Near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring of brain oxygen in infant cardiac surgery

The use of near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring cerebral oxygenation during different types of cardiopulmonary bypass was evaluated in 24 patients aged 5 to 13 months. They underwent open-heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia, deep hypothermia with low flow, or deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest. Near-infrared spectroscopy data were compared with electroencephalography and biochemical indicators (neuron-specific enolase, lactate). Near-infrared spectroscopy data showed no correlation with biochemical indicators in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia or deep hypothermia with low flow. In the deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest group, the oxygenated hemoglobin signal declined to a nadir during circulatory arrest. The period from reaching the nadir until reperfusion and the minimum values of oxygenated hemoglobin correlated closely with increases in neuron-specific enolase and lactate. All patients with an oxygenated hemoglobin-signal nadir time < 35 min were free from behavioral evidence of brain injury. The oxygenated hemoglobin-signal nadir time may be useful in predicting the safe duration of circulatory arrest.     

深低温停循环后大鼠海马线粒体通透性转换孔开闭情况研究

目的通过对深低温停循环大鼠海马线粒体通透性转换孔(MPTP)开闭情况的研究,从亚细胞水平探讨深低温脑保护的机制。方法取成年SD大鼠33只,3只作为供血动物,剩余30只随机分为深低温停循环组(n=10)、常温停循环组(n=10)、正常对照组(n=10)。采用闭胸式体外插管法建立大鼠体外循环模型。其后采用断头取脑法迅速取出大鼠双侧海马组织,提取线粒体后应用蛋白印记法测量线粒体内细胞色素C(CytC)研究MPTP的开闭情况。结果常温停循环组的MPTP较正常对照组、深低温停循环组的开放明显增加(P<0.05);正常对照组的MPTP开放较深低温停循环组的开放少(P<0.05)。结论缺血缺氧可导致MPTP开放;深低温可抑制MPTP开放,保证了细胞的正常代谢活动从而起到脑保护的作用。     

中度低温停循环结合选择性脑灌注在婴儿主动脉弓部手术中的应用

目的 总结中度低温停循环(moderate hypothermia circulatory arrest,MHCA)结合选择性顺行脑灌注(sective antegrade cerebral perfusion,SACP)技术在婴儿主动脉弓重建手术中的应用经验.方法 回顾性分析上海市儿童医院心胸外科于2012年1月至2018年12月间完成的主动脉弓病变合并心内畸形矫正的患儿50例.依据中心温度将患儿分为深低温停循环(deep hypothermia circulatory arrest,DHCA)组及MHCA组,每组25例.所有患儿均在体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)下行一期手术治疗.主动脉弓重建过程中采用低温停循环技术,通过无名动脉SACP(25~40 ml·kg^-1·min^-1)的CPB管理方法.心肌保护采用康斯特器官保护液(HTK液).记录两组患者的一般资料及术中、术后指标.结果 两组均无与CPB相关的神经系统并发症.两组患儿年龄、体重、病种、术前肝肾功能及术前左心室射血分数值比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).CPB时间MHCA组较DHCA组明显缩短[(120.00±22.60)min比(137.40±22.88)min,P=0.019];术后24 h胸腔引流量及正性肌力药物评分MHCA组较DHCA组明显减少,分别为[(49.84±20.66)ml比(78.20±52.31)ml,P=0.03;(9.72±2.47)分比(12.24±3.07)分,P=0.004].结论 在婴儿主动脉弓重建手术中,采用DHCA或MHCA结合SACP的技术均能均减少术后神经系统并发症发生,不增加术后其他并发症.MHCA可减少CPB时间、术后胸腔引流量及术后血管活性药物的使用量.     

主动脉手术体外循环的初步体会

10例主动脉手术在体外循环下进行。降主动脉手术4例,升主动脉手术5例,主动脉弓离断(B型)手术1例。根据不同手术分别采用低温体外循环,深低温停循环或左心转流。本组死亡3例。本文讨论了左心转流的方法,深低温停循环的安全时限,B型主动脉弓离断手术的体外循环管理,及防止人工血管渗血的问题。     

体外循环下动脉导管未闭直视闭合术方法探讨

目的探讨体外循环下动脉导管未闭直视闭合术的手术方法.方法回顾分析33例不同方法体外循环下动脉导管未闭直视闭合术手术经验.包括深低温低流量心脏停跳下动脉导管未闭(PDA)直视闭合术8例(1组);深低温低流量心脏颤动下PDA直视闭合术11例(2组);常温体外循环心脏跳动下应用Foley尿管PDA直视闭合术14例(3组).结果三组患者均无手术死亡.主要并发症有术后气胸1例,肺不张2例,肺部感染2例.体外循环时间、呼吸机辅助时间、术后监护时间、术后出血量,1组与3组、2组与3组之间差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05.1组与2组间差异无统计学意义,P＞0.05.结论常温体外循环心脏跳动下应用Foley尿管PDA直视闭合术手术操作方法简单,对机体创伤小,术后恢复快,是一种较为安全可靠的手术方法.     

Detection of cerebral injury after total circulatory arrest and profound hypothermia by estimation of specific creatine kinase isoenzyme levels using monoclonal antibody techniques

New 2-site labeled monoclonal antibody techniques were used to measure serially plasma levels of brain-type creatine kinase (CK-BB), heart-type creatine kinase (CK-MB) and muscle-type creatine kinase (CK-MM) during a 20-hour postoperative period in 24 infants after deep hypothermia and total circulatory arrest used in pediatric cardiac surgery. A control group of 7 children undergoing cardiovascular procedures without extracorporeal circulation or circulatory arrest also were studied. There were marked increases in CK-MB and CK-BB levels in the circulatory arrest group but not in the closed group. CK-BB increased from 3.2 ± 0.5 to 27 ± 10 ng/ml and CK-MB from 5.9 ± 2.1 to 137 ± 12 ng/ml. The CK-MM concentrations increased from 299 ± 91 and 194 ± 49 ng/ml to 1,220 ± 274 and 1,322 ± 142 ng/ml in the closed and circulatory arrest groups, respectively. Peak levels of CK-MB and CK-BB occurred an average of 133 and 127 minutes, respectively, after reperfusion. The half-time of CK-BB differed significantly from that of CK-MB (149 ± 15 vs 359 ± 20 minutes). The arrest time had a more marked effect on CK-BB concentration than on CK-MB and CK-MM concentrations. Arteriointemal jugular venous concentration differences were consistently negative for CK-BB in the circulatory arrest group, but not for CK-MM and CK-MB. The results indicate that deep hypothermia with total circulatory arrest results in a release of CK-BB into peripheral blood and strongly suggest that the origin of this release is predominantly cerebral and the release of CK-BB occurs in proportion to the severity of the ischemic insult to the brain.     

主动脉夹层深低温停循环术后并发高钠血症原因分析

目的：探讨主动脉夹层深低温停循环术（deep hypot-hermic circulatory arrest,DHCA）后出现高钠血症的原因。方法：51例主动脉夹层患者均在DHCA下手术,对18例术后出现高钠血症的患者（高钠组）和同期术后血钠正常的33例患者（对照组）的临床资料作回顾性分析,并对两组患者手术前后峰值血钠（Na＋）、空腹血糖（GLU）、剩余碱（BE）、血乳酸含量（Lac）、Scr,术前左心室射血分数（LVEF）,术中体外循环（CPB）时间、主动脉阻断时间、停循环时间,术后甘露醇日平均剂量、神经系统症状、机械通气时间、ICU停留时间、APACHE II评分及相关资料进行比较。结果：高钠组Stanford A型比例及术后神经功能障碍发生率均为88.9%,术后呼吸机辅助时间、ICU停留时间、Lac、甘露醇日平均剂量分别为（102.47±53.62）h、（6.82±2.48）d、4.40（2.15,8.75）mmol/L及（50.77±28.33）g/d,明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）;高钠组CPB时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后GLU、APACHE II评分分别为（213.44±56.22）min、（121.39±38.23）min、（14.31±5.77）mmol/L及（18.15±6.66）分,均高于对照组（P〈0.05）;高钠组术后BE、Scr、停循环时间分别为（-1.03±4.49）mmol/L、（61.67±17.17）μmol/L及（46.17±14.13）min,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：主动脉夹层DHCA术后高钠血症原因与病变复杂、体外循环及主动脉阻断时间长、术后高血糖、乳酸酸中毒、并发神经系统损伤及甘露醇日平均用量过大有关。高钠血症可导致细胞脱水加重病情,应及时给予纠正。     

Lung function after deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in infants

There is increasing concern about neurologic injury due to deep hypothermia with low flow during repair of complex congenital heart defects in neonates and infants. Twenty infants with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary hypertension were randomly assigned to cardiac repair under deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest or deep hypothermia with low flow. Measurements of static pulmonary compliance, airway resistance, and respiratory index were performed before institution of cardiopulmonary bypass and at 5 minutes and 2 hours after cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass. Both groups had significant pulmonary dysfunction in terms of static pulmonary compliance, airway resistance, and respiratory index. There was greater impairment of pulmonary compliance and respiratory index after deep hypothermia with low flow, and this group required longer intensive care unit stay.     

Serum pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in pancreatic diseases

To elucidate the diagnostic significance of serum pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) in pancreatic diseases, organ distribution of PSTI and abnormalities in serum PSTI were studied. The pancreas showed the highest content of PSTI, which was five times that of the stomach and almost 40 times that of the other organs. Serum PSTI and amylase were elevated in eight patients with acute pancreatitis, 27 and 11 patients of 47 with chronic pancreatitis, 31 and 13 of 36 with pancreatic cancer, and 67 and 62 of 109 with non-pancreatic disease, respectively. PSTI levels were more sensitive to the presence of pancreatic disease than were amylase levels. The specificities in serum of healthy controls and patients with non-pancreatic disease were similar for PSTI and amylase (69% vs 71%). In chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer patients the efficiency of the PSTI assay was higher (P < 0.02) than the amylase assay (67% vs 63% for pancreatitis and 71% vs 66% for cancer). The sensitivity and efficiency of serum PSTI assay in chronic pancreatic diseases were superior to those of amylase.     

Update on advanced life support and resuscitation techniques

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article is a review of the most recent findings in resuscitation techniques in advanced cardiac life support. The article focuses particularly on the period after July 1, 2003, but relevant new findings before this period are also included. RECENT FINDINGS: Randomized clinical trial results suggest that the current cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advanced cardiac life support guidelines may need to be modified. Early defibrillation during the electrical phase of cardiac arrest remains the most crucial intervention, but performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation before defibrillation may be more effective, as compared with immediate defibrillation, during the circulatory phase of cardiac arrest. Biphasic waveforms are superior to monophasic damped sine waveforms in achieving defibrillation. Novel cardiopulmonary resuscitation methods that increase negative intrathoracic pressure promote an increase in blood flow return to the heart. These devices have been correlated with improved short-term survival rates during the circulatory phase of cardiac arrest. Vasopressin administration, given alone or in combination with epinephrine, should be considered during the circulatory phase of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, particularly in patients presenting with asystole as the initial rhythm. Induction of hypothermia during the metabolic phase in cardiac arrest survivors improves 6-month survival rates and neurologic outcomes. SUMMARY: Strategies to improve the low survival outcomes of cardiac arrest victims are available. Clinical trials testing these strategies suggest benefit from certain interventions but are not definitive. These different therapeutic interventions should be performed in a phase-specific-oriented fashion according to the three-phase time-sensitive model of cardiac arrest.     

成人心脏瓣膜替换术前后血清胰岛素水平的变化

作者观察了２８例心脏瓣膜替换术围术期血清胰岛素的变化，结果发现：体外循环（ＣＰＢ）过程中（ＣＰＢ３０分钟、ＣＰＢ６０分钟）至手术次日晨，血清胰岛素含量较术前均有显著升高，而全身麻醉诱导及肝素化对胰岛素水平无明显影响。     

老年人长时间心内直视手术的体外循环管理

目的总结老年人长时间心内直视手术体外循环的管理经验。方法2003年9月至2005年9月老年人长时间体外循环(CPB)心内直视手术36例,其中采用深低温停循环2例、中度低温34例。使用主动脉球囊反搏(IABP)辅助7例,离心泵左心辅助循环4例,应用改良超滤(MUF)8例,心肌保护应用氧合血心肌停搏液。根据病情选用顺灌、逆灌、桥灌及顺灌逆灌间断灌注的灌注方法。实施血液保护、脑保护、心肌保护、肺保护、肾保护。结果1例冠状动脉移植合并室壁瘤切除术患者,术后因多脏器功能衰竭死亡,其余均顺利康复出院。结论体外循环中采用综合性措施是老年人长时间心内直视手术成功的保证。     

Aortic arch surgery using moderate systemic hypothermia and antegrade cerebral perfusion via the right subclavian artery

BACKGROUND: Surgery of the aortic arch avoiding profound systemic hypothermia and using antegrade or retrograde cerebral perfusion has recently been popularized. This usually renders the CPB and surgical field set-up more complex. We propose a simple method achieving a similar effect. METHODS: During a 6-month period, 7 patients (median age 72 years) underwent surgery involving the aortic arch with cannulation of the right subclavian artery for arterial return. There were 6 acute type A dissections and one ascending aorta and arch aneurysm. After commencing CPB, the ascending aorta was clamped and reconstruction of aortic valve and root were initiated. Patients were cooled to a tympanic temperature of 25 - 27 degrees C. CPB was then stopped, and the arch was opened and inspected from inside. While resuming arterial perfusion via the right subclavian artery, the arch branches were clamped sequentially from right to left under observation for back flow. Bilateral radial artery pressure and temporal transcutaneous oxygen saturation were always monitored. RESULTS: In all cases, the aortic valve was spared using remodeling and resuspension techniques. 2 complete arch, 2 partial arch and 3 proximal arch replacements were performed. Mean times were 183 (113 - 321) minutes for CPB and 120 (67 - 213) minutes for aortic cross-clamping. Maximal systemic circulatory arrest time was 82 min. One patient died in the hospital due to MRSA sepsis with a normal CCT scan. All others were discharged in good condition. CONCLUSION: The initial experience with this simple technique of antegrade cerebral perfusion avoiding profound systemic hypothermia and the possible disadvantages of femoral artery cannulation appears promising.     

Neurologic complications after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest: types, predictors, and timing.

To determine the nature of neurologic dysfunction after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest during aortic arch surgery, we reconsidered the cases of 154 patients who had undergone aortic arch surgery (either of the ascending or transverse aorta, or both) between November 1993 and July 1999. Temporary postoperative neurologic dysfunction was seen in 9 patients (5.8%), and another 3 patients (1.9%) experienced stroke. Patients with temporary neurologic dysfunction had no new infarct and were discharged home with no residual symptoms. Computed tomographic scans revealed that 2 patients with stroke had multiple infarcts in the brainstem, and the 3rd had bilateral border-zone infarcts. The patients with brainstem infarcts died on postoperative days 7 and 15, and the patient with border-zone infarct was discharged home with no symptoms 3 months after surgery. Univariate analysis revealed that patients with neurologic deficits had significantly higher rates of history of hypertension, concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting, cardiac ischemia times longer than 90 minutes, and chronic renal failure. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the significant preoperative variables associated with neurologic deficits were a history of hypertension and a cardiac ischemia time longer than 90 minutes. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is a safe and useful technique for protection of the brain during surgery for complex aortic problems. In future, some patients at extreme risk for perioperative neurologic complications might be offered novel neuroprotective agents, in combination with deep hypothermia.     

不同体外循环方式在主动脉瘤外科手术中的应用

目的：探讨对不同部位、不同病变程度的主动脉瘤的体外循环方式的选择。方法：本组在体外循环下行主动脉瘤外科手术５６例，其中升主动脉瘤３８例，降主动脉瘤１８例。采用低温全身体外循环３１例；左心转流１５例；深低温停循环１０例，其中深低温停循环上腔静脉逆行灌注脑保护方法９例。结果：术中死亡１例，为巨大升主动脉瘤，因吻合口不能控制出血而死亡。术后死亡３例，１例为突发心室颤动，１例为术中大量气体进入主动脉，术后昏迷、肾功能衰竭死亡，第３例为降主动脉瘤术后突发心肌梗死。除１例因动脉插管进入夹层，在开始体外循环时即血压下降、心跳停止，以及术后长时间有神经精神症状外，其余病例均无神经系统并发症。结论：主动脉瘤手术的体外循环方式要根据病变情况决定。     

Elevated levels of serum pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) in patients with malabsorption syndrome

Serum pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) was measured by radioimmunoassay in 5 patients with malabsorption syndrome. The serum level of PSTI was elevated to 123.8 +/- 25.8 ng/ml (Mean +/- SE) in patients with malabsorption syndrome, which was significantly higher than the 16.6 +/- 0.7 ng/ml level seen in 116 healthy control subjects. Serum PSTI levels in 5 patients with malabsorption syndrome showed inverse correlations with serum levels of cholesterol, cholinesterase and amylase, and not with serum levels of vitamin E, carotene, apoprotein A-IV, albumin, nor with immunoreactive elastase 1, respectively. These results suggest that elevated levels of serum PSTI represent a state of malnutrition due to impaired intestinal absorption.     

中度低温停循环脑保护研究进展

主动脉弓部手术是治疗StandfordA型主动脉夹层的主要方法,该手术中脑保护的最佳方式临床上上存在争议。深低温停循环一直是进行主动脉弓部手术的基础,随着研究的深入,深低温的弊端逐渐被认识,中度低温停循环开始应用于主动脉弓部手术。本文主要对此进行综述。     

低温肺保护液肺动脉灌注在体外循环中的肺保护作用

目的研究低温肺保护液在体外循环（CPB）心脏直视手术中对肺损伤的保护作用。方法选择30例重度肺动脉高压先心病患者,随机分为对照组和肺保护组,每组15例。肺保护组CPB术中一次性从肺动脉灌注低温肺保护液,对照组未行肺动脉灌注。分别于麻醉诱导前（T1）,阻断升主动脉30min（T2）,CPB结束后1h（T3）、24h（T4）、36h（T5）取桡动脉血标本动态检测两组患者各时间点的肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-10（IL-10）;在T1、T3、T4、T5各时间点对比观察两组术后肺泡一动脉血氧分压差（A—aDO2）和呼吸指数（RI）。结果两组一般资料差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;CPB开始后,两组桡动脉血TNF-α、IL-10进行性增高。TNF-α于CPB结束后1h达到最高[对照组（148．42±23．10）ng／L,保护组（103．29±32．15）ng／L],后逐渐下降,但仍高于CPB前,对照组增高更显著（P〈0．01）。IL-10于CPB结束后24h达到最高[对照组（66．75±25．82）ng／L,保护组（85．12±20．68）ng／L],后逐渐下降,但仍高于CPB前,肺保护组增高更显著（P〈0．05）。CPB开始后,两组A—aD02和RI进行性增加（A—aD02对照组195．8±72．5,保护组161．3±33．2;RI对照组0．72±0．05,保护组0．56±0．08）;对照组T3、T4、T5的A—aDO2及RI明显高于肺保护组（P〈0．01）。结论CPB术后存在肺损伤,低温肺保护液可以抑制炎症因子TNF-α的产生,上调抗炎因子IL-10的释放,减轻肺损伤,改善术后肺功能。     

先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压婴幼儿深低温停循环术后循环内皮祖细胞水平的变化

目的 探讨先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患儿深低温停循环(DHCA)术后循环内皮祖细胞(EPCs)数量变化的趋势及DHCA影响EPCs水平的主要因素.方法 选取2010年7月至2010年12月先天性心脏病伴中度以上肺动脉高压并需要进行外科治疗的婴幼儿30例,根据术中是否采取DHCA分为单纯体外循环(CPB)组和CPB+DH...