +/- s. e. m.) was 5.7 +/- 1.5 days in the PA group, 3 +/- 1.3 days in the 50% G/W group, 6.1 +/- 1.1 days in the 3% NaCl group, and 5 +/- 1.1 days in the N/S group (p greater than 0.05). No complication of perforation or aspiration pneumonia was observed during hospitalization. We suggest that endoscopic injection with the above solutions be used as the first line of therapeutic endoscopy for arrest of peptic ulcer hemorrhage.     

肝硬化患者血小板计数与血小板生成素及脾脏指数间的关系

目的 研究肝硬化患者外周血血小板计数、血清血小板生成素(TPO)水平及脾脏指数间的关系,以明确肝硬化患者血小板减少的原因。方法 血清TPO水平采用酶联吸附法检测,脾脏指数由同一医生在相同的条件下用彩色多普勒超声仪测量。结果 健康对照组与肝硬化组外周血小板计数分别为(169.63±26.60)×10~(12)/L、(109.20±53.39)×10~(12)/L,t=3.630,P<0.05;血清TPO水平分别为(412.63±132.80)pg/ml、(436.42±258.97)pg/ml,t=0.272,P>0.05。随着肝脏损伤的加重,血清TPO水平依次下降,Child-Pugh A级、B级、C级分别为(526.13±317.44)pg/ml、(445.22±214.90)pg/ml、(311.45±182.66)pg/ml,A级与C级之间差异有显著性,而其它指标(血小板计数、脾脏指数、门静脉宽度)A级与B级、C级之间差异有显著性。血小板正常组(35例)与血小板减少组(36例)血清TPO水平分别为(529.43±282.64)pg/ml、(351.27±228.25)pg/ml,t=-2.926,P<0.01;而两组间脾脏指数分别为(19.65±12.00)cm~2、(36.35±12.68)cm~2,t=1.891,P>0.05。结论 血清TPO水平降低可能是肝硬化患者血小板减少的原因之一,脾脏在血小板减少中的作用有待进一步研究。     

感染卡氏肺孢子虫大鼠血清中可溶性细胞黏附分子-1（sICAM-1）变化的研究

目的 检测卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)大鼠血清中可溶性细胞黏附分子-1（sICAM-1）水平, 以及经复方磺胺甲噁唑（TMP-SMZ）治疗后对sICAM-1含量的影响。 方法 纯系Wistar大鼠50只, 随机分为 PCP模型组（P组18只）、TMP?鄄SMZ治疗组（S组18只）及正常对照组（N组14只）。P组及S组于大鼠后腿肌肉注射地塞米松（1 mg/只，每周2次、间隔3 d），诱导建立PCP大鼠模型。N组同法注射生理盐水。镜检确认PCP诱导成功后，S组从第3周起灌胃TMP-SMZ[每天1次, 250 mg/（kg·d）］，5 d为1 疗程，间隔2周，共3个疗程。分别于第0、3、6、9及12周取血, 检测血清中sICAM-1水平，观察肺脏、肝脏病理及病原学变化。 结果 血清sICAM-1水平，P组第3周的(1.847±0.50)ng/ml显著低于第0周的（2.407±0.81) ng/ml(P<0.05)； S组第3周的(1.787±0.59) ng/ml显著低于第0周的（2.478±0.59) ng/ml(P<0.01), 以后逐渐上升。P组第9周的（3.233±0.83) ng/ml、 12周（3.984±0.87) ng/ml显著高于第0周的（2.407±0.81) ng/ml(分别为P<0.05, P<0.01)； S组第12周的（3.621±1.62) ng/ml显著高于第0周的（2.478±0.59) ng/ml(P<0.05)。P组与S组第9、12周[分别为(2.697±0.78) ng/ml及(3.621±1.62) ng/ml] 均显著高于N组(分别为P<0.05、P<0.01)。S组与P组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 大鼠血清中sICAM-1含量较低，但在诱导PCP后其含量显著增高。     

Valsartan decreases type I collagen synthesis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Fibrosis, as well as myocyte hypertrophy, is the major determinant of prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Valsartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker, may improve myocardial fibrosis in patients with HCM. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-three patients with HCM were randomly divided into 2 groups: 11 patients had valsartan added to conventional treatment (V group) and 12 patients received the conventional therapy (C group). Plasma concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), troponin T (TnT), aldosterone (ALDO), procollagen type I (PIP) and procollagen type III aminoterminal peptide (PIIINP) were measured before and 12 months after this study. Left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT) and ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured by echocardiography. PIP was decreased in the V group (123.2+/-63.1 ng/ml to 102.8+/-37.6, p<0.05), but unchanged in C group (110+/-40.5 ng/ml to 119.9+/-47.4, p=0.22). ALDO concentration was unchanged in the V group (88.5+/-26.2 pg/ml to 91.2+/-26.8, p=0.27), and increased in C group (92.6+/-36.6 ng/ml to 116.0+/-33.3, p<0.05). BNP, PIIINP, and TnT were unchanged by the treatment. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in either LVWT or LVEF. CONCLUSION: Valsartan suppresses the synthesis of type I collagen in patients with HCM and this was associated with suppression of the increase in ALDO.     

重组屋尘螨2类变应原疫苗免疫治疗小鼠过敏性气道炎症的研究

目的 观察以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）材料为佐剂制备的重组屋尘螨2类变应原（rDer p 2）纳米微粒疫苗（DEPN）对小鼠过敏性气道炎症的影响，并探讨其免疫治疗机 制。 方法 制备PLGA-rDer p 2纳米粒子并鉴定其特性。40只BALB/c小鼠随机分为5组，A组（对照组）均给予生理盐水（100 μl）。B、C、D和E组腹部皮下注射屋尘螨粗浸液（10 μg）免疫小鼠致敏，然后分别用PBS（100 μl）、2 mg 空白PLGA粒子（empty PLGA，EP）、100 μg rDer p 2、2 mg的DEPN纳米疫苗（载有100 μg rDer p 2）皮下注射进行免疫治疗，连续免疫治疗3 d，1次/d，各组用rDer p 2（50 μg）滴鼻激发，激发后第2天剖杀，收集支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）并对细胞进行总计数和分类计数；HE染色和PAS染色（Periodic Acid?鄄Schiff Stain）观察小鼠肺部组织炎症和支气管黏液分泌；用ELISA检测BALF和脾细胞培养上清的细胞因子（IL-4、 IFN-γ）和血清中变应原特异性IgG2a和IgE抗体浓度。 结果 B、C 组肺部呈明显的变态反应性炎症，D、E组变应原诱导的肺部嗜酸粒细胞浸润和黏液分泌比B、C 组显著减轻。BALF中的细胞总数B组比A组明显增多，分类细胞以中性和嗜酸粒细胞为主，超过50%。rDer p 2特异性IgE抗体水平，D组（0.93±0.04）和E组（0.77±0.10）均低于B组（1.14±0.10）（P＜0.01）；特异性IgG2a抗体水平，D组（1.02±0.01）和E组（1.17±0.46）均高于B组（0.14±0.01）（P＜0.01）。在BALF中，D组[（55.60±3.79） pg/ml]和E组[（48.60±4.50） pg/ml]IL-4水平均低于B组[（78.90±6.07） pg/ml]（P＜0.01）；IFN-γ水平E组[（68.50±2.87） pg/ml]显著高于B组[（27.30±3.51） pg/ml] （P＜0.01）。脾细胞上清的IL-4水平，D组[（56.3±4.85） pg/ml]和E组[（40.2±4.36） pg/ml]显著低于B组[（81.20±6.84） pg/ml] （P＜0.01）；IFN-γ水平，E组[（70.20±3.85） pg/ml]显著高于B组[（34.60±2.25） pg/ml] 。 结论 DEPN免疫治疗可抑制小鼠肺部过敏炎症，其机制可能与调节Th1/Th2平衡有关。     

Changes of gut flora and endotoxin in rats with D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure

AIM: To investigate the changes of gut microflora and endotoxin levels in rats with acute liver failure (ALF) induced by D-galactosamine (GaiN).METHODS: Flora and endotoxin levels in the jejunum, ileum and colon in normal rats (group A) and rats with GaIN-induced ALF were determined at 24 h (group B) or 48 h (group C) after GaIN injection, as well as the endotoxin level in portal venous blood (PVB) and right ventricle blood (RVB) were determined by chromogenic limulus amoebocyte assay.RESULTS: Intestinal(jejunum, ileum, colon) lactobacillus count was statistically reduced in group B compared with those in group A (3.4&#177;0.3 vs 4.9&#177;0.3, 6.1&#177;0.4 vs 8.0&#177;0.3,8.1&#177;0.2 vs 9.3&#177;0.2, P＜0.001, P＜0.001 and P＜0.001 respectively) and recovered partially in the group C compared with those in the group B, whereas the count of Enterobacteriaceae in the jejunum, ileum and colon in group B was increased markedly compared with those in the group A (5.1&#177;20.3 vs 3.6&#177;0.2, 6.9&#177;0.5 vs 5.3&#177;0.3,8.7&#177;0.2 vs 7.6&#177;0.1,P＜0.001, P＜0.05 and P＜0.05 respectively)and restored partially in the group C compared with those in the group B. The endotoxin level in ileum was increased in the group B compared with those in the group A (111.3&#177;22.8 vs 51.5&#177;8.9, P＜0.05). In addition, the endotoxin level in PVB was obviously increased in group B compared with that in the group A (76.8&#177;9.1 vs 40.6&#177;7.3,P＜0.01) and reduced to the baseline at 48 h (group C).CONCLUSION: Severely disturbed gut flora in rats with GaiN-induced acute liver failure plays an important role in the elevation of endotoxin level in PVB.