Single stage reconstruction of post traumatic and post excisional composite perigenual defects using chimeric pedicled propelled osteomyocutaneous fibula flap

IntroductionComposite perigenual defects (CPGDs) are exacting the expertise of the reconstructive surgeons. Segmental skeletal defects continue to be a challenge for both orthopedic and plastic surgeons. There are many techniques available for the reconstruction of segmental skeletal defects in the perigenual region. This study explores the outcomes of pedicled chimeric propelled osteomyocutaneous fibula flap reconstruction of post traumatic and post excisional composite perigenual defects (CPGDs)Materials and methodsIt was a retrospective study conducted from 2011 to 2016 including 16 patients (5 post excisional defects and 11 post traumatic defects). 14 males and 2 females were included. Ages of the patients were ranging from 24 to 46 years. All had their CPGDs reconstructed with chimeric pedicled propelled fibula osteomyocutaneous flapResultsAll 15 patients on an average of 26 months follow-up assumed pain free unrestrictive walking. Fracture of hardware and transferred fibula occurred in one case 2 ^1/2 years following the surgery. Other patients had good functional recovery in an average of 26 months follow up. The average MSTS score of 15 patients was 23.9.ConclusionThis anatomically construed procedure will be addendum to the armamentarium of reconstruction in both post excisional limb salvage milieu and secondary posttraumatic context for the perigenual composite defects. With high healing potential, infection culling capacity, high osteogenic potential and good supportive hardwares the pedicled osteomyocutaneous fibula flap may usher in better outcome in composite perigenual defects reconstruction.     

Folded, bipaddled composite flap in head and neck reconstruction

A series of 34 patients repaired by folded, bipaddled composite flaps for head and neck cancer surgical defects is presented. Pectoralis major composite flap was used in 33 patients on musculovascular pedicle and 1 patient had a latissimus dorsi composite flap free-tissue transfer. The pectoralis major rib, osteomyocutaneous flap was utilized in 6 patients who had lesions of the mouth floor and anterior mandibular arch. The incorporated rib was used as a vascularized bone graft for the stability of mandibular fragments. Thus, one regional composite flap used in bipaddled fashion enabled the reconstruction of mucosal, skin, and mandibular arch defects.     

吻合血管的游离复合皮瓣修复下颌骨及软组织缺损

目的　寻找一种既能同时满足修复下颌骨及软组织缺损需要 ,又符合牙种植条件的理想修复材料。方法　对 15例下颌骨复合组织缺损者行吻合血管的游离腓骨 -肌 -皮瓣复合组织移植修复。结果　 14例成功 ,颌面部外形、功能良好 ,利于牙种植。手术效果满意。结论　腓骨-肌 -皮瓣复合组织是目前修复下颌骨复合缺损的理想术式。     

Surgical management of maxillectomy defects based on the concept of buttress reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Few published large series have described a surgical approach to maxillary skeletal reconstruction on the basis of the extent of maxillectomy. METHODS: We have reviewed a 10-year experience with 38 consecutive maxillary reconstructions with respect to maxillectomy defects, reconstructive procedures, reconstructed buttresses, and functional and aesthetic outcomes. RESULTS: Maxillectomy defects were classified into three categories on the basis of the buttress concept. Buttress reconstruction was most frequently performed in category III maxillary defects (56%), followed by category I (50%) and category II (20%). The vascularized composite autograft included the rectus abdominis myocutaneous free flap combined with costal cartilage, and the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous free flap combined with the V-shaped scapula is an effective method for reliable reconstruction of both skeletal and soft tissues. CONCLUSIONS: A critical assessment for skeletal defects and associated soft tissue defects is essential for an adequate approach to solve complex problems in maxillary reconstruction. On the basis of retrospective analysis of this series, a reconstructive algorithm for surgical management of maxillectomy defects is proposed.     

游离前臂皮瓣与钛网联合修复上颌骨缺损

目的观察游离前臂皮瓣与钛网联合修复上颌骨缺损的临床效果.方法 2002年1月～2002年11月,对3例上颌牙龈癌、1例腭部黏液表皮样癌和1例上颌窦癌分别行上颌骨次全切除或全切除术,术后遗留上颌骨缺损用 4 cm×5 cm～6 cm×7 cm大小的游离前臂皮瓣与钛网联合修复.术后通过临床检查、CT和鼻内窥镜检查评价其效果. 结果 5例患者均获5～15个月随访,无肿瘤复发,移植皮瓣全部成活,面部外形及牙槽突和腭部形态恢复良好,鼻腔面钛网被软组织覆盖,语言和吞咽功能恢复良好.其中2例已行可摘局部义齿修复. 结论游离前臂皮瓣和钛网联合应用是上颌骨缺损较理想的修复方法.     

Microsurgical reconstruction of maxillectomy defects: experience of 24 cases

Introduction

The defect complexity and reconstructive options make the maxillary reconstruction a controversial theme and in a constant debate. The maxilla is a fundamental aesthetic and functional structure of the face. Microsurgical vascularized flaps replaced the usage of prosthetic material and pedicled flaps as a “gold standard” for the reconstruction of complex defects following maxillectomy.

Methods

The authors report their experience of 24 maxillectomies with immediate microsurgical reconstruction, performed by the senior author (H.C.) between 1998 and 2011. They evaluate and classify the defects and the reconstructive options according to the classification system as proposed by Cordeiro and Santamaria in 2000, by a patient questionnaire and post-operative surgeon follow-up for the functional (diet, speech, and vision) and aesthetic end results.

Results

There were no flap failures. The main etiology was squamous cell carcinoma and the most used flap was rectus abdominis free flap. Classes I and II were responsible for the cases in which the reconstructive algorithm was not followed. Most patients responded as having a normal diet, a nearly normal speech and unaffected vision. In a score of 1 to 5, the mean score in esthetic given by the patient was 3.62, while the mean score given by the surgeons was 4.13.

Conclusions

Microsurgical reconstruction of maxillectomy defects with free flaps is the best reconstructive option, being the osteomyocutaneous flaps as the gold standard. Although with limited rehabilitation, good functional and aesthetic results are to be expected with myocutaneous flaps. The existence of an algorithm facilitates the classification and systematization of maxillary reconstruction. However, due to defect complexity and large number of reconstructive options, a perfect solution does not exist. The individual assessment of the patient and the defect always provides the best method for the reconstructive planning, mainly when choosing free flaps. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.     

Reconstruction of the hard palate using the radial forearm free flap: indications and outcomes

BACKGROUND: Although prosthetic obturation is the "gold standard" for restoration of hard-palate defects, obturators can be problematic. We present 10 cases of palatal reconstruction with the radial forearm free flap and compare patient satisfaction with defect-matched patients rehabilitated with prosthetic obturation. METHODS: Twelve patients who underwent radial forearm free flap (RFFF) reconstruction of a hard-palate defect and eight patients, with similar-sized defects who were rehabilitated with a prosthetic obturator, were evaluated for donor site and recipient site complications, diet, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: All the patients in both groups were able to resume an unrestricted diet with normal mastication and articulation. Both groups achieved equivalent satisfaction scores with regard to appearance, chewing, and taste; however, the patients reconstructed with an RFFF reported higher satisfaction scores in speech, comfort, convenience, and social interaction. CONCLUSIONS: RFFF reconstruction of hard-palate defects provides a functional alternative to conventional prosthetic obturators.     

Case Report: Late Reconstruction of the Land Mine–Injured Heel With an Osteomyocutaneous Composite Fibular Flap

The heel comprises the epidermis, minimal subcutaneous tissue, a dense septum, and the calcaneus. Injury to any of these structures can impair the ability to walk. The soft tissue or calcaneal bone can be injured by trauma. Injuries incurred in war are usually high-energy traumas caused by weapons such as rifles, rockets, and land mines. Such injuries can be life threatening and involve the loss of tissue, including skin, soft tissue, bone, and neurovascular tissue. Two main treatment protocols are used for such injuries with large tissue defects: amputation and reconstruction. We describe a reconstruction with an osteomyocutaneous fibular flap for a heel injury. At the 2-year follow-up point, the patient had 30% loss of ankle range of motion. The visual analog scale score had dramatically decreased from 8 to 1, and the patient was satisfied with the result. In conclusion, patients with significant problems such as infection, pain, and anatomic deterioration of the calcaneus can be successfully treated using an osteomyocutaneous fibular flap in a single surgery.     

Complications of the pectoralis major osteomyocutaneous flap used for head and neck reconstruction

The analysis of the complications of the pectoralis major osteomyocutaneous flaps used for head and neck reconstruction and how to prevent them is the subject of this report. Ten patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth who had undergone segmental glossectomy and mandibulectomy, radical uni- or bilateral cervical lymphadenectomy, and immediate reconstruction with the pectoralis major osteomyocutaneous flaps were evaluated. Neither partial nor total necrosis of the myocutaneous segment occurred in any patient but rib necrosis developed in five. An oral fistula occurred in four patients exposing the junction of the rib with the mandible. There were three cases of flap necrosis of the neck dissection. Two patients developed pneumothorax. The overall complication rate was 66.7%. Although this surgery requires major intraoral excision, the tumor is exophytic with previous infection and the patients' general condition debilitated, the incidence of complications is high. Despite the high morbidity, the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap remains a useful adjunct for head and neck reconstruction. The flap is versatile and for many patients repair with a free flap is impossible because of contraindications such as previous irradiation, problems with the vascular anastomoses, advanced age and poor general condition. It also aids in the surgical training of new specialists.     

应用吻合血管的骨肌皮瓣修复下颌骨放射性骨坏死

目的探讨下颌骨放射性骨坏死所致颌面部组织缺损的修复手段。方法对下颌骨放射性骨坏死行死骨扩大切除术，同期用吻合血管的骨肌(皮)瓣移植修复颌面部组织缺损。共有髂骨肌皮瓣9例、髂骨肌瓣串联前臂皮瓣5例、腓骨肌皮瓣5例以及腓骨肌瓣串联前臂皮瓣1例修复20例下颌骨骨坏死。结果临床随访1～5年，除1例髂骨肌皮瓣坏死外其余均正常成活。吻合血管的骨肌皮瓣移植成功率达95％。结论下颌骨放射性骨坏死应行死骨扩大切除术，同期用吻合血管的骨肌(皮)瓣移植可以有效修复手术所致的颌面部组织缺损。     

Reconstruction of the wide palate defects with temporal osteocutaneous island flaps

Summary The temporal osteocutaneous island (TOCI) flap was first performed in reconstruction of palatal defects by Furnas [8]. It consists of temporoparietal fascia, galea, pericranium and the cortical layer of parietal bone covered with pericranium. In this study, we present five patients with wide palatal defects treated by TOCI flaps. The causation of the wide palatal defects were gun-shot wounds in two patients and unsuccessful reconstruction of congenital cleft palate during early childhood in three patients. All patients were adult. TOCI flaps were performed in two stages. At first, the TOCI flap was elevated and covered with a split thickness skin graft. In the second stage (approximately 1.5 months later), the flap was elevated based on the superficial temporal artery as an island flap. It was then transferred to the palatal defect via a cheek tunnel and sutured to the edges of the defect. There was no need for bone fixation. The length of the pedicle of the flap was sufficient in size to easily reach the anterior part of the palate. No serious complications were seen. One minor oronasal fistula occurred; this was repaired by local flaps. The TOCI flaps improved speech only partially. In conclusion, we believe this procedure is a good method for reconstruction in wide palatal defects which need three layer closure. This procedure is not a satisfactory solution for complete correction of speech defects.     

Functional outcomes and donor site morbidity following circumferential pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using an anterolateral thigh flap and salivary bypass tube

BACKGROUND: This study reports our experience with fasciocutaneous reconstruction of circumferential pharyngoesophageal defects using an anterolateral thigh flap wrapped around a salivary bypass tube. METHODS: The charts of 14 patients were reviewed. All patients who had reconstruction of a pharyngoesophageal defect using an anterolateral thigh flap with a salivary bypass tube between 2001 and 2005 were included. RESULTS: There were 10 men and 4 women (mean age, 61 years). There were no fistulae reported, and the stricture rate was 14%. Eleven patients achieved oral diet sufficient to have the gastrostomy or jejunal tube removed. The patients who had tracheoesophageal puncture for voice developed functional speech. There were no flap losses. However, problems with salivary tube migration in the early cases have led to technique refinement. CONCLUSIONS: The low complication rates and the excellent functional outcomes make the anterolateral thigh flap in combination with a salivary bypass tube a viable option for reconstruction of these difficult defects.     

Functional outcomes after laryngopharyngectomy with anterolateral thigh flap reconstruction

BACKGROUND: We examined speech and swallowing outcomes and complications in patients with anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap reconstruction of cervical esophageal defects. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 29 patients treated with laryngopharyngectomy and ALT flap reconstruction at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from March 2002 to July 2004. We compared complication rates, nutritional intake, number of tracheoesophageal punctures (TEPs), speech fluency and use, operative defects, and radiotherapy effects. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients had circumferential defects, and seven had partial defects. Twenty-four patients had radiotherapy. Eleven patients underwent TEP. Higher complication rates in patients after TEP compared with those without TEP were not statistically significant (p = .268). Ninety percent of patients with TEP spoke fluently. Ninety percent of all patients returned to oral alimentation without significant effect from TEP (p = 1.00), complications (p = 1.00), radiation therapy (p = 1.00), or surgical defect (p = .56). CONCLUSIONS: The ALT flap successfully reconstructs laryngopharyngeal defects with excellent speech and swallowing results.     

Elimination of palatal fistula after the maxillary swing procedure

BACKGROUND: The maxillary swing procedure has been used as an anterolateral approach to expose the nasopharynx, the central skull base, and its vicinity. The reported incidence of postoperative palatal fistula has ranged from 20% to 25%. The oronasal incompetence especially associated with a large fistula has adversely affected normal speech, eating, and swallowing functions. We describe a modified palatal incision to reduce the incidence of palatal fistula associated with the maxillary swing procedure. METHODS: Fifteen consecutive patients who underwent maxillary swing procedures for salvage resection of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy had the modified palatal incision. The flap was raised as described, and the outcome was analyzed. RESULTS: Fourteen patients' palatal wound healed uneventfully. One patient experienced partial flap necrosis, which healed with conservative treatment. All 15 patients tolerated oral feeding 1 week after the surgery. No palatal fistulas occurred. CONCLUSION: The modified palatal incision as described has effectively prevented palatal fistula formation after the maxillary swing procedure.     

Reconstruction of maxillary and palatal defects with the free radial forearm flap

We present six patients with maxillary and palate defects that were reconstructed with the radial forearm flap. Four patients had malignant neoplasms involving the maxilla, three with squamous cell carcinoma and the fourth with recurrent basal cell carcinoma. They were treated with excision and immediate reconstruction using a radial forearm free flap. The other two patients presented with large fistulae between the maxilla and nasal sinuses, these being sequelae of previous surgical treatment for malignancies. The fistulae were closed with radial forearm free flaps. This method provides primary wound healing, restoration of palatal function, preservation of facial contour, and a minimal morbidity while obviating the need for palatal prosthesis. In the six cases, the oral cavity has been completely separated from the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity, and all patients demonstrated satisfactory deglutition and intelligible speech.     

Single-stage maxillary and nasal floor reconstruction with the double-paddle rectus abdominis musculocutaneous free flap

Palatal integrity is essential for useful speech, deglutition, good oral hygiene, and prevention of nasal regurgitation. Maxillary defects after tumor extirpation, therefore, can have serious functional and cosmetic implications. Given the often disappointing results obtained with local and regional pedicled flaps for maxillary reconstruction, a variety of microvascular free flaps have been utilized in recent years, including the rectus abdominis, fibular, radial forearm, and latissimus dorsi flaps. Experience with these techniques has been documented in a limited number of case reports. We describe our single-stage approach to maxillary and nasal floor reconstruction with the double skin-paddle rectus abdominis musculocutaneous free flap. A series of five patients is presented; six of these immediate free flap reconstructions were performed for defects resulting from tumor resection. A vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous free flap was used in all cases, designing two separate skin paddles to accommodate the measured maxillary and nasal floor deficiencies. Anastomoses of the deep inferior epigastric artery and vena comitans were performed end-to-end to the facial artery and vein, respectively. In addition, orbital floor reconstruction with calvarial bone grafts or titanium mesh was performed in all five patients. Separation of the oral and nasal cavities was maintained postoperatively. No intraoperative complications, perioperative mortalities, flap losses, instances of skin paddle necrosis, hematomas, or oronasal fistulae were observed. One patient required bedside drainage of a surgical site abscess that resolved without adverse sequelae. Over the past 4 years, the double skin-paddle rectus abdominis musculocutaneous free flap has provided reliable results at our institution for single-stage reconstruction of maxillary and nasal floor defects. This reconstructive technique should be considered a viable method that can alleviate the functional and cosmetic debility associated with these defects.     

Immediate microvascular reconstruction of combined palatal and midfacial defects using soft tissue only

Maxillary and midface defects with or without orbital involvement are disfiguring and disabling problems especially in the elderly cancer patient. Often, palatal prostheses are required to enable speech and swallowing. Elderly patients or those with compromised vision often find these appliances cumbersome and difficult to manage. To help obviate these problems a one-stage method of immediate palatal reconstruction was needed to obturate the palate and restore facial contour. Over the past 18 months six patients have undergone immediate reconstruction of complex, composite defects of the maxillary and midface structures after tumor extirpation, three of which extended into the orbit. The latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap was utilized because of its bulk, reliable anatomy, ample pedicle length and diameter, and minimal donor site morbidity. No flap loss, suture line dehiscence, or infection occurred. All patients were capable of deglutition and intelligible speech. This technique is a one-stage reconstruction of the palate and accompanying defects of the midface and maxilla that obviates the need for cumbersome palatal appliances.     

Iliac crest free flap and submental island flap for maxillary reconstruction

Abstract

The iliac crest free flap is one of the most reliable flaps for maxillary reconstruction because of the large amount of bone provided and the chance to harvest both muscle and skin. However, reconstruction of maxillary through-and-through defects requires special skills to be managed. Simultaneous replacement of oral lining and external tissue with the same features as the resected skin is difficult to achieve with conventional techniques and the use of flaps association is often necessary to ensure acceptable cosmetic and functional results. In the case presented the submental island flap was a good choice to overcome these difficulties.     

放射性下颌骨坏死术后缺损的游离腓骨肌皮瓣重建

目的 评价游离腓骨（肌）皮瓣重建放射性下颌骨坏死术后缺损的临床效果。方法 以带肌袖和不带肌袖的游离腓骨（肌）瓣重建放射性下颌骨坏死手术切除后的骨缺损，以皮岛修复瘘周软组织缺损，记录腓骨截骨、组织瓣存活情况，供区、受区并发症，术后张口度和余留牙咬合情况，对颌面部外形和功能重建进行评价。结果 随访3～16个月，4例带肌袖腓骨肌皮瓣、5例不带肌袖腓骨皮瓣重建下颌骨缺损均获成功。下颌骨截骨长度6、0～17．0cm，切取腓骨长度8．6～17．0cm。腓骨截成三段2例，二段5例，截成二段后折叠2例。无1例发生严重供区或受区并发症。所有病例外形恢复良好，双侧下颌角处于同一平面，无中线偏斜，开口度2．5～3．3cm，余留牙咬合正常。义齿修复后咀嚼功能满意。结论 游离腓骨（肌）皮瓣存活率高，外形和功能恢复好，适合于放射性下颌骨坏死术后颌面部软硬组织缺损的即刻重建。     

Head and neck reconstruction: a review of 117 cases

The reconstruction of defects of the head and neck, no matter the cause, begins with a careful assessment of the patient and the defect. Ideally, it ends with the successful execution of the reconstructive procedure that optimally restores form and function with minimal morbidity. There are several treatment possibilities that differ in their indications, technical difficulty, safety, and incidence of complications. This is a review over a period of 13 years of 117 cases of head and neck reconstruction performed by the author. Sixty-eight patients were treated with five different musculocutaneous pedicled flaps, mainly during the first half of the 13-year period. Those based on the pectoral major and latissimus dorsi were the most frequently utilized, mainly in pharyngolaryngeal reconstructions and sometimes as osteomyocutaneous flaps for oromandibular defects. Forty-nine patients had microvascular reconstructive procedures with 12 different types of free flaps. The latissimus dorsi flap was used for reconstruction of the scalp and after excision of intracranial lesions, whereas the serratus anterior or rectus abdominis free flaps were utilized for reconstruction of complex defects of the middle-third of the face. The radial forearm flap and the free jejunum have become the choice for intraoral and pharyngoesophageal reconstruction, respectively. Good results were obtained in both functional and social rehabilitation of the patients. There were three flap losses due to thrombosis of the microvascular anastomosis. There was no surgical mortality. The indications for each pedicled and free flap are discussed. Received: 27 October 1999 / Accepted: 22 June 2000